Recent Advances Fermentation Technology for Bioethanol Production as One of Potential Energy Sources| Chapter 2 | Recent Progress in Science and Technology Vol. 4

 Rising the concern of energy security and the instability in fossil fuels price in addition to the adverse effect of these fossil fuels on the environment, made the world searching for alternative energy sources that are sustainable and clean to the environment. One of these alternative energies is bioethanol. Bioethanol is produced by microbial fermentation either from sugar crops or starchy grain crops depending on their availability as first-generation carbon sources for bioethanol production. These carbon sources are edible in nature and could lead into food-vs-fuel conflict and famine specially in developing countries. Inedible lignocellulosic biomass such as abundant agriculture byproducts and forestry waste are developed as second-generation carbon sources for bioethanol production. However so far, the excessive production cost of bioethanol from these lignocellulosic biomasses limiting the application of this technology for commercialization on large scale. In addition to the first and second generations of bioethanol technologies, there is third generation of carbon sources that currently under investigation for bioethanol production by gasification a wide verities of biomass sources into syngas (SG). Syngas is a mixture of carbo dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen. This syngas can be utilized as a carbon source for microbial fermentation using anaerobic bacteria such as Clostridium sp. to convert syngas into bioethanol and organic acids. In general, the interest in bioethanol as an alternative energy to fossil oil is due to its favorable properties as energy source.

Author(s) Details:

Osama O. Ibrahim,
Biotechnology,Bio Innovation LLC,7434 Korbel Dr.Gurnee IL. 60031, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPST-V4/article/view/9439

In vitro Studies on Proliferation and Production of Cytokine and IgG by Human PBMCs Stimulated with Polysaccharide Extract from Plants Endemic to Gabon | Chapter 8 | Current Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 4

 Polysaccharides were collected from seven Gabonese plants to investigate their immunological capacity. Proliferation, cytokine, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) assays in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (5 105 cells/mL) were performed after stimulation with different concentrations of polysaccharide fractions, compared to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and concanavalin A (ConA) from healthy volunteers. The culture supernatants were used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect cytokines and IgG. (ELISA). Pectin and hemicellulose extracts from Uvaria klainei, Petersianthus macrocarpus, Trichoscypha addonii, and Aphanocalyx microphyllus were found to be effective. For IL-12 (3–40 pg/mL), IL-10 (6–443 pg/mL), IL-6 (7–370 pg/mL), GM-CSF (3–170 pg/mL), and IFN- (5–80 pg/mL), Librevillea klaineana, Neochevalierodendron stephanii, and Scorodophloeus zenkeri induced output levels that were variable from one Only Aphanocalyx microphyllus hemicelluloses contain a small amount of IgG (OD = 0.034), but cells stimulated with these polysaccharides proliferate up to 318 percent faster than cells that are not stimulated. When the pectin of some of these plants was treated with endopolygalacturonase, however, the proliferation of PBMCs was stopped (p 0.05). However, both before and after enzymatic treatment or saponification, the pattern of cytokine synthesis remained the same. These polysaccharides appear to stimulate cells in a structure-dependent manner, according to this research. The rhamnogalacturonan-I (RGI) fragment did not induce PBMC proliferation on its own. Polysaccharides' immunostimulatory properties are confirmed in this review.

Author (s) Details

Line Edwige Mengome
Institutde Pharmacopée et de MédecineTraditionnelles (IPHAMETRA), BP 1935 Libreville, Gabon and Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, IRIB, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.

Aline Voxeur
Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, IRIB, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.

Jean Paul Akue
Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769 Franceville, Gabon.

Patrice Lerouge
Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, IRIB, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.

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