Determining the Effect of High Carbohydrate Diets on Brain Composition and Senescence in Aging Hyperinsulinemic Obese LA/Ntul//-cp Rats | Chapter 12 | Novel Research Aspects in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 2

 This division determine the effect of corpulent phenotype and the carbohydrate type resulted in alterations in intellect composition in the corpulent phenotype of the congenic LA/Ntul//-cp rat, groups (n= 8 rats/group) of male littermate lean and corpulent rats were fed standardized isocaloric diets holding 54% (w/w) cornstarch (ST diet) or 54% (w/w) sucrose (SUC diet) from 1 just before 10.5 ± 0.5 months of age. Malnutrition is a extensive global public health issue that donates to several able to be consumed-related non-able to be contracted illnesses. In reduced-income nations, adult food is frequently missed. In low- and middle-proceeds nations, both two-fold malnutrition (over and undernutrition) and food transition survive. The current popular emphasis on liquid produced by mammals diets has resulted in an upwards shift in abstinence from food carbohydrate use. The strain's obese phenotype exhibits hypertrophic-hyperplastic obesity all along early postweaning development and early beginning chronic hyperinsulinemia outside NIDDM. The total fat, protein, and DNA of typical aliquots of dissected brain tissues were resolved. When fed the SUC meat as opposed to the ST diet, frame weights of obese >> lean mammals were higher in both genotypes. In rats augment the SUC diet compared to the ST diet, intellect mass was a little smaller in lean individuals distinguished to fat individuals. Brain total Protein and DNA content of lean rats were > corpulent rats and were modestly Lower in SUC than ST augment rats in both phenotypes, but the percent of lipid content was equivalent to brain bulk. The decreased intelligence mass was characterized by balanced decreases in total lipid, brain protein and intellect DNA content and were further impaired when augment the insulinogenic sucrose diet. Total body fat bulk of obese was considerably greater than happen in lean littermates and was only modestly better in SUC than ST fed rats in both phenotypes. These results signify that brain development and cellular growth is impaired in the aging, hyperinsulinemia-likely obese phenotype concerning this strain, were further impaired when augment SUC than ST diets, and the decreased brain limits were likely associated with happening of a chronic neuronal angering syndrome common to overdone fat accretion and corpulence, resulting in impulsive brain senescence.

Author(s) Details:

Orien L. Tulp,
Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, MSR1110, British West Indies and The Einstein Medical Institute, NPB, Florida-34040, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NRAMMS-V2/article/view/11843

Recent Advances Fermentation Technology for Bioethanol Production as One of Potential Energy Sources| Chapter 2 | Recent Progress in Science and Technology Vol. 4

 Rising the concern of energy security and the instability in fossil fuels price in addition to the adverse effect of these fossil fuels on the environment, made the world searching for alternative energy sources that are sustainable and clean to the environment. One of these alternative energies is bioethanol. Bioethanol is produced by microbial fermentation either from sugar crops or starchy grain crops depending on their availability as first-generation carbon sources for bioethanol production. These carbon sources are edible in nature and could lead into food-vs-fuel conflict and famine specially in developing countries. Inedible lignocellulosic biomass such as abundant agriculture byproducts and forestry waste are developed as second-generation carbon sources for bioethanol production. However so far, the excessive production cost of bioethanol from these lignocellulosic biomasses limiting the application of this technology for commercialization on large scale. In addition to the first and second generations of bioethanol technologies, there is third generation of carbon sources that currently under investigation for bioethanol production by gasification a wide verities of biomass sources into syngas (SG). Syngas is a mixture of carbo dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen. This syngas can be utilized as a carbon source for microbial fermentation using anaerobic bacteria such as Clostridium sp. to convert syngas into bioethanol and organic acids. In general, the interest in bioethanol as an alternative energy to fossil oil is due to its favorable properties as energy source.

Author(s) Details:

Osama O. Ibrahim,
Biotechnology,Bio Innovation LLC,7434 Korbel Dr.Gurnee IL. 60031, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPST-V4/article/view/9439

Carbohydrates| Chapter 10 | New Innovations in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol.8

 

 Carbohydrates are organic molecules that exist naturally in plants and animals. Animals and plants use them as a source of energy. Carbohydrates can be found in one form or another in every natural product we consume. Carbohydrates include molecules such as glucose, fructose, cane sugar, starch, and cellulose, which are extensively dispersed in plants and are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The role of carbohydrates in plants and animals is discussed in this chapter. The taxonomy and structure of carbohydrates are explained. It is also suggested that glucose and fructose have a ring shape. Epimer, mutarotation, inversion, and reducing and non-reducing sugars are all well-defined concepts. The reactions of glucose with acids, bases, and oxidising reagents are also well discussed.

Author(s) Details:

Vijay J. Naukudkar,
BOS Member, S. P. P. University, Pune, K.V. N. Naik Shikshan Prasarak Sanstha’s, Arts, Commerce and Science College, Canada Corner, Nashik, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NICB-V8/article/view/6289

Study on Increased Fructosyltranseferase (levansucrase) Production by Optimizing Culture Condition from Pediococcus acidilactici Strain in Shaking Batch Cultures | Chapter 10 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 5

 Polymerases involved in microbial fructan (levan, inulin, and fructo-oligosaccharide) production are known as microbial fructosyltransferases (levansucrases). Levan could be used in the culinary, pharmaceutical, medical, cosmetics, and textile industries. Microbial fructosyltransferase proteins are classified into seven phylogenetically related clusters that share the catalytic domain of the glycoside hydrolases 68 family. The goal of the study was to see how effective some bacterial isolates were at producing extracellular levansucrase. Bacteria were isolated from a variety of places (oral swab, spoiled milk, spoiled whey, and spoiled yoghurt). After 2 days of fermentation under shacking conditions, Pediococcus acidilactici had the highest levansucrase activity (12.64 U/ml) and the highest levan output (15.4 g/L). In submerged liquid cultures, the carbon source, nitrogen source, temperature, and starting pH of the growth media are all optimised. Sucrose (30% w/v) was shown to be the most effective inducer of levansucrase formation. The temperature and pH of the levansucrase activity were found to be optimum at 30°C and 6.0, respectively. Pediococcus acidilactici extract crude levansucrase was enriched using a variety of precipitating agents. The results demonstrate that ethanol (65% saturation) offered the maximum purification factor of 3-fold, with a total highest recovered protein recovery yield of 41.05 percent. Semi purified levansucrase's optimal reaction temperature and pH were 40°C and 5.2, respectively. SDS–PAGE analysis of the partially purified enzyme preparation revealed one levansucrase-active protein band. This band's molecular weight is estimated to be around 50.000 Daltons. The findings imply that Pediococcus acidilactici levansucrase is quite efficient at converting sucrose to levan, making it potentially useful as a food additive and in medicine as a plasma substitute, medication activity prolongator, and antihyperlipidemic agent with anti-diabetic properties.

Author(S) Details

Ghada A. Youssef
Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt.

Amany S. Youssef
Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt.

Shimaa Talha
Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt.

Samy A. El-Aassar
Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V5/article/view/4609

Comparative Analysis of the Sugar Utilization effect of Meyerozyma guilliermondii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain during Alcoholic Fermentation | Chapter 6 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 1

 Non-Saccharomyces yeast strains eat a wide variety of carbohydrates and can produce ethanol in varying amounts and concentrations. In Nigeria, wild type indigenous strains of Saccharomyces cerevisae that can compete with commercial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisae are uncommon. The goal of this study was to compare Meyerozyma guilliermondii's ability to ingest sugars (fructose, galactose, glucose, lactose, sucrose, and molasses) and convert them to ethanol during fermentation with a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Different quantities of fructose (5g/L, 10g/L, 20g/L, 30g/L) were added to broth containing yeast extract (6g/L), peptone (10g/L), and malt extract (6g/L). galactose, glucose, lactose, and sucrose are the sugars galactose, glucose, lactose, and sucrose, respectively. A refractometer was used to quantify sugar usage after 96 hours of incubation at 120 rpm and 30oC. Meyerozyma guilliermondii had a considerably greater alcoholic production utilising molasses (9.20.45 mg/ml) than Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain T (4.81.15 mg/ml) at 96 hours. For M. guilliermondii, ethanol production from fructose as the sole carbon source was 2.1, 3.0, 8.11, and 9.06 (mg/ml) compared to 1.08, 3.12, 8.06, and 6.0 (mg/ml) for S. cerevisiae. At all doses tested, both strains showed equivalent adaptability to galactose metabolism. At 1.0 percent (4.15, 3.18 mg/ml) and 2.0 percent glucose (4.25, 3.3 mg/ml), M. guilliermondii produced more glucose than S. cerevisiae. M. guilliermondii and S. cerevisiae produced 8.15 and 9.08 mg/ml ethanol, respectively, at 3.0% glucose broth concentration. At 3.0% sugar supplement, M. guilliermondi and S. cerevisiae yielded 10.18 mg/ml ethanol, compared to 7.06 mg/ml for M. guilliermondi and S. cerevisiae, respectively. Meyerozyma guilliermondii shown its versatility as a non-Saccharomyces yeast specie capable of making ethanol from a wide range of sugars found in local feedstock as a viable alternative.

Author (S) Details

Gidado Rose Suniso Maxwell
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA), Abuja, Nigeria.

Isah Abraham
Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, North West, Nigeria.

Iweajunwa Sarah
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA), Abuja, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V1/article/view/3174