UV Spectrophotometric Method Development and Validation for Estimation of Trimetazidine Dihydrochloride in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form | Chapter 2 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 1

The present study illustrates the development and validation of a new, simple, precise and accurate spectrophotometric method for the determination of Anti-anginal Trimetazidine dihydrochloride (TMZ) in bulk and its dosage forms using Ethanol as solvent. The drug showed its λ max at 233 nm in various concentrations. Under the optimised conditions, linear relationships with good correlation coefficients were found between the concentration ranges of 10-60 µg/ml. The precision of the method was found to be <2% of %RSD. The accuracy of the method was found in the normal ranges i.e., the recovery values were found to be in the range of 97-101%. The LOD and LOQ values of the method were found to be 0.15 and 0.45 µg/ml, respectively. The assay of the method was found in normal values of 98.87%. The proposed method is practical and valuable for its routine application in quality control laboratories for the estimation of TMZ.

 

Author (s) Details

 

G. Sandhya Rani
Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Anurag Pharmacy College, Ananthagiri (Vi & Md), Kodad-508206, Telangana (St.), India.

 

L. Phanishabareesh
Anurag Pharmacy College, Ananthagiri (Vi & Md), Kodad-508206, Telangana (St.), India.

 

G. Shiwathmika
Anurag Pharmacy College, Ananthagiri (Vi & Md), Kodad-508206, Telangana (St.), India.

 

SK. Roshan Himad
Anurag Pharmacy College, Ananthagiri (Vi & Md), Kodad-508206, Telangana (St.), India.

 

M. Chinnaeswaraiah
Department of Pharmacognosy, Anurag Pharmacy College, Ananthagiri (Vi & Md), Kodad-508206, Telangana (St.), India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v1/3370

Hepatoprotective Activity of Whole Plant Extract Fractions of Marsilea minuta Linn | Chapter 5 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 9

 

The objective of the study is to separate and identify the most effective hepatoprotective fraction of methanolic extract of Marsilea minuta (MMME) by fractionating and evaluating its fractions for hepatoprotective activity in three mechanistically devised models viz., CCl4, paracetamol and ethanol-induced liver damage in rats. Excess consumption of certain drugs like antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, acetaminophen, and exposure to some chemicals such as peroxidised oils, aflatoxin, CCl4, alcohol etc make the liver vulnerable to a variety of disorders viz., jaundice, hepatitis etc which are the two major hepatic disorders that account for the high death rate. An acute toxicity study was carried out on the fractions according to the Organization for Economic Corporation Development (OECD)-420 guidelines. Liver damage was induced in different groups of rats by administering 1:1v/v CCl4 in olive oil 1ml/kg.b.w.p.o, 3g/kg.b.w.p.o paracetamol and 5g/kg.b.w.p.o ethanol and the effect of fractions were tested for hepatoprotective potential by evaluating serum biochemical parameters, histology of liver of rats and the most effective bioactive fraction was screened for its effect on hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes (MDMA) and prothrombin time (PT). It was also tested for its antioxidant properties by DPPH method, lipid peroxidation method and for detection of different classes of chemicals present in it. Pretreatment with fractions (toluene, 1-butanol, aqueous at 50, 100mg/kg.b.w) significantly reversed the changes in serum biochemical parameters and histology of the liver caused by the three hepatotoxins namely CCl4, paracetamol and ethanol indicating their hepatoprotective activity. Research using MMME butanol fraction (BF-MMME) provided strong evidence for its hepatoprotective properties in PT, DPPH, and MDMA. While all of the        MMME fractions showed notable hepatoprotective efficacy, the most potent hepatoprotective fraction was found to be BF-MMME (50 mg/kg). The findings of the study substantiated the ethnomedicinal value of the plant Marsilea minuta used in the treatment of hepatitis. However, a comprehensive investigation of the bioactive fraction BF-MMME is required to identify the active principle(s) to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity in different models with the mechanism of action for developing a safe and effective herbal hepatoprotective drug.

Author(s) Details:

Dr. Praneetha Pallerla,
Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Telangana, India.

Divya Balne
Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Telangana, India.

Swaroopa Rani Vanapatla
Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Telangana, India.

Ravi Kumar Bobbala
Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Telangana, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V9/article/view/14364

Study on the Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Activity with Leaf Extract of Alangium salvifolium Wang on CCl4-Induced Wistar Albino Rats | Chapter 1 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 6

Liver injury is mainly caused by toxic chemicals, excess consumption of alcohol, infections and autoimmune disorders. Most hepatotoxic chemicals damage liver cells mainly by inducing lipid peroxidation and other oxidative damage. The present study aimed at Evaluating Hepatoprotective Activity with Leaf Extract of Alangium salvifolium Wang (Alangiaceae) on CCl4 induced Rats. Traditionally this plant is used in various types of liver disorders and is also used as an antidiabetic, anticancer, diuretic, cardiotonic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, Laxative, epilepsy, antidote for poisonings, burning sensation, constipation and haemorrhages.

The leaves of Alangium salvifolium were collected and prepared as ethanolic extracts of Alangium salvifolium (ASEE), Silymarin, Ethanol, and CCl4, CMC, Olive oil, analytical kits from standard companies. Albino Wistarrats(150-180 g) from TEENA Labs.

An acute toxicity study was conducted in animals to identify of LD50 value. Two test doses were selected on the basis of LD50 and conducted Hepatoprotective activity by using the CCl4-induced method. The collected blood samples were subjected to various biochemical parameters (SGPT, SGOT, ALP, TB, ALB, TP and CHOL). Dissected the liver for histopathological studies. The data were statistically assessed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and subjected to Dunnett’s test.

In hepatoprotective activity studies, the toxic group (CCl4) shows elevated levels of SGPT, SGOT, ALP, CHOL and TBL whereas decreased TP and ALB levels when compared with the control group. The pretreatment of ASEE at a dose of 150 and 300 mg/kg exhibited a reduction in the serum levels of SGPT(P<0.001), SGOT(P<0.001), ALP(P<0.01), CHOL(P<0.01), TB(P<0.001), and elevated the TP(P<0.01), ALB(P<0.001) levels when compared to toxic. ASEE of 300 mg/kg showed results similar to standard results. Histopathological studies revealed that ASEE exhibited a remarkable recovery as Silymarin does. The results of this study strongly indicate that leaves of Alangium Salvifolium have potent hepatoprotective against CCl4. The hepatoprotective activity of ASEE may be due to its free radical-scavenging and antioxidant activity, resulting from the presence of flavonoids and triterpenoid compounds in the extracts.

Author(s) Details:

Thatipelli Ravi Chander,
Vaagdevi Pharmacy College, Bollikunta, Warangal, India and  Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur, Anantapur, India.

Yellu Narsimha Reddy,
University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V6/article/view/13410

Investigating the Gastro Protective Effects of Tadalafil on Ethanol- Induced and Reserpine –Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rats | Chapter 9 | Research Developments in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 9

 This study examined the potential of tadalafil which is secondhand in the management of erectile dysfunction on intoxicating- induced and reserpine –inferred gastric abscess in rats. Gastric ulcer is a prevalent affliction with miscellaneous etiologies, including non-steroidal antagonistic-inflammatory drugs and alcohol devouring. Drug repurposing is a system by which drugs already common are redirected for another therapeutic use. Tadalafil is PDE5 inhibitors. Cialis® that contain 20mg of tadalafil was secondhand. Male rats weighing 180 -252g were verbally administered 95% Ethanol at 1ml/200g of rats to induce stomachic ulcer at 1h post tadalafil presidency. In another group, 5mg/ml of Reserpine in 0.5% acetic acid was executed to rats to induce gastric lesion, also at 1h post tadalafil presidency. Omeprazole was used as standard drugs. After 4h, stomach tissues were detached and assessed for Ulcer Index and Protective ratio. 50mg/kg of tadalafil shown a significant decline in Ulcer Index in reserpine-induced and flammable liquid-induced models when compared to standard. Tadalafil has gastro securing potential at lower concentration. This study is clinically appropriate because it gives clinicians better healing information on the best drugs for ulcer situation as well as awareness and alternative therapy for managing pertaining to the stomach ulcers. Pharmaceutical firms may further start to consider combining tadalafil accompanying ulcer procedures, particularly for sterility-affected in men.

Author(s) Details:

Doris N. Ajibo,
Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Udeme O. Georgewill,
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Owunari A. Georgewill,
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMS-V9/article/view/10361

Development of Ethosomal Gel Loaded with Terminalia chebula for Effective Treatment of Arthritis | Chapter 7 | Current Overview on Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 9

 Oral route is ultimate common route of drug delivery, that has many advantages to a degree easy delivery, but further has disadvantages to a degree poor bioavailability, a tendency to produce rapid ancestry level spikes, necessitating taller doses or recurrent drug, which is difficult for the patient, and extreme cost. With all of these disadvantages in mind, skilled is a need for novel drug delivery with enhanced therapeutic efficacy and security through targeted transmittal, so that the size and number of doses maybe diminished. This maybe accomplished through transdermal delivery, that has several benefits such as avoiding first pass absorption, eliminating GI sensitivity, reducing frequency of drug, and terminating drug action quickly, etc. The familiar property of ethosomes that is to say its faster rate of drug delivery create it a suitable choice for intend drug delivery formulations for several types of never-ending inflammatory disorders place rationale of therapy turns deadly on longer course of maintenance or during relapse of the illness. To underrate the toxicity or sub-healing effect of Terminalia chebula and conversely to potentiate its engaged use in arthritis, transdermal formulation with ethosomes ability contribute a importance in its therapeutic security.Dried fruits of Terminalia chebula was culled and preliminary phytochemical evaluation was performed. Soya lecithin was used to make ethosome using a cold design.  Ethosomal gel was prepared by utilizing carbopol as gelling agent and was judged.The pharmaceutical properties of the arranged gel were judged and found to be acceptable. In comparison to the gel with extract, the invitro drug spread of ethosomal gel demonstrated better release. Invitro anti-arthritic exercise was significantly above that of standard diclofenac.In light of the aforementioned considerations, the aim of the current study was to forge a natural drug-loaded ethosomal coagulate for transdermal drug delivery, improving drug permeation compared to unoriginal dosage forms.

Author(s) Details:

Saranya Balasubramaniyam,
College of Pharmacy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu-602105, India.

X. Fatima Grace,
Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dr. MGR Educational and Research Institute (DU), Velappanchavadi, Chennai – 600 077, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/COPS-V9/article/view/10172

Ethanol Future Fuel for India: An Introduction | Chapter 3 | Techniques and Innovation in Engineering Research Vol. 3

 India's prosperity has led to an increase in the country's automobile population and fuel demand. The transportation industry must contend with dwindling fossil fuel supplies, volatile oil prices and tightening environmental regulations. These issues can be resolved by switching to other fuels. Biofuels are being actively investigated due to the reduced complexity associated with their production, storage, transportation, and application in internal combustion engines compared to other options. Ethanol is a promising alternative fuel due to its high energy density and low environmental impact. The Indian government had previously required gasoline to be blended with 10% ethanol as part of a plan to cut oil imports. This study presents ethanol as a potential alternative fuel for gasoline engines in the Indian context.

Author(s) Details:

T. Vinod Kumar,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Chennai, India.

S. Arunkumar,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Chennai, India.

S. Ajith Arul Daniel,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Chennai, India.

Vijayananth Suyamburajan,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Chennai, India.

S. Padmanabhan,
School of Mechanical and Construction, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAIER-V3/article/view/8424

A Comprehensive Experimental Study on NOx Emissions and Fuel Consumption for SI Engine Fuelled with a Mixture of Gasoline, Hydrogen-rich Synthesis Gas and Hydrous Ethanol | Chapter 2 | Technological Innovation in Engineering Research Vol. 6

 

In the automobile industry and environmental research, improving efficiency and reducing pollutant emissions of spark-ignition engines are of utmost importance. This chapter includes a thorough investigation into how operating a spark-ignited engine with various binary blends of conventional (local Saudi Gasoline 91 and 95) and nonconventional (anhydrous- and hydrous-ethanol) liquid fuels affects fuel economy and NOx exhaust emission levels. The impact of introducing hydrogen-rich syngas produced on board with plasma assistance into the test fuel combinations is also explored. The improvement of on-board hydrogen-rich syngas production with plasma assistance as well as the erosion resistance of various materials for the plasma's cathode are also discussed. In all experiments, the engine was run at a constant speed, compression ratio, and ignition timing while the equivalent air-fuel ratio was alternately run at stoichiometric and lean conditions and the engine load was continuously varied from idle to 10 kW. The results showed that the maximum reduction in NOx emission levels was caused by blending hydrous ethanol with a water content of 40% into both conventional gasoline 91 and 95 fuels, reaching 55 percent and 60 percent, respectively, at stoichiometric operation and without injecting the hydrogen-rich syngas. Furthermore, the reduction was raised to 63 percent and 72 percent, respectively, with the injection of the hydrogen-rich syngas. A considerable reduction in NOx emission levels of hydrous ethanol-gasoline blends when compared to other test fuels was observed while driving the engine under a lean air-fuel ratio, and this reduction continued as the air-fuel ratio equivalency became leaner. It was found that lanthanide tungsten cathodes had better anti-erosion resistance than those composed of hafnium metal.

Author(s) Details:

Ahmed A. Alharbi,
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.

Ahmad A. Almaleki,
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.

Yousof A. Mashraei,
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.

Mustafa H. Almadih,
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.

Naif B. Alqahtani,
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.

Abdullah M. Alkhedhair,
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.

Abdullah J. Alabduly,
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.

Ibrahim A. Alshunaifi,
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.

Miqad S. Albishi,
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.

Abdullah A. Almayeef,
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TIER-V6/article/view/7599

Water has the Capability of Reducing the Alcohol-Stimulative Taste of Spirits | Chapter 05 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 6

 The effects of solutes on the stimulative taste of ethanol in transparent spirits like vodkas were studied to see which components could change the alcohol-stimulative flavour and so improve the spirits' quality. MgCl2, MgSO4, and NaHCO3 have been shown to lower the alcohol-stimulative taste of spirits while also strengthening the hydrogen-bonding structure of water-ethanol in spirits. The proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy revealed that the lowering of the alcohol-stimulative taste is linked to a change in the hydrogen-bonding structure in spirits. These salts in spirits appear to have come from water added to spirits prior to bottling. The stimulative taste of ethanol in spirits may be affected by several salts in water. Water has been proven to be a crucial element that has a significant impact on the quality of spirits.

Author(S) Details

Akira Nose
Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Human Ecology, Yasuda Women's University, 6-13-1, Yasuhigashi, Hiroshima Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACS-V6/article/view/4351

Experimental Overview of Ethanol-Diesel Blends on Combustion of CI Engine | Chapter 13 | New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 11

 This chapter explains in detail an experimental overview of the application of ethanol-diesel blends as fuel in a diesel engine. The experiment was carried out at various engine loads and ethanol percentages. The experiments were performed using neat diesel fuel, 2.5 percent , 5 percent , and 7.5 percent ethanoldiesel blends with 1,500 rpm of the engine working speed at three different loads namely 0, 10, and 40 Nm. Several engine parameters data such as torque, fuel consumption, cylinder pressure, air intake flow, engine coolant temperature, the exhaust gas temperature, lubricating oil temperature, and exhaust emission were collected. The combustion or heat release of the engine then was calculated and analyzed. The results show several interesting features from heat release phenomena in every combustion process from the different fuel blends. The results indicate that the increasing of ethanol fraction in the ethanol-diesel blends causes the maximum of cylinder pressure and the heat release value is also increased.

Author (S) Details

Ahmad Dimyani
Research Centre for Electrical Power and Mechatronics, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) of The Republic of Indonesia, Komplek LIPI Jl. Cisitu No. 154D/21 Gd. 20, Bandung 40135, Indonesia.



Mulia Pratama
Research Centre for Electrical Power and Mechatronics, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) of The Republic of Indonesia, Komplek LIPI Jl. Cisitu No. 154D/21 Gd. 20, Bandung 40135, Indonesia.


Arifin Nur
Research Centre for Electrical Power and Mechatronics, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) of The Republic of Indonesia, Komplek LIPI Jl. Cisitu No. 154D/21 Gd. 20, Bandung 40135, Indonesia.

Suherman
Research Centre for Electrical Power and Mechatronics, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) of The Republic of Indonesia, Komplek LIPI Jl. Cisitu No. 154D/21 Gd. 20, Bandung 40135, Indonesia.


Dr. Widodo Budi Santoso
Research Centre for Electrical Power and Mechatronics, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) of The Republic of Indonesia, Komplek LIPI Jl. Cisitu No. 154D/21 Gd. 20, Bandung 40135, Indonesia.



Dr. Yanuandri Putrasari
Research Centre for Electrical Power and Mechatronics, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) of The Republic of Indonesia, Komplek LIPI Jl. Cisitu No. 154D/21 Gd. 20, Bandung 40135, Indonesia.



View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NAER-V11/article/view/3573

Comparative Analysis of the Sugar Utilization effect of Meyerozyma guilliermondii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain during Alcoholic Fermentation | Chapter 6 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 1

 Non-Saccharomyces yeast strains eat a wide variety of carbohydrates and can produce ethanol in varying amounts and concentrations. In Nigeria, wild type indigenous strains of Saccharomyces cerevisae that can compete with commercial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisae are uncommon. The goal of this study was to compare Meyerozyma guilliermondii's ability to ingest sugars (fructose, galactose, glucose, lactose, sucrose, and molasses) and convert them to ethanol during fermentation with a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Different quantities of fructose (5g/L, 10g/L, 20g/L, 30g/L) were added to broth containing yeast extract (6g/L), peptone (10g/L), and malt extract (6g/L). galactose, glucose, lactose, and sucrose are the sugars galactose, glucose, lactose, and sucrose, respectively. A refractometer was used to quantify sugar usage after 96 hours of incubation at 120 rpm and 30oC. Meyerozyma guilliermondii had a considerably greater alcoholic production utilising molasses (9.20.45 mg/ml) than Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain T (4.81.15 mg/ml) at 96 hours. For M. guilliermondii, ethanol production from fructose as the sole carbon source was 2.1, 3.0, 8.11, and 9.06 (mg/ml) compared to 1.08, 3.12, 8.06, and 6.0 (mg/ml) for S. cerevisiae. At all doses tested, both strains showed equivalent adaptability to galactose metabolism. At 1.0 percent (4.15, 3.18 mg/ml) and 2.0 percent glucose (4.25, 3.3 mg/ml), M. guilliermondii produced more glucose than S. cerevisiae. M. guilliermondii and S. cerevisiae produced 8.15 and 9.08 mg/ml ethanol, respectively, at 3.0% glucose broth concentration. At 3.0% sugar supplement, M. guilliermondi and S. cerevisiae yielded 10.18 mg/ml ethanol, compared to 7.06 mg/ml for M. guilliermondi and S. cerevisiae, respectively. Meyerozyma guilliermondii shown its versatility as a non-Saccharomyces yeast specie capable of making ethanol from a wide range of sugars found in local feedstock as a viable alternative.

Author (S) Details

Gidado Rose Suniso Maxwell
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA), Abuja, Nigeria.

Isah Abraham
Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, North West, Nigeria.

Iweajunwa Sarah
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA), Abuja, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V1/article/view/3174

Investigation on the Anti-Ulcerogenic Activity of Aqueous Extract of Unripe Fruit of Musa sapientum Linn in Combination with Vitamin C on Ulcer Induced Models in Experimental Rats | Chapter 10 | Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 6

 The aim of this study was to see how an aqueous extract of Musa sapientum Linn's unripe fruit combined with Vitamin C affected aspirin and ethanol-induced ulcer models in Wistar rats. It's a tropical plant whose fruit is commonly eaten as a healthy food all over the world.

Anti-ulcer research was conducted.

Between February and April 2016, I studied at the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics at Delta State University in Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.

Methodology: For each model, 45 rats were divided into 9 groups of five. The animals were given doses of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg of Musa sapientum (MS) alone and in combination with Vitamin C 100 mg/kg (1:1), while another group received Vitamin C 100 mg/kg and the control group received distilled water. A separate group received omeprazole 20 mg/kg. The animals' stomachs were cut for inspection after they were sacrificed.

Results: In both models, the aqueous extract of unripe Musa sapientum Linn fruit showed a substantial (P0.05) reduction in ulcers, which was boosted by the addition of Vitamin C.

Conclusion: Vitamin C potentiates the anti-ulcerogenic activity of unripe Musa sapientum fruits in rats, according to this report.

Author (s) Details

Emuesiri Goodies Moke
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.

Lisa Iziegbe Omorodion
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.

Hitler Augustine Akpoguma
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.

Precious Imere
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.

Ejiroghene Ahante
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RRAB-V6/article/view/815

Impact of Hydrous Ethanol-Gasoline Blend with Syngas on NOx Emission in SI Engine | Chapter 7 | Modern Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 2

Considered to be a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, the transport sector's use of alternative fuels is a daunting and promising challenge to meet pollution limits and to protect the environment. The purpose of this chapter is to perform a comparatively experimental investigation of the emissions of nitrogen oxide (NOx) from an internal combustion engine, the engine is fueled by gasoline available in the Saudi Arabian market ranking octane number (RON 91 and RON 95) of syngas mixtures with 0 percent E0, 5 percent E5 and 10 percent E10 by volume of anhydrous ethanol and HE55 percent E5 and 10 percent E10 With water concentrations of 5%, 10%, 30% and 40% by volume of hydrous ethanol in the presence of the stoichiometric mixture regime, HE10 and HE10. An on-board plasma system used by the plasma-assisted fuel reformer for the processing of syngas (H2, CO, CO2) through the partial oxidation of gasoline with air. Syngas injected in a gasoline engine with a changed fuel injection system for service with some amount of syngas added. This research is a continuation of a previous study in which, in the presence of various ultra-lean mixture regimes, the engine was examined in terms of output and exhaust emissions where the engine was fueled by gasoline RON91/RON95, with an admixture of syngas and 5 percent by volume pure ethanol (E5). The experimental results showed a substantial overall decrease in NOx emissions and a small increase in fuel consumption when combining gasoline (RON 91 and RON 95), ethanol anhydrous (E5 and E10) and ethanol hydrous (HE5 and HE10) with syngas. For the inclusion of syngas, for the use of hydrous ethanol (HE5 and HE10). For both RON 91 and RON 95, 60 percent of the lowest NOx emissions in RON 91 and 72 percent in RON 95 were found at 40 percent water concentration in hydrous ethanol. For future work, we intend to investigate the impact on syngas yield and composition of the reformer plasmatorch design. We plan to change the plasmatorch anode and some other parts and then test the fuel reforming process output using these changed parts. With our engine test device, the best feasible configuration and design of the plasmatorch producing the highest hydrogen content in syngas will be used for further service.

Author (s) Details

Ahmed A. Al-Harbi
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, KSA.

Saud A. Binjuwair
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, KSA.

Ibrahim A. Alshunaifi
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, KSA.

Abdullah M. Alkhedhair
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, KSA.

Abdullah J. Alabduly
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, KSA.

Mohammed S. Almorat
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, KSA.

Miqad S. Albishi
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, KSA.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/MAGEES-V2/issue/view/1

Eco-friendly and Green Synthesis of 2-alkylsulfanyl3H-quinazolin-4-one | Chapter 3 | Current Research and Development in Chemistry Vol. 2

 
Reaction of 2-Thioquinazolinone (1) with various alkylating agents like dimethyl sulphate (DMS), diethyl sulphate (DES) and benzyl chloride (PhCH2Cl) in the presence of K2CO3 as a mild base, by a simple physical grinding, microwave irradiation, and PEG-600  under solvent-free conditions for 10-15 min at RT, followed by processing, gave respectively 2-methylsulfanyl-3H-quinazolin-4-one (2a, i.e., R=CH3), 2-ethylsulfanyl-3H-quinazolin-4-one (2b, i.e., R=C2H5) and  2-benzyl sulfanyl-3H-quinazolin4-one (2c, i.e., R=PhCH2Cl). It appears from this study that Green syntheses such as solid phase synthesis (physical Grinding) and Micro wave Irradiation gives better yields, quality and in less reaction time the products over conventional methods involving green solvents like ethanol, PEG-600 etc. The entire sequences of reactions have been carried out using eco-friendly solvents and green conditions.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Srinivasa Reddy Bireddy
Department of Chemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad, (T.S.) 500 075, India.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/173