A Comprehensive Experimental Study on NOx Emissions and Fuel Consumption for SI Engine Fuelled with a Mixture of Gasoline, Hydrogen-rich Synthesis Gas and Hydrous Ethanol | Chapter 2 | Technological Innovation in Engineering Research Vol. 6

 

In the automobile industry and environmental research, improving efficiency and reducing pollutant emissions of spark-ignition engines are of utmost importance. This chapter includes a thorough investigation into how operating a spark-ignited engine with various binary blends of conventional (local Saudi Gasoline 91 and 95) and nonconventional (anhydrous- and hydrous-ethanol) liquid fuels affects fuel economy and NOx exhaust emission levels. The impact of introducing hydrogen-rich syngas produced on board with plasma assistance into the test fuel combinations is also explored. The improvement of on-board hydrogen-rich syngas production with plasma assistance as well as the erosion resistance of various materials for the plasma's cathode are also discussed. In all experiments, the engine was run at a constant speed, compression ratio, and ignition timing while the equivalent air-fuel ratio was alternately run at stoichiometric and lean conditions and the engine load was continuously varied from idle to 10 kW. The results showed that the maximum reduction in NOx emission levels was caused by blending hydrous ethanol with a water content of 40% into both conventional gasoline 91 and 95 fuels, reaching 55 percent and 60 percent, respectively, at stoichiometric operation and without injecting the hydrogen-rich syngas. Furthermore, the reduction was raised to 63 percent and 72 percent, respectively, with the injection of the hydrogen-rich syngas. A considerable reduction in NOx emission levels of hydrous ethanol-gasoline blends when compared to other test fuels was observed while driving the engine under a lean air-fuel ratio, and this reduction continued as the air-fuel ratio equivalency became leaner. It was found that lanthanide tungsten cathodes had better anti-erosion resistance than those composed of hafnium metal.

Author(s) Details:

Ahmed A. Alharbi,
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.

Ahmad A. Almaleki,
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.

Yousof A. Mashraei,
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.

Mustafa H. Almadih,
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.

Naif B. Alqahtani,
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.

Abdullah M. Alkhedhair,
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.

Abdullah J. Alabduly,
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.

Ibrahim A. Alshunaifi,
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.

Miqad S. Albishi,
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.

Abdullah A. Almayeef,
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TIER-V6/article/view/7599

Experimental Investigations on Performance and Emissions of Spark Ignition Engine | Chapter 3 | Technological Innovation in Engineering Research Vol. 4

Goal: In addition to seriously endangering human health, internal combustion engine exhaust pollutants also disrupt the environment. Studies were conducted to assess the performance of a four-stroke, single-cylinder, variable-compression-ratio engine with copper coating [CCE, copper-(thickness, 300 m) coated on piston crown and inner side of cylinder head] equipped with catalytic converter and sponge iron as catalyst using various test fuels, including neat gasoline, gasohol (80 percent gasoline and 20 percent ethanol by volume), and methanol blended gasoline.

Study Design: Brake thermal efficiency, compression ratio, and speed performance characteristics (BTE), Different quantities of brake mean effective pressure were combined with variations in exhaust gas temperature (EGT) (BMEP).

Methodology: Using various BMEP values, the exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (UBHC) were measured. A catalytic converter utilising sponge iron and manganese ore as catalysts was included with the engine. The catalytic converter might be injected with air if necessary. The effectiveness of the catalysts was contrasted with one another.

Brief outcomes: Gasohol improved the thermal efficiency of the brakes in both engine configurations. With both test fuels, CCE demonstrated improved performance as compared to CE. With increasing compression ratio and just slightly increasing engine speed, brake thermal efficiency increased. With both types of engines, gasoline containing methanol successfully reduced exhaust emissions as compared to gasoline. With various test fuels, the catalytic converter with air injection considerably decreased emissions on both engine designs.

Author(s) Details:

M. V. S. Murali Krishna,

Mechanical Engineering Department, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad- 500 075, India.

Ch. Indira Priyadarshni,

Mechanical Engineering Department, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad- 500 075, India.

Ipsita Mohanthi,

Mechanical Engineering Department, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad- 500 075, India.

K. N. V. Sridevi,

Mechanical Engineering Department, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad- 500 075, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TIER-V4/article/view/7308

Investigations on Emissions of Copper Coated Spark Ignition Engines with Methanol Blended Gasoline | Chapter 5 | Research Developments in Science and Technology Vol. 7

 The Problem's Background: Exhaust emissions from spark ignition engines include carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (UBHC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and aldehydes. They induce health dangers such as vomiting, severe headaches, dizziness, haemoglobin loss, respiratory disorders such as TB, and are carcinogenic in nature if breathed. As a result, controlling these emissions is a top priority. In the face of rapidly depleting fossil resources, rising pollution levels from fossil fuels, and rising economic burdens owing to crude petroleum imports, the hunt for alternative fuels has become critical. Alcohols are ineffective gasoline alternatives since their characteristics are similar.

Aim: Exhaust emissions of two stroke and four stroke single cylinder, spark ignition (SI) engines with copper coated engines [CCE, copper-(thickness, 300 microns)] were investigated.) coated on piston crown and inner surface of cylinder head] with catalytic converter with sponge iron as catalyst and methanol mixed gasoline (80% gasoline and 20% methanol by volume) compared to conventional engine (CE) with plain gasoline operation.

Engine configurations CE and CCE, test fuels of plain gasoline and methanol mixed gasoline, with and without catalytic converter, and other design variables.

Methodology: CO, UBHC, and NOx exhaust emissions were measured using a Netel Chromatograph Multi Gas Analyzer at various brake mean effective pressures (BMEP). The wet technique was used to test aldehydes. A catalytic converter with sponge iron as a catalyst was installed in the engine. Air might be injected into the catalytic converter if necessary.

Brief Results: With both test fuels, CCE exhibited an improvement in exhaust emissions as compared to CE. In both variants of the engine, the 4-stroke engine reduced exhaust emissions more efficiently than the 2-stroke engine. With varied test fuels and both engine types, a catalytic converter with air injection dramatically decreased emissions.

Author(s) Details:

M. V. S. Murali Krishna,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad- 500 075, India.

Ch. Indira Priyadarshni,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad- 500 075, India.

Ipsita Mohanthi,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad- 500 075, India.

K. N. V. Sridevi,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad- 500 075, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDST-V7/article/view/7082

Reduction of Pollutants in Two Stroke Petrol Engine | Chapter 2 | Advanced Aspects of Engineering Research Vol. 9

 The exhaust emissions from petrol engines are carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (UBHC), and inhaling these fumes is harmful to one's health. They also have an effect on the ecosystem. Aldehydes must be examined if the engine is ran with alcohol. As a result, reducing these contaminants has an immediate impact. Changes in the architecture of the combustion chamber, the fuel mix, and the use of a catalytic converter can all help to reduce emissions. Over the piston crown, a layer of copper with a thickness of 300 microns was applied. inner portion of cylinder liner and cylinder head of two-stroke 2.2 kW petrol engine at rated speed of 3000 rpm with provision of catalytic converter with different catalysts such as sponge iron and manganese ore with air injection, fuelled with gasohol (blend of 20% ethanol and 80% gasoline by volume), with provision of catalytic converter with different catalysts such as sponge iron and manganese ore The impact of characteristics such as catalyst mass, air flow rate, and engine brake mean effective pressure on emissions was investigated. The CO/UBHC in the engine's exhaust was measured using a microprocessor-based analyzer. The wet method was used to measure aldehydes. Catalytic settings were discovered to have a significant impact on the reduction of pollutants in the exhaust. When compared to a conventional engine (CE) with neat gasoline operation, the copper coated spark ignition engine (CCE) with gasohol operation reduced exhaust pollutants significantly.

Author(s) Details

M. V. S. Murali Krishna
Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad-500075, India.

N. Janardhan
Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad-500075, India.

S. Narasimha Kumar
Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad-500075, India.

K. Kishor
Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad-500075, India.

Ch. Indira Priyadarsini

Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad-500075, India.

Y. Nagini
Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad-500075, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/AAER-V9/article/view/1010

Influence of Intake Air Humidification on Emission of a Port Fuel Injected SI Engine | Chapter 14 | Recent Developments in Engineering Research Vol.2

 

As a sound solution for decreasing the in-cylinder and exhaust temperature, prevention of the
engine knock and reduced NOx emissions, water injection on various engine types has stimulated
significant interest in recent years further to enhance fuel efficiency and comply with more stringent
emission regulations. Even though water injection mechanisms with various objectives are different,
there are also varied advantages on engine performance and emissions. In this study, experimental
analysis was performed to examine the effect of humidified air induction on a single cylinder, four
stroke, air-cooled, 350cc Royal Enfield Bullet spark ignition engine exhaust emissions, with
modifications made to assist port fuel injection. Tests have been performed on test engine fuelled with
gasoline over a range of engine loads and at rated speed for 75% and 95% relative humidity with
water injection. The outcomes of the experimental analysis reveal that increasing the intake air
humidity from 75% to 95% decreased the exhaust emissions of NOx, CO, HC and CO2 at 95% rated
load of the engine without much or less impact on the thermal brake efficiency.

Author (s) Details

G. Karthikeyan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic College, Korukkai, India.

S. Sankaran
Department of Civil Engineering, University College of Engineering, Thirukkuvalai, India.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/236