Analysis of Exhaust Emissions with Low Heat Loss Diesel Engine with Alternate Fuels| Chapter 3 | Techniques and Innovation in Engineering Research Vol. 7

 Gaseous fuel is an efficient and environmentally-friendly energy source over traditional fuels and are highly combustible and produce a lot of energy per unit volume.  It provides  a high energy density per unit volume and  little toxic by-products when combusted which reduces air pollution problems. Gaseous fuel help to reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. For these reasons, gaseous fuel is becoming increasingly popular and is likely to continue to be used more and more in the future. Biodiesel is a form of diesel fuel derived from plants, consisting of long-chain fatty acid esters. It is a renewable and clean-burning fuel that is made from waste vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease for use in diesel vehicles. Biodiesel produces less toxic pollutants and greenhouse gases than petroleum diesel and it improves engine lubrication and increases engine life since it is virtually sulfur-free.The drawbacks associated with use of vegetable oils in diesel engines such as high viscosity and low volatility can be reduced to some extent by converting them into biodiesel. However, they cause combustion problems in diesel engine, due to their moderate viscosity, and hence call for low heat rejection (LHR) engine, which can burn low calorific value fuel, give high heat release rate and faster rate of combustion. The concept of ceramic coated engine is to minimize heat loss to the coolant, thereby increasing thermal efficiency. LHR engine in this investigation consisted of ceramic coated diesel engine.They are many methods to induct gaseous fuels such as port injection, carburetion technique, injection of gaseous fuel at the near end of compression stroke etc,.Investigations were carried out with biogas gas as primary fuel inducted by port injection and cottonseed biodiesel was injected into the engine in conventional manner. Particulate matter (PM), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon mono oxide (CO) levels and un-burnt hydro carbons (UBHC) are the exhaust emissions from a diesel engine. They also cause environmental effects like green-house effect and global warming. Hence control of these emissions is an immediate effect and an urgent step. The pollutants of PM, NOx,CO and UBHC were determined at full load operation of the engine with varied injection timing such as recommended injection timing and optimum injection timing. NOx levels were reduced with provision of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) at optimum flow rate of 10%. The maximum induction of biogas with conventional engine (CE) was 35% of total mass of biodiesel as full load operation, while it was 45% with ceramic coated diesel engine (LHR). Particulate emissions were determined by AVL Smoke meter, while other emissions were measured by Netel Chromatograph multi-gas analyzer at full load operation. These pollutants were drastically reduced with induction of biogas and further reduced with advanced injection timing.  

Author(s) Details:

B. Rama Krishna,
Mechatronics Engineering Department, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad, India.

M. V. S. Murali Krishna,
Mechanical Engineering Department, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad, India.

P. Usha Sri,
Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAIER-V7/article/view/9118

Experimental Investigations on Performance and Emissions of Spark Ignition Engine | Chapter 3 | Technological Innovation in Engineering Research Vol. 4

Goal: In addition to seriously endangering human health, internal combustion engine exhaust pollutants also disrupt the environment. Studies were conducted to assess the performance of a four-stroke, single-cylinder, variable-compression-ratio engine with copper coating [CCE, copper-(thickness, 300 m) coated on piston crown and inner side of cylinder head] equipped with catalytic converter and sponge iron as catalyst using various test fuels, including neat gasoline, gasohol (80 percent gasoline and 20 percent ethanol by volume), and methanol blended gasoline.

Study Design: Brake thermal efficiency, compression ratio, and speed performance characteristics (BTE), Different quantities of brake mean effective pressure were combined with variations in exhaust gas temperature (EGT) (BMEP).

Methodology: Using various BMEP values, the exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (UBHC) were measured. A catalytic converter utilising sponge iron and manganese ore as catalysts was included with the engine. The catalytic converter might be injected with air if necessary. The effectiveness of the catalysts was contrasted with one another.

Brief outcomes: Gasohol improved the thermal efficiency of the brakes in both engine configurations. With both test fuels, CCE demonstrated improved performance as compared to CE. With increasing compression ratio and just slightly increasing engine speed, brake thermal efficiency increased. With both types of engines, gasoline containing methanol successfully reduced exhaust emissions as compared to gasoline. With various test fuels, the catalytic converter with air injection considerably decreased emissions on both engine designs.

Author(s) Details:

M. V. S. Murali Krishna,

Mechanical Engineering Department, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad- 500 075, India.

Ch. Indira Priyadarshni,

Mechanical Engineering Department, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad- 500 075, India.

Ipsita Mohanthi,

Mechanical Engineering Department, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad- 500 075, India.

K. N. V. Sridevi,

Mechanical Engineering Department, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad- 500 075, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TIER-V4/article/view/7308

Investigations on Emissions of Copper Coated Spark Ignition Engines with Methanol Blended Gasoline | Chapter 5 | Research Developments in Science and Technology Vol. 7

 The Problem's Background: Exhaust emissions from spark ignition engines include carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (UBHC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and aldehydes. They induce health dangers such as vomiting, severe headaches, dizziness, haemoglobin loss, respiratory disorders such as TB, and are carcinogenic in nature if breathed. As a result, controlling these emissions is a top priority. In the face of rapidly depleting fossil resources, rising pollution levels from fossil fuels, and rising economic burdens owing to crude petroleum imports, the hunt for alternative fuels has become critical. Alcohols are ineffective gasoline alternatives since their characteristics are similar.

Aim: Exhaust emissions of two stroke and four stroke single cylinder, spark ignition (SI) engines with copper coated engines [CCE, copper-(thickness, 300 microns)] were investigated.) coated on piston crown and inner surface of cylinder head] with catalytic converter with sponge iron as catalyst and methanol mixed gasoline (80% gasoline and 20% methanol by volume) compared to conventional engine (CE) with plain gasoline operation.

Engine configurations CE and CCE, test fuels of plain gasoline and methanol mixed gasoline, with and without catalytic converter, and other design variables.

Methodology: CO, UBHC, and NOx exhaust emissions were measured using a Netel Chromatograph Multi Gas Analyzer at various brake mean effective pressures (BMEP). The wet technique was used to test aldehydes. A catalytic converter with sponge iron as a catalyst was installed in the engine. Air might be injected into the catalytic converter if necessary.

Brief Results: With both test fuels, CCE exhibited an improvement in exhaust emissions as compared to CE. In both variants of the engine, the 4-stroke engine reduced exhaust emissions more efficiently than the 2-stroke engine. With varied test fuels and both engine types, a catalytic converter with air injection dramatically decreased emissions.

Author(s) Details:

M. V. S. Murali Krishna,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad- 500 075, India.

Ch. Indira Priyadarshni,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad- 500 075, India.

Ipsita Mohanthi,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad- 500 075, India.

K. N. V. Sridevi,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad- 500 075, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDST-V7/article/view/7082