Principles and Constructs of Environmental Pollution Studies | Book Publisher International

 

This book is entitled ‘Principles and Constructs of Environmental Pollution Studies’. Though it talks more about water and the atmosphere, some concepts of waste management were properly elucidated. The challenges associated with the global anthropogenic inputs cannot be over-emphasised. This book is centred on environmental pollution, particularly water, atmospheric composition, waste and waste management, food additives and preservatives. The need to give more detailed information and concepts of environmental studies necessitated the birth of this compendium. This book gives easier and well-understood meanings and definitions of salient concepts such as climate change, global warming, the greenhouse effect, acclimation, pollutants, contaminants, additives, and preservation. Some of these additives have been found to be lethal and toxic to humans. There is a need for undergraduates, graduates, environmentalists and lovers of the environment to read about the conservation of the ecosystem as shown in this book. This is because the environment remains our only inheritance and legacy for the present and future generations so as to attain sustainable development.

 

Author(s) Details

Iyama, William Azuka

Institute of Geosciences and Environmental Management, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Nwagbara, Victor Uzoma

Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48006-87-5

Modern Statistical Aspects of the Analysis of Hydrochemical Loads in Water Bodies | Chapter 7 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 6

The purpose of the study is to analyze the correctness of statistical estimates of the hydrochemical characteristics of water bodies used in current regulatory documents on the regulation of technogenic impact on water bodies. The consistency of statistical estimates of arithmetic means, medians and dispersions of both theoretical and practical distribution functions of hydrochemical characteristics in water bodies is considered.

 

The analysis of the consistency of the estimates was carried out using the licensed software product Mathcad 13. As a result of the calculations, it was shown that the nature of the variability of the hydrological regime of the receiving watercourse plays a decisive role in the constancy of the arithmetic average values. In this case, when the coefficient of variability of watercourse discharge Cv > 1, these estimates become unreliable, and the errors in their estimates do not decrease with increasing sample size.

 

The dependences of the root-mean-square error of arithmetic means, medians and dispersions for various distribution functions of the flow rates of the watercourse and discharged wastewater were analyzed.

 

It was shown that median estimates were characterized by greater statistical stability than estimates based on arithmetic mean characteristics. The incorrectness of the current regulatory system was demonstrated by the example of the rationing of suspended substances. It was proposed to reduce the errors in determining the concentration of suspended substances by at least an order of magnitude or to increase the allowable excess of their content in the control area over the background levels.

 

Author (s) Details

Anatoly P. Lepikhin A. P.
Mining Institute of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 78a, Sibirskaya st., Perm, 614007, Russia.

 

Tatyana N. Sintsova
Mining Institute of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 78a, Sibirskaya st., Perm, 614007, Russia.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v6/2251

Study of Metallic Pollutants in the Northern River of India | Chapter 2 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 2

Metals load in the riverine system reflects the concentration of toxicants in the water body that acts as a gutter for industrial effluents in and around the Sirsa tributary of the river Sutlej, the lifeline of North India. The inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICPMS) was used to detect the concentration of metal load at IIT Delhi and IDMA laboratory, Panchkula. ICPMS is based on the coupling of inductively coupled plasma, as a method of producing ions (ionizations), with a mass spectrometer as a method of separating and detecting ions. ICPMS is a highly sensitive and modern technique for the determination of a range of metals and several non-metals at concentrations below one part per trillion. The application of Metal Index (MI) can be performed to find out the impact of individual metal ions on river water quality and correlate it with health hazards. The Concentration of Metals (Na, Mg, Ca, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Mo, Al, Se) reported at S₁, S₂, S₃ were within permissible Limit of WHO and BIS, but the value of Boron, Mercury and Thallium were exceeded these guidelines constantly at site S₂ of study area. The metal index values at S₁, S₂, and S₃ were 1.55, 5.80, and 2.57, respectively. The site S₂ was strongly affected due to the presence of elemental dust and untreated wastewater discharged by chemical industrial units of the Baddi region. This site (S2) was nearer to CETP on the bank of the Sirsa river and found to be unsuitable at all with a higher value of metal index. It is to devise indices to estimate drinking water quality with respect to the concentration of metal elements after an equal interval of time; as there may be seasonal changes in the load of debris due to the rate of pollutant dumping in the riverine ecosystem, which is directly proportional to the amount of metal ions.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Bhagat Singh
Department of Zoology, Niilm University Kaithal, Haryana – 136027, India.

 

Ram Naresh Tyagi
Department of Zoology, Niilm University Kaithal, Haryana – 136027, India.

 

Anil Jindal
Department of Zoology, RKSD College, Kaithal, Haryana – 136027, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v2/4861

Biochar: An Effective and Green Adsorbent for Hazardous Pollutants | Chapter 9 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 2

 To resolve the water issue, novel wastewater treatment methods are necessary. The goal of physicists is to create a inexpensive, simple, and eco-friendly entity to remove pollutants. The use of biochar from biowaste might possibly solve the issue of water contamination. The main aim concerning this chapter is to debate numerous aspects of biochar, such as its beginnings, characteristics, adsorption mechanism, and uses, specifically in the context of wastewater treatment. Given allure unique synthetic composition, high porosity, and enduring stability, biochar has a lot of potential as a wastewater situation material. Biochar has grown in significance as environmental degradation prevails to worsen and scientists struggle to address contaminators.

Author(s) Details:

Arshi Rastogi,
Department of Chemistry, K.L.D.A.V. (P.G.) College, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247 667, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V2/article/view/10668

The Toxicity Processes of Environmental Pollutants | Book Publisher International

Toxic pollutions are noxious or poisonous contamination of the air, land, and water. It also includes sewage and particulates from power plants, as well as industrial wastes like dangerous heavy metals from mining or chemicals from companies. Toxic pollution is distinguished from pollution from higher carbon dioxide levels, which contributes to climate change but has no immediate negative effects on health. Drinking water, fish in rivers and ponds, food grown on contaminated fields, playgrounds, residences, and even the air we breathe can all be contaminated by toxic pollutants. Therefore, if you live in an area that is polluted, you might be exposed to these toxins whenever you eat, drink, wash, play, or breathe.

Author(s) Details:

Theeranat Suwanaruang,
Faculty of Science and Health Technology, Kalasin University, Thailand.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TTPEP/article/view/9051

Studies on Vertical Migration of Pollutants in the Soils of the Orenburg Technogenic Biogeochemical Province | Chapter 3 | Emerging Challenges in Environment and Earth Science Vol. 1

 The goal of this study is to determine the characteristics of chemical pollutants' vertical migration in the soils of the Orenburg technogenic province's territory.

The parameters of Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, and F migration models are estimated in the soils of the Eastern Orenburg technogenic biogeochemical province. The firms of ferrous metallurgy, non-ferrous metallurgy, and chemical industry are concentrated in this region, and soil contamination has been there for many years. The findings of field surveys conducted in the 1980s. The models of diffusion and convection-diffusion were employed. In the majority of cases, these models met the sufficiency criterion. The diffusion parameter values discovered are compared to previously published values. The "apparent" diffusion coefficients range from (0.2-27) 10 -8 cm2 /s to (0.2-27) 10 -8 cm2 /s. The forecast for soil pollution in 2020 has been estimated. The findings of the next monitoring survey can be compared to the calculated predicted values.

Author(S) Details

Aleksandr S. Frid
V. V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute, 119017 Moscow, Pyzhevskiys., 7, b. 2, Russia.

Tatiana I. Borisochkina
V. V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute, 119017 Moscow, Pyzhevskiys., 7, b. 2, Russia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/ECEES-V1/article/view/4697

Pharmaceuticals in Water | Book Publisher International

 Water covers around 71 percent of the earth's surface. Water makes about 50 to 70% of the weight of all plants and animals, including humans. Water undergoes physical and chemical changes as a result of human activity and/or natural influences. According to predictions, the global need for prescription medications would approach 4500 billion doses by the end of 2020. Pharmaceuticals are eliminated from the human body in their parent form, as well as as metabolites and conjugate forms, after they have been consumed. Some commonly used medications or active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have been found in various water resources and have been found to have an impact on aquatic life species' quality. The impact of medicines discharged into aquatic streams in a defined range is unlikely to cause acute toxicity, and their presence has implications for human health, agriculture, and marine culture. Avoiding and/or reducing medicines' access into the aquatic environment is the most effective way to reduce their presence in water bodies. This reduction could be achieved through a combination of preventive actions implemented by specialised regulatory agencies, such as increased public awareness of rational drug use and correct pharmaceutical disposal.

Author(S) Details

M. K. Mohan Maruga Raja
Parul Institute of Pharmacy & Research, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

M. K. Kathiravan
SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Kattankulathur – 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/PW/article/view/3740

Reduction of Pollutants in Two Stroke Petrol Engine | Chapter 2 | Advanced Aspects of Engineering Research Vol. 9

 The exhaust emissions from petrol engines are carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (UBHC), and inhaling these fumes is harmful to one's health. They also have an effect on the ecosystem. Aldehydes must be examined if the engine is ran with alcohol. As a result, reducing these contaminants has an immediate impact. Changes in the architecture of the combustion chamber, the fuel mix, and the use of a catalytic converter can all help to reduce emissions. Over the piston crown, a layer of copper with a thickness of 300 microns was applied. inner portion of cylinder liner and cylinder head of two-stroke 2.2 kW petrol engine at rated speed of 3000 rpm with provision of catalytic converter with different catalysts such as sponge iron and manganese ore with air injection, fuelled with gasohol (blend of 20% ethanol and 80% gasoline by volume), with provision of catalytic converter with different catalysts such as sponge iron and manganese ore The impact of characteristics such as catalyst mass, air flow rate, and engine brake mean effective pressure on emissions was investigated. The CO/UBHC in the engine's exhaust was measured using a microprocessor-based analyzer. The wet method was used to measure aldehydes. Catalytic settings were discovered to have a significant impact on the reduction of pollutants in the exhaust. When compared to a conventional engine (CE) with neat gasoline operation, the copper coated spark ignition engine (CCE) with gasohol operation reduced exhaust pollutants significantly.

Author(s) Details

M. V. S. Murali Krishna
Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad-500075, India.

N. Janardhan
Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad-500075, India.

S. Narasimha Kumar
Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad-500075, India.

K. Kishor
Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad-500075, India.

Ch. Indira Priyadarsini

Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad-500075, India.

Y. Nagini
Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad-500075, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/AAER-V9/article/view/1010

The Effects of Chlorpyrifos and Lead on the Antioxidant Enzyme System of the Aquatic Snail Helisoma duryi | Chapter 6 | Current Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 1

Chemical contaminants resulting from anthropogenic activities such as farming, manufacturing and mining processes remain the ultimate drain of aquatic reservoirs. During the different processes carried out by man, chemicals such as pesticides, heavy metals and polycyclic hydrocarbons are produced and these chemicals find their way through runoff, leaching and aerial drifts to aquatic bodies. The harmful effects of these water contaminants are certainly at risk for freshwater biota and, therefore, there is a need to control the effects of these chemical pollutants in order to safeguard the health of aquatic life. In order to determine the potential of using this enzyme mechanism as a biondictor of exposure to environmental contaminants, we investigated the oxidative stress effects of chlorpyrifos and lead on the freshwater snail Helisoma duryi. Snail classes were exposed to 5 ppb of lead acetate and 25 ppb of chlorpyrifos for 7 days, in which half of the snails were slaughtered and half of the snails recovered in clean water and were slaughtered for another 7 days. To test the activities of the following antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and diphosphotriphosphodiaphorase, post mitochondrial fractions were used. Both contaminants increased the activities of all antioxidant enzymes, suggesting the snail's defense mechanism to fight oxidative stress due to the chlopryrifos organophosphate and metal pollutant lead. The substantial recovery of the snails' antioxidant protection mechanism permitted to recover in clean water has been demonstrated by a decreased alteration of the snails' antioxidant enzyme activities permitted to recover for 7 days. This supports the need to mitigate the exposure of marine biota to chemical contaminants and to restore contaminated water bodies if they are polluted, in order to safeguard the health of aquatic organisms.

Author (s) Details

Norah Basopo
Department of Applied Biology and Biochemistry, National University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box AC 939, Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.

Thamsanqa Ngabaza
Department of Applied Biology and Biochemistry, National University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box AC 939, Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACB-V1/issue/view/12

Discussing a Case Study of Air Quality Index in Industrial Areas of Bangalore City, India| Chapter 9| Modern Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 1

 The ambient air quality survey with respect to SPM, SO2 and NOx was carried out at 12 monitoring stations. For the measurement of the Air Quality Index, pollutant concentrations were used. It is noted that the allowable values are violated by most of the expected pollutants. The high pollution load in the ambient air of the region is primarily responsible for manufacturing activities and transport activities. Furthermore, the present study indicates that public understanding will play an important role in the planning and creation of creative ways of addressing the problems of health, transport and air pollution and the strategic strategy for their implementation.

Author (s) Details

Dr. S. Harinath
School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru, India.

Usha N. Murthy
School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru, India.

View Book :-  https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/305

Reporting a Case Study on the Effect of Air Pollution on Human Health in Industrial Areas | Chapter 8| Modern Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 1

 Due to urban development and increasing industrialization, air pollution has become a major problem in some Latin American and Caribbean countries in the last few years. In addition to manufacturing activities that are mostly concentrated in cities, the main sources of air pollution are automobile emissions and stationary fuel combustion. In selected industrial areas in and around the city of Bangalore, a survey was carried out to investigate the impact of air pollution on human health. These workers were found to have been directly subjected to pollution for about 8 to 10 hours a day. It is noted that, due to air pollution exposure, the population suffers from respiratory illnesses and other issues. It can be concluded that problems such as eye irritations, skin irritation, and respiratory problems are prevalent in the effects of Suspended Particulate Matter and gaseous matter on human beings who live in that environment for around 10 years.

Author (s) Details

Dr. S. Harinath
School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru, India.

Usha N. Murthy
School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru, India.

View Book :-  https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/305