Analysing Image Processing Algorithms Using Correlational Values within the Cloud Platform| Chapter 6 | Mathematics and Computer Science: Research Updates Vol. 8

 

Background: Image processing strategy is an important part of image processing to visualise the performance and outcome of the goal. Image processing is a discipline in which the process's input and output are both images. It is a process that entails elementary operations such as noise reduction, contrast enhancement, and image sharpening. Image analysis is a process that takes images as inputs but produces attributes extracted from those images as outputs (e.g., edges, contours, and the identity of individual objects).

 

Aims: This paper aims to analyse the algorithms of image processing in the cloud platform. Several algorithms are commonly used in image processing and computing techniques. Correlations for the observation matrix were observed to marginalise the images, and results were transmitted to the cloud platform.

 

Methodology: Here, a selection of state-of-art is applied to test image processing execution and timing factor using different strategies and platforms. Among them, the dataset structure and performance of the system can choose a verification algorithm to achieve the final operation. Based on the structure of a real-time image processing system based on SOPC technology is built, and the corresponding functional receiving unit is designed for real-time image storage, editing, viewing, and analysis. Datasets were collected online from the free domain of kaggle.com. Images belong to the traffic light of 250 out of 2056 files. 120 images were selected randomly to process after pre-processing of the images.

 

Results: Studies have shown that the image processing system based on cloud computing has increased the speed of image data processing by 12.7%. Compared with another platform, especially in the case of segmentation and enhancement of the image. This analysis has advantages in image compression and image restoration on a cloud platform. Qualitative and quantitative performances in the cloud platform of the algorithm are compared, and the results of the three indicators show that the platform has better performance than others. The results show that the cloud platform requires less computational time in comparison with others after loading the image file into the system.

 

Conclusion: Different image processing parameters like noise, smoothing, the timing of enhancement and segmentation have a greater effect on the compression effect of the image, including correlational value within the dataset of the image. The larger the correlation, the less compressed the image data is, the faster the image compression rate, and the lower the image's peak entry-to-noise ratio.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Faizur Rashid
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SCOS, JSPM University, Pune, India.

 

Gavendra Singh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SDGI Global University, U.P., India.

 

Jemal Abate
Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois, Brazil.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mcsru/v8/5885

 

Machine Learning Approaches for Gender Identification Using Fingerprint Biometrics: Role of Ridge Flow, Minutiae, and Multi-resolution DWT Features | Chapter 2 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 3

Fingerprints serve as an extraordinary biological signature that encapsulates both identity and subtle gender-specific characteristics through their complex structural and spectral properties. This study introduces an advanced computational framework for gender classification by synergistically combining three distinct fingerprint feature domains: ridge geometry for macroscopic pattern analysis, minutiae distribution for microscopic feature examination, and frequency decomposition through sophisticated wavelet transformation. The methodology processes high-resolution fingerprint images through a multi-stage analytical pipeline that precisely quantifies ridge length variations (capturing minimum, maximum, and average measurements), systematically enumerates minutiae points (including ridge terminations and bifurcations), and performs multi-resolution spectral analysis using a six-level discrete wavelet transform to isolate discriminative frequency components. Validated on a carefully balanced dataset of 100 subjects (50 males and 50 females), the extracted features are intelligently organised into gender-specific clusters through an optimised stratification process, yielding an impressive overall classification accuracy of 88.28%. Notably, the right ring finger demonstrated exceptional diagnostic performance with 95.46% accuracy, a finding consistent with established embryological research on androgen-influenced ridge formation patterns. The technical sophistication of this approach lies in its ability to achieve high accuracy without relying on computationally intensive deep learning architectures, making it particularly suitable for real-world applications where efficiency is crucial. Beyond its immediate results, this research opens promising avenues for future investigation, including the incorporation of additional discriminative features such as sweat pore distribution and three-dimensional ridge curvature analysis, as well as expansion to larger, more diverse demographic datasets to enhance generalizability. By demonstrating that fingerprints contain a wealth of underutilised gender information, this work makes a significant contribution to the field of soft biometrics, with important implications for forensic science, security systems, and demographic research, while simultaneously establishing a foundation for future exploration of ancillary biometric markers embedded within fingerprint patterns. The balanced integration of robust methodology, empirical validation, and practical applicability positions this research as a valuable reference point for both academic investigation and applied biometric solutions, bridging the gap between theoretical innovation and real-world implementation in the evolving landscape of gender classification technologies.

 

Author(s) Details

Sayed Abulhasan Quadri
SECAB Institute of Engineering and Technology, Vijayapura, India.

 

Chandrakant P. Divate
SECAB Institute of Engineering and Technology, Vijayapura, India.

Tabasum Guledgudd
SECAB Institute of Engineering and Technology, Vijayapura, India.

Sayed Abdulhayan
PACE College, Mangalore, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v3/5745

Methods of Analysis of Metal Ions | Chapter 1 | Innovations in Science and Technology: Shaping a Sustainable Future (Vol. 2)

 The different metal ions are present in drinking water and other daily life products like cosmetics, fruits and vegetables, food packaging papers, medicines, etc. These metals may enter human bodies through food and water by bioaccumulation. The concentration of these metals beyond their tolerance limits may prove harmful to human beings. So, it is necessary to develop accurate and cost-effective methods for the analysis of these metal ions. There are various techniques and various methods for the determination of different methods. AAS and UV-visible spectrophotometer techniques are cost-effective and involve selective and sensitive methods for determination. A few of the latest methods for the determination of different metal ions are summarized here.

 

Author(s) Details

Attimukat
Department of Chemistry, D.A.V. College, Ambala City, Haryana, India.

Anshul Bansal
Department of Chemistry, S. A. Jain College, Ambala City, Haryana, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48006-49-3/CH1

Groundwater Quality Monitoring Network Optimization Using Cluster Analysis: A Case Study of the Gareh-Baygone Aquifer, Shib-Kuh Plain, Shur Watershed of Iran | Chapter 8 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 9

Managers need affordable, scalable, and reliable groundwater monitoring systems to collect critical groundwater data. In addition to the lack of water quality monitoring in the study area, the existing monitoring networks are not designed according to standard guidelines, and there is no ongoing assessment of these networks. Whether the monitoring networks have a great or small number of sites can lead to significant issues. This chapter aims to evaluate the monitoring networks of the changes in groundwater quality of the Shib-Kuh aquifer established in 2005 in South West of Iran. Additionally, the study aims to improve the monitoring networks and save expenses. In this aquifer, the groundwater main chemical anions, cations, EC, TDS, TH, SAR and pH are measured in 20 sites. For spatial-temporal optimization of underground water monitoring networks, new approaches have been investigated using methods based on statistics and geostatistics. There are many methods to determine the number of clusters in cluster analysis, which has a wide range of applied sciences. Grouping data into meaningful clusters is a popular problem omnipresent in the recent scientific literature having practical importance in various applications, such as investigating earthquakes, climate changes, and in biology, agriculture etc. The statistical cluster analysis methods are used and observed, variables and sampling sites are analyzed and evaluated. The results showed the probability of about 25 percent reduction in the sites. The outcome also proved that it was possible for some of the measuring parameters to have been removed. The cluster analysis method is a suitable way to evaluate the quality of establishment as well as the function of the monitoring networks of water resources. Through the application of this method, the number of sites, variables, or both of these factors can be optimized and this optimization leads to upgrading of monitoring networks.

 

Author (s) Details

Hamid Hosseinimarandi
Soil Protection and Watershed Research Department, Fars Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Shiraz, Iran.

 

Mohammad Mahdavi
Department of Watershed Management, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

Hassan Ahmadi
Department of Watershed Management, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

Baharak Motamedvaziri
Department of Watershed Management, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

 

Abdolali Adelpur
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v9/1793

Predicting Wheat Production in Karnataka: A Linear Regression Approach | Chapter 28 | Innovative Solutions: A Systematic Approach towards Sustainable Future

Wheat is one of the High Yielding Varieties of agricultural crop. Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab are the three largest wheat producing states in India whereas Belagavi, Vijayapura and Dharwad are three major wheat growing district in Karnataka. The secondary data on area, Production, yield along with season and Variety was collected for the year 2021-22 from Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Bangalore (https://des.karnataka.gov.in/). Here Linear Regression analysis has been made to know the impact of area on production of Wheat in different district of Karnataka. Trend analysis was performed by fitting linear model.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Ashwini H P
Department of Mathematics, Acharya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India.

 

Deepasree S Kumar
Department of Mathematics, Acharya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49238-47-3/CH28

Analysis of Learners' Performance for Fostering the Attainment of Programme Outcomes | Chapter 6 | Handbook of Outcome-Based Education Model (OBE): Best Practices and Formats for OBE Implementation in Technical Higher Education Programs

 In any learning process, it is quite common that teachers to come across slow, moderate, and fast learners. In the Outcomes Based Education (OBE) system, it is essential to analyze the learners for types, and engagement in learning and offer them remedial inputs to ensure that each learner attains COs at the targeted level. Further, analysis of learners leads to reinforcement of teaching and learning processes (TLP). Hence remedial inputs for slow learners play a major role in fostering PO attainments. In this research work a framework showcasing remedial inputs, enriching assignments, reinforcement of TLP, and format to document the processes is proposed.

Author(s) Details:

Arun Kumar B. R.,
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, BMS Institute of Technology and Management, Bengaluru-64, Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/HOEMBPFITHEP/article/view/11308

The Isobematic Language in the Work Asas by Christopher Bochmann | Chapter 8 | Recent Trends in Arts and Social Studies Vol. 8

 Isobematic dialect, as a system based on a alone unit of the alike size (half-tone), has powerful repercussions on fingering, registers, connection and, consequently, on the sound produced for one various tools. Writing or composing using isobematic terminology means organizing pitches (pause construction), rhythms, movement, articulations according to the total of more or less “spaces of equal breadth”. The accordion, portable aerophone fictitious and patented in 1829 by Cyrill Damian in Austria, emerges in the 21st centennial as one of ultimate versatile instruments in the experiences of music [1] has unique traits to perform this kink of speech: keyboard buttons (half-tones) arrangement, simetry, direct aptitude to transpose stuff, with others. The piece Asas, composed by Christopher Bochmann, it’s a work inscribed for accordion, soprano voice, saxophone, viola and cello established this new language and a someone worth imitating of the accordion integration in the horizon of contemporary music and in the performative connection with other tools. The purpose of this item is to analyze the new work concerning some idiosyncrasies of the isobematic vocabulary and the role of the accordion between the other simple instruments.

Author(s) Details:

Goncalo André Dias Pescada,
Evora University, Portugal and Centro de Estudos de Sociologia e Estética, Portugal.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RTASS-V8/article/view/11885

Analysis of Factors Associated with Four or More ANC in the City of Kita, Mali| Chapter 6 | Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 7

 The objective concerning this research is to resolve the factors guide four or more PNCs among meaningful women in the city of Kita, Mali. It covers a sample of 281 wives aged 15 to 49. The study is interesting cause it will highlight the factors most closely had connection with four or more CPNs. A quantitative and examining study was carried out from October to December, 2020. Adjusted probability ratios (ORaj) were determined for the variables with the profit of the probability (p <0.05, in bivariate study). The study revealed that 63.7% of wives performed 4 or more CPNs. The appropriate factors associated with 4 or more ANC are: age, matrimonial status, number of living babies and the person the one has the power to select health care. The efficiency of ongoing ANC exercises in this city will be raised by taking into account these suitable aspects.

Author(s) Details:

Famagan-Oulé Konate,
Private University Centre DELTA- C Bamako, Mali.

Mariam F. Konate,
Private University Centre DELTA- C Bamako, Mali.

Yaranga Coulibaly,
Department of Geography, Department of FHG, University of Social Sciences and Management of Bamako, Mali.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CODHR-V7/article/view/9434

Analysis and Synthesis of Designer Drug Piperazine: A Review| Chapter 11 | Cutting Edge Research in Biology Vol. 4

 Designer drugs have been evolved its availability to evade legal resolution. At early time, youngsters were the primary users but now along with the changing trends, these are consumed by a large part of the society. These are psychotropic drugs that can be easily synthesised with other raw materials to produce synthetic compounds. This research was performed to analyze to the designer drugs (piperazine) by using gas chromatography- mass spectrometry and gas chromatography- infrared deviation. In this investigation, it was shown that these procedures gave specific confirmation of each isomeric form of the derivative of the designer drug (isomeric piperazine) as well as confirmatory data for the structural distinction of the components. As studied piperazine combined with other components becomes deadly to human body, therefore this research was done on the drugs to help in the analysis and separation of the various components of the drug.

Author(s) Details:

Rhythm Gandhi,
Amity University, Sec-82, Mohali, Punjab, India.

Amit Chauhan,
Amity University, Sec-82, Mohali, Punjab, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CERB-V4/article/view/9274

Analysis and Synthesis of Designer Drug Piperazine: A Review| Chapter 10 | Cutting Edge Research in Biology Vol. 4

 Designer drugs have happened progressed allure availability to fend off permissible judgment. At early opportunity, childs were the primary consumers before expected time in addition to the changeful trends, these are ate by a abundant few the people. These are affecting the mind so as to produce vivid visions drugs that can be surely synthesised accompanying added natural resources to produce artificial compounds. This research was performed to resolve to the creator drugs (piperazine) by utilizing vapor chromatography- bulk spectrometry and gas chromatography- color of blood change. In this search, it was proved that these procedures present particular ratification of each isomeric form of the derivative of the addictive drug (isomeric piperazine) in addition to confirmatory dossier for the fundamental quality of the parts. As intentional piperazine combined accompanying different parts enhances fatally to human body, so this research was approved on the drugs to help in the reasoning and break-up of the various parts of the drug.

Author(s) Details:

Rhythm Gandhi,
Amity University, Sec-82, Mohali, Punjab, India.

Amit Chauhan,
Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560029, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CERB-V4/article/view/9274

Description of a New System for Postural Analysis| Chapter 12 | Perspective of Recent Advances in Medical Research Vol. 1

 Background: Postural study is a fundamental tool for evaluating the neuromusculoskeletal building of a subject. Although it is an important finish, a unique formal reasoning process has not yet happened determined.The aim of this work search out propose a new postural reasoning system that can be secondhand for both primary investigations and ongoing listening of the effects of healing treatment in the field.A second aim concerning this work, equally main in the opinion of the author, search out promote debate with other experts to make constant improvements in the proposed structure to provide a form that can serve the needs of specialists even more capably.Methods: The proposed whole consists of four subsystems: medical history dossier, photographic remarks, overall observations, and tests.Results: Even though the initial results are bright and using bureaucracy author himself made few important improve to the system, additional use of it is deliberate essential to upgrade the technique and the skills of the manipulator.In this light, specific requests and notes from other professionals are essential, and acquiring these requests and observations is individual of the purposes of the present article, as originally declared.Conclusions: The projected postural analysis system shows a good balance of various, frequently opposing needs, being easily achieved and reasonably fast and repeatable, making it likely to compare time order data.

Author(s) Details:

Sergio Palandri,
Department of Radiology, Umbero I Hospital, Ordine Mauriziano di Torino, Turin, Italy.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PRAMR-V1/article/view/9007

Spinometric Analysis of Patient Treated with Acupressure| Chapter 12 | Current Innovations in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 9

The relations involving Myofascial Chains (MCs), Posture, and Traditional Chinese Medicine Meridians (TCMMs) have happened extensively considered in the literature. However, there are still few studies that ask acupressure techniques (like Shiatsu) to subject groups and therefore undertake postural studies before and after to endorse these ideas. Starting with a case report, this work's goal search out advance these studies.  A single 12-period-old female player with depressed-degree double curve scoliosis was registered in the study solely for clinic proof. Ten modules in a row, divided by around a temporal length of event or entity's existence (range: 5–10 days), each of which contained a postural analysis before and after a Shiatsu (acupressure) situation without a break in betwixt. It is possible to include how the lumbar missile (LA) is systemically reduced, the cervical arrow (CA) is evenly improved, the Antero-Posterior Flexion (APF), and the Hemipelvis Torsion (HT) are evenly harmonised by comparing the principles of a few picked parameters middle from two points their pre- and post-treatment values. Even if the subject's beginning evaluation of welcome psycho-spirits was good or very good, it was better however therapies had been executed. The stimulation of the "tsubo" similarly the Fascial Neuromodulation model may be believed from an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary view as a treatment that is to say combined with the qualification of peripheral accesses in the correction of postural-type morphostructural deformities.

Author(s) Details:

Sergio Palandri,
Department of Radiology, Umbero I Hospital, Ordine Mauriziano di Torino, Turin, Italy.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIMMS-V9/article/view/8789

Analysis of Women Participation in Piggery Production in Rivers State, Nigeria | Chapter 2 | Research Highlights in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 1

 

 The review zeroed in on ladies support in piggery creation in Rivers State. The object was to: portray the social-financial qualities of ladies taking part in piggery creation; lay out the level at which ladies partake in piggery creation; and examine the limitations to ladies cooperation in piggery creation in the review region. Engaging overview configuration was taken on to notice a cross part of ladies in piggery creation in Rivers State. Both straightforward irregular and snowball testing strategies were utilized to choose 3 LGAs, 18 networks and 72 people for the review. Interview timetables and survey instrument planned in Likert type rating scales were utilized to source data from the respondents. Enlightening insights, for example, rate, math mean and weighted mean scores were utilized to investigate the information. Basic Regression and Analysis of change (ANOVA) were the inferential insights used to test the expressed speculations of the review at 0.05% critical level. The outcome showed 36 years of age as the mean age of the ladies in piggery creation in the review region and that greater part of them were hitched (68%) and with a mean family size of six (6) people per family. It showed a mean yearly pay of (N232,291.00) just from piggery creation. Relapse result showed that nature of cultivating, yearly pay and family size with t-upsides of (1.430*), (1.254*) and (1.233*) separately, affected ladies support in piggery creation at 5% huge level. It additionally demonstrates that ladies support in piggery creation in the space were exceptionally low (CM = 2.11) yet contrasted essentially among the three LGAs for Oyigbo LGA (CM = 2.56). At last, the outcome showed that: frailty challenges (GM = 3.30), value vacillations of pig items (GM = 3.24), deficient credit (GM = 3.17), land proprietorship issues (GM = 3.16), unfortunate storage spaces (GM = 3.09), bug and illness issues (GM = 3.06) among different difficulties, presented intense limitations to ladies support in piggery creation in the review region. In light of the discoveries, the review suggested among others that: Rivers ladies ought to be empowered by government and non-administrative associations to effectively partake in piggery creation through awards and sponsorships; Extension organizations in the State ought to enlist more ladies and foster extraordinary augmentation bundle for piggery creation in every one of the LGAs of Rivers State; and Agricultural credits establishments in the State ought to concentrate on ladies in animals and pig creation specifically in Rivers State.

 

Author(s) Details:

A. B. Odinwa,
Department of Agricultural Education, Federal College of Education (Technical), PMB 11, Omoku, Rivers State Nigeria.

N. M. Amugo,
Department of Agricultural Technology, Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic, Port Harcourt. Rivers State, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHAS-V1/article/view/7820

Changing in Dental Setting and Postural Analysis | Chapter 3 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 11

 Background: It is now widely established that dental anatomy and posture are tightly related. Numerous publications in the literature back up this assertion. The purpose of this effort is not to offer another another evidence, but rather to draw attention to a specific aspect of the case that has been presented: a unique procedural asepsis that makes it a particularly important instance. Nevertheless, the goal of this work is to make postural analysis operators more aware of two factors that are thought to be crucial: first, the modification of postural structure even in the absence of specific pathologies; and second, the significance of maintaining procedural asepsis to avoid falling victim to deductive automatisms and instead always searching unconditionally for the cause of the emerging disharmony.

Materials and Methods: The research was place between 2020 and 2021. At the initial postural study conducted on January 3, 2020, the subject was a young lady who was around 37 years old, 52 kg, and 1.58 m tall. Two further postural analyses were conducted afterwards, one 13 months and the other 22 months following the first. In all three analyses, the same procedure for the postural analysis was used.

Results: Based on the findings from the three analyses, it can be estimated that 12 out of the 19 controlled parameters suffered changes, or around 63 percent of them, even if not all of them may have been caused by changes in the dental context.

Conclusion: The study shows how the several systems that make up the human body are interrelated, and how changing the beginning state of one of them can change the initial state of others, even within the constraints of the study's design.

Author(s) Details:

S. Palandri,
Radiographer, Master Degree in Clinical Posturology at Pisa University, Mater Degree in Posturology at Rome University 'La Sapienza”, Italy.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NHMMR-V11/article/view/7138

A Comprehensive Survey on Data Mining Techniques for Logical Analysis of Data in Content Based Image Retrieval System | Chapter 14 | Novel Perspectives of Engineering Research Vol. 4

 This study presents a detailed overview of current technological advances in high-level semantic picture retrieval. It identifies five primary types of state-of-the-art strategies for closing the semantic gap. These are (a) Data Mining approaches for data analysis, data access, and knowledge finding processors to demonstrate experimentally and practically how consistent, capable, and rapid these techniques are for research in a specific subject. To assess the data, a solid mathematical threshold (0 to 1) is set. (b) Image characteristics such as colour, texture, shape, and spatial placement [1]. (b) Measuring similarity and closing the semantic gap (d) A created decision tree presents useful decision-making models that can be taught to help the expert classify images. A data mining and image processing tool is described, and its application to image mining on the job of Hep-2 cell-image categorization is demonstrated. (e) The majority of CBIR system reports only provide qualitative performance measurements based on how similar retrieved images are to a target. Experiment 2 puts Picture Hunter through a more stringent examination in this environment. When the images are given in random order, we first build a baseline for our database by measuring the time it takes to identify an image that is comparable to a target. Integration of salient low-level feature extraction, effective learning of high-level semantics, friendly user interface, and efficient indexing tool are all required to construct a full-fledged image retrieval system with high-level semantics.

Author(S) Details

A. Nanda Gopal Reddy
Mahaveer Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad, India.

Roheet Bhatnagar
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal University, Jaipur, Dehmi Kalan, Off Jaipur-Ajmer Expressway, Jaipur, 302026, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NPER-V4/article/view/5114

Study on Weakness Analysis Learning Mathematics Junior High School in Medan | Chapter 11 | Current Topics on Mathematics and Computer Science Vol. 11

Mathematics is an organised and deductive object of study that includes an abstract form of facts, concepts, principles, and procedures, and is based on agreement, deductive thinking patterns, having an empty symbol of sense, and paying attention to the universe of discourse. Mathematics includes a vocabulary and well-defined principles, as well as clear and methodical reasoning, as well as a solid structure and interconnections between concepts. Math is a symbolic language that must be interpreted as a representation of statements. Deductive reasoning, which operates on the basis of assumptions and has a consistent truth, is one of the most important aspects of mathematical activity. As a result, mathematics is known as a deductive science, meaning that it begins with undefined elements, axioms / postulates, and ends with the theorem. Math is the fruit of human thought that the truth of a general nature which does not rely on the scientific method that contains the inductive process,Mathematics is the fruit of human thought that the truth of a general nature which does not rely on the scientific method that contains the inductive process,Mathematics is the fruit of human thought that the truth of a general nature which does not rely on the scientific method that contains the inductive process,Mathematics is Mathematics is an important auxiliary science that is beneficial in everyday life as well as in aiding human resource development and scientific and technological growth. From elementary school to college, formal mathematics is taught. As a result, classroom mathematics instruction should be efficient and of high quality.

Author (S) Details

. Hasratuddin

Department of Mathematics, Medan State University, Indonesia.

View Book :- stm.bookpi.org/CTMCS-V11/article/view/3985

Pharmaceuticals in Water | Book Publisher International

 Water covers around 71 percent of the earth's surface. Water makes about 50 to 70% of the weight of all plants and animals, including humans. Water undergoes physical and chemical changes as a result of human activity and/or natural influences. According to predictions, the global need for prescription medications would approach 4500 billion doses by the end of 2020. Pharmaceuticals are eliminated from the human body in their parent form, as well as as metabolites and conjugate forms, after they have been consumed. Some commonly used medications or active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have been found in various water resources and have been found to have an impact on aquatic life species' quality. The impact of medicines discharged into aquatic streams in a defined range is unlikely to cause acute toxicity, and their presence has implications for human health, agriculture, and marine culture. Avoiding and/or reducing medicines' access into the aquatic environment is the most effective way to reduce their presence in water bodies. This reduction could be achieved through a combination of preventive actions implemented by specialised regulatory agencies, such as increased public awareness of rational drug use and correct pharmaceutical disposal.

Author(S) Details

M. K. Mohan Maruga Raja
Parul Institute of Pharmacy & Research, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

M. K. Kathiravan
SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Kattankulathur – 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/PW/article/view/3740

Recent Study on Development and Validation of Loperamide Hydrochloride Tablet Analysis Method with Absorbance and Area under Curve Methods Spectrophotometrically | Chapter 6 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 3

 The absorbance method and the area under the curve method were used to develop and validate the loperamide hydrochloride tablet method of analysis. The optimum solvent in this study was 0.1 N methanol and hydrochloric acid (9:1), with maximum absorption at wavelength 259.00 nm.

The linearity of loperamide hydrochloride was determined in the concentration range 200-600 ppm using the absorbance method and the areas under the curve method, with correlation coefficient values of 0.9998 and 0.9865, respectively. The findings revealed that loperamide hydrochloride levels in The absorbance method and the area under the curve method yielded 105.71 percent and 96.20 percent generic pills, respectively. The findings of the absorbance method and the area under the curve method for determining loperamide levels in trademark pills were 102.85 percent and 98.57 percent, respectively. Both samples met the requirements of Pharmacopoeia Indonesia edition V, which are 90% to 110 percent. The absorbance method for the analysis of loperamide hydrochloride in tablets is legitimate, however the area under the curve technique is unsuitable for the analysis of loperamide hydrochloride in tablets.

Author (s) Details

Harrizul Rivai
Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, Indonesia.

Renny Puspita
School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kurao, Indonesia.

Sesry Misfadhila
School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kurao, Indonesia.

View Book : - https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V3/article/view/1149

New Perspective on Quantum Analysis of Pharmakodynamics in Phytotherapy | Chapter 4 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 7

 Pharmacodynamics is the study of how medications work and how successful they are. We look at how medication compounds interact with biological structures. Pharmaceuticals have two forms of action: structurally specific and non-specific. The quantum analysis we present with the Similarity Principle (SP) allows for a theoretically and practically relevant deep clarification of interaction processes between pharmaceutical drugs and biological structures (at the level of elementary particles).

The goal of this study is to develop a single universal mechanism for explaining pharmacological action at the micro-level, where there is no distinction between animate and inanimate nature, and to investigate phytotherapeutic effects on diseased cells in order to discover a universal answer to the problems posed here.

Methods: To study these challenges, we introduce quantum analysis as a scientific method. Nuclei and particles are examples of quantum things. The occupation of precisely defined values is referred to as "quantification." Quantum is the smallest possible change in any quantity (physical or of another kind). The quality of energy radiated or absorbed by the minuscule particles of matter during the smallest conceivable change of its state also identifies the quantum. This analysis is inextricably linked to the similarity principle.

Medicinal compounds must bind to the biological structure that is functionally damaged. This happens because of the so-called affinity, according to current pharmacology. Because of the gravitational force of attraction, cells with the biologically active substance (mx mass) of the medicinal substance approach and interact with functionally impaired cells of the biological structure (Mx mass). The exchange of functional and sovereign quanta of life takes place at the particle level. As a result, a healing process takes place.

Conclusion: The novel view on cell division, autophagy, and apoptosis may pave the way for a viable antiviral and anticancer defensive system for biological structures.

Author(s) Details

V. L. Kaniskov
Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria.

K. Krastev
Vasil Levski National Military University, Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria.

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Study on Cranial Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: An Update of Metabolites and a Special Emphasis on Practical Points | Chapter 3 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 For thousands of metabolites, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) could be used [1]. We will concentrate on proton (hydrogen) MRS in this paper in particular. Commonly published literature consists of reviews and metabolite papers that are lengthy, complicated and emphasise physical or technical details. But with this paper, we will try to essentially explain how MRS might be used by radiologists in everyday practise. First of all, we tried to search all the existing literature only with regard to the key ones to make this review and we want to give feedback on this review to all our colleagues. In conclusion, despite a high technical-physical burden on MRS that is highly complicated and intense, we provide a lot of practical information with this simplified analysis. We also believe in ensuring that basic information from protocol execution to metabolite permutation is known, as well as important data on uncommon metabolites and spectrum differences generated by several diseases. With software and hardware growth, the use of MRS in diagnostic radiology is going to extend beyond today. It is possible to make this analysis a common guide for radiologists and a helpful tool during MRS reporting with the compilation of all these trick points and line up to the required order.

Author(s) Details

Duzgun Yildirim
Department of Medical Imaging, Acibadem University, Vocational School of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.

Onur Tutar
Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Radiology, Istanbul, Turkey.

Deniz Alis
Acibadem Maslak Hospital, Department of Radiology, Istanbul, Turkey.

Gokhan Kuyumcu
Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Radiology, Istanbul, Turkey.

Selim Bakan
Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Radiology, Istanbul, Turkey.

Özlem Güngör

Istanbul Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Ilhan Varank Training and Research Hospital, Department of Radiology, Istanbul, Turkey.

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