Navigation on St. Lawrence Seaway Via Gulf of Saint Lawrence Estuary and the St. Lawrence River | Chapter 3 | St. Lawrence Seaway: Canada and United States Joint Lifeline

 

The St. Lawrence River watershed and Newfoundland, located in Canada, are currently home to millions of people. The entire Great Lakes watershed drains through Lake Ontario and flows into the St. Lawrence River near Cape Vincent, New York. The St. Lawrence River then flows northeast through Quebec and Ontario and into the largest estuary in the world, the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The St. Lawrence River, between Ontario, Canada and New York, United States, is part of the international boundary. The St. Lawrence Seaway permits ocean-going vessels to go from the Great Lakes of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. Navigation of the St. Lawrence was not possible until canals were built around the Lachine Rapids near Montreal. The canals allowed ships to bypass the rapids and travel into Lake Ontario. In 1954, the United States agreed to joint development of the international sections of the St. Lawrence River. The St. Lawrence Seaway was opened in 1959 and permits ocean-going ships to go all the way to the southwest corner of Lake Superior near Duluth, Minnesota. During the 1970s and after more than 150 years of successful resource and economic development of the St. Lawrence Basin, a grassroots challenge to the proposed United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) planned development of the St. Lawrence River was blocked by a successful ecological campaign called “Save the River”. The objectives of the study are: 1) to study the geological and landscape properties which the St. Lawrence River Basin has contributed to the successful resource and economic development of a historically rich region of North America, and 2) to study the environmental risks to the St. Lawrence River Basin and the Saint Lawrence estuary. Planned economic and urban development of the St. Lawrence River basin by the USACE was blocked by the “Save the River” campaign. These environmental challenges include the settlement of millions of people in the St. Lawrence River basin, navigation of the St. Lawrence River, disposal of treated and untreated wastewater, water pollution, shore erosion because of high-water levels in the Great Lakes and connecting rivers, invasive species, and flooding.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Kenneth R. Olson
Department of Natural Resources, College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.

 

Cory D. Suski
Department of Natural Resources, College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-88417-36-5/CH3

Nano-Biocatalysts for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater and Sustainability | Chapter 3 | Chemical and Materials Sciences - Developments and Innovations Vol. 4

Biochemical and Physicochemical technology in water and wastewater treatment engineering is essential in the field of water treatment. Water is the source of life. Almost 70% of an adult's weight is composed of water 20% of the loss of water is life threatening. In our daily lives, about 2500 mL of water would be discharged. through breathing, sweating, and other vital activities. Wastewater is rich in heavy metals from the electroplating industry. A microbial fuel cell is a technique for producing electricity while treating wastewater. Eliminating heavy metals and other pollutants from wastewater has grown to be a major global issue. To address this issue, numerous technologies have been developed. Because of the exceptional qualities that come with nanotechnology, heavy metals may now be removed from contaminated water. As a result, several Nanomaterials have been developed to address this issue. The current chapter focuses on innovative Nanomaterials, such as those based on carbon, zero-valet metals, metal-oxide bases, and nanocomposites, and how these can be used to remove heavy metal ions from wastewater. The combined efforts of chemists, engineers, and material scientists are required to address these issues. In recent years, as Nanomaterials have gained popularity worldwide in the field of water and wastewater purification, nanotechnology, Biochemical and physic-chemical Technology have also brought modernity to the treatment of wastewater and water. This chapter mainly focuses on different ways to remove heavy metals, and the mechanisms responsible for their removal and environmental Sustainability.

 

Author(s) Details

P. Sateesh

Department of Physics, St Peter’s Engineering College, Hyderabad-500100, India.

K. Gopinath

Department of Chemistry, St Peter’s Engineering College, Hyderabad-500100, India.

A. Rajesh

Department of Physics, St Peter’s Engineering College, Hyderabad-500100, India.

N. Maramu

Department of Physical Science, Kakatiya Institute of Technology and Science Warangal-506015, India.

N. Hemanth

Department of Physics, St Peter’s Engineering College, Hyderabad-500100, India.

V. Sunilkumar

Department of Physical Science, Kakatiya Institute of Technology and Science Warangal-506015, India.

P. Sivakumar

Department of Physics, St Peter’s Engineering College, Hyderabad-500100, India.

S. Rajyalakshmi

Department of Chemistry, St Peter’s Engineering College, Hyderabad-500100, India.

M. Rajesh

Department of Physics, St Peter’s Engineering College, Hyderabad-500100, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v4/887

Groundwater Use for Washing Vehicles: A Study from Shrigonda Town, India | Chapter 5 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 2

The rapid growth of urbanisation leads to an increased demand for new vehicles. With the increasing number of new vehicles, the number of vehicle washing centres has also increased accordingly. Most of these washing centres use groundwater as their source of water. As a result, the groundwater level is decreasing, leading to a groundwater shortage. The washing centres are generating vast amounts of wastewater and discharging harmful pollutants into surface water, which degrades both surface water quality and groundwater quality. Therefore, the study estimates the volume of water and physicochemical properties of wastewater generated from washing vehicles at 13 vehicle washing centres during both the dry and wet seasons. The data were analysed using the student t-test and one-way ANOVA to assess seasonal variation in water use for washing vehicles, as determined by SPSS software. During the study, 762 and 982 vehicles were observed in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. The results revealed that in the dry season, the mean water used for washing motorbikes was 95.83 L, cars (219.62 L), light motor vehicles (235.64 L), and heavy transport vehicles (300.79 L).

 

On the other hand, during the wet season, the mean water volume used to wash motorbikes was (128.28), cars (258.79, light motor vehicles (290.89), and heavy transport vehicles (415.40). During the dry season, 102301 litres per day, and in the wet season, 168114 litres per day of groundwater were used at the vehicle washing centres in Shrigonda town and discharged wastewater into the sewer system. The physicochemical property results indicate a higher concentration of harmful contaminants, including total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), oil and grease, and turbidity.

 

Author(s) Details

Bapu D. Deokar
Department of Geography, Maharaja Jivajirao Shinde Mahavidyalaya, Shrigonda Ahilyanagar, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, MS, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v2/5840

 

Innovative Ceramic Membranes from Red Clay for Industrial Oil-Water Separation | Chapter 2| Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 3

This chapter explores the design, fabrication, and performance evaluation of a novel ultrafiltration ceramic membrane developed from red clay and nano-activated carbon, offering a cost-effective and sustainable solution for the treatment of oil-contaminated industrial wastewater. The growing discharge of oily wastewater, particularly from petrochemical and manufacturing industries, poses serious environmental threats and challenges for conventional wastewater treatment technologies. Traditional separation methods—including gravity separation, flotation, and chemical treatment—are often constrained by high energy demands, low separation efficiency, secondary pollution, and poor long-term reliability. As environmental regulations become increasingly stringent and water reuse is prioritized worldwide, the need for durable, energy-efficient, and scalable treatment technologies has become urgent.

Ceramic membranes have garnered significant interest for their superior chemical stability, thermal resistance, mechanical strength, and potential for prolonged operation under harsh conditions. However, their high production cost—mainly due to the use of expensive raw materials and energy-intensive sintering processes—has limited widespread commercial deployment. To address this, the present study introduces an innovative membrane formulation using low-cost red clay as the base material, enhanced with nano-activated carbon to optimize pore formation and improve performance. Additionally, calcium fluoride (CaF₂) was employed as a sintering aid to lower fabrication temperatures, reducing overall energy consumption without compromising membrane quality.

The fabricated membrane was thoroughly characterized to assess its suitability for ultrafiltration applications. It exhibited an average pore size of 95.46 nm, a contact angle of 67.3°, and enhanced mechanical strength—confirming its hydrophilic nature and structural integrity. The membrane's surface morphology, porosity, and surface charge were tailored to improve water permeability and fouling resistance. A series of performance tests were conducted using a cross-flow filtration setup with synthetic oil-water emulsions to simulate industrial wastewater conditions.

The membrane demonstrated outstanding separation performance. As transmembrane pressure increased from 3 to 6 bar, the permeate flux rose from 191.38 to 284.99 L/m²·h. Despite a slight flux decline from 490.28 to 367.32 L/m²·h due to oil deposition, the membrane consistently maintained a high oil rejection rate of up to 99.96% at 5 bar and 80 NTU turbidity. Furthermore, its negatively charged surface promoted efficient backwashing, allowing for effective fouling mitigation and membrane reuse. These characteristics highlight the membrane’s potential for long-term operation with minimal maintenance.

Beyond experimental outcomes, this chapter provides a comprehensive discussion of recent advances in oil-water separation technologies, with a focus on ceramic membrane innovation and material sustainability. It positions the red clay-based membrane as a viable alternative for industrial wastewater treatment, particularly in resource-constrained settings where cost and energy savings are critical. By integrating material science, environmental engineering, and practical application, the study contributes to the broader goal of developing green technologies for global water security.

This work serves as a valuable reference for researchers, engineers, and students in the fields of membrane science, environmental technology, and wastewater management. The approach presented herein not only advances the understanding of low-cost membrane fabrication but also demonstrates the feasibility of scaling such solutions for real-world applications in industrial water reuse and environmental protection.

 

Author (s) Details

Saad A. Aljlil
Water Management & Treatment Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v3/5257

Wastewater Management and Its Role in Achieving the Various Goals of Sustainable Development: A Review | Chapter 7 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 7

In this study, the role of water sector management represented by wastewater in achieving the goals of sustainable development was clarified. Wastewater management to prevent the problems resulting from it requires adopting cost-effective and applicable methods in line with the goals of sustainable development. Today, the world aspires to reach sustainable development goals (SDGs) endorsed by the United Nations, and assessing the fundamental interest of modernistic technology in achieving the SDGs is very important for planners as well as stakeholders. Sustainable development has the characteristic of being devoid of negative impact on society and the environment, so its goals can be defined as a road map to achieve more sustainability and a better future for all individuals in this world. An in-depth analysis of the goals and their interactions with each other reveals that wastewater treatment participate in implementing eleven of the seventeen sustainable development goals due to its capability to raise the amount of water available. Among the most relevant SDGs are: eliminating hunger by providing the patency of water that can be used for agriculture, being healthy by beneficent water quality and availability of clean water, clean energy, improving water recycling, biogas production, living underwater by reducing wastewater discharge. We discussed the difficulties associated with implementing these goals, by proposing a series of indicators to evolve the importance of wastewater treatment plants in SDGs. The current review article confirmed the considerable impact of wastewater treatment on achieving the internationally approved SDGs. Water scarcity must be dealt with comprehensively, all alternatives for water supply must be considered and the magnitude of this objective must be brought to the interest of relevant organizations.

Author(s) Details:

Qahtan Adnan Ali,
Department of Environment and Pollution Technologies Engineering, Kirkuk Technical College Engineering, Northern Technical University, Iraq.

Ozdan Akram Ghareeb,
Department of Pharmacy Techniques, Kirkuk Technical Institute, Northern Technical University, Iraq.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIEGES-V7/article/view/13460

From Conservation Crime to Cholera: Reflecting on the Environmental and Social Consequences of South Africa’s Undermanaged and Intensifying Wastewater Crisis | Chapter 3 | Recent Trends in Arts and Social Studies Vol. 6

 The diminishing state of municipal wastewater and sewage situation (under/mis)management in South Africa maybe regarded as the most important vector to the generous pollution and social challenges being knowledgeable in many parts of the country as well as being a principal subscriber to environmental and human health questions. The aim of this review search out expose the state’s incapacity to fulfil allure basic order at all three levels of governance (nationwide, regional, and local), to efficiently protect the rights and property of all bodies (natural and legal) and promote economic tumor by dint of amplifying the variable distance between the government and allure citizenry. This circumstances is procreated only by the State’s surrendered disregard for vulnerable water. This article supplies a philosophic overview of the tangible/social and aid delivery disconnect middle from two points government and common people realised by this tortuous and insular ‘approach’. It places in outlook the increasingly esoteric interface between flexible wastewater (under/mis)management (disrespect), on the one hand, and the enviro-public impact (victimisation) thereof, on the other and cautions against the incessant application of unacceptable duty delivery and prospering malfeasance/ incompetence.

Author(s) Details:

Friedo J. W. Herbig,

Department of Criminology and Security Science, School of Criminal Justice, College of Law, University of South Africa (UNISA), Pretoria, South Africa.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RTASS-V6/article/view/11409

Alternative Domestic Water Supply from the Lake Water with Designed Treatment Units: A Case Study-Katraj Lake, Pune, India | Chapter 1 | Research Highlights in Science and Technology Vol. 7

 This stage highlights about alternative household water supply from the pond water with designed situation units. The dirtiness burden on India's rivers has raised as a result of the tumor of industrialization and urbanization. Untreated sewage and direct disposal of wastewater into rivers and lagoons are the main sources of dirtiness in these bodies of water. This influences aquatic life and the conservation of the water, increasing the predominance of numerous waterborne afflictions. Factors such as types of enterprises, habits of people, and non-point beginnings are responsible for the increase of the wastewater fulfilled into water bodies. In agreements of its keen growth and development, Pune city enhances one of India’s increasing and emerging places. More and additional things from outside the city are migrating to Pune metropolis. Based on the results of the above parameters, the Water Treatment Plant is planned may suffice to provide water to the encircling areas as an danger supply. The population increase in Pune throughout the last 2-3 decades has existed significantly fast accompanying a resultant effect on the rise of pollution level. This episode also examines the physicochemical traits of lake water so that raise the water's quality. Additionally, devise a water treatment ease to recycle lake water for local crisis supplies. Typically, the Katraj Area happenings a water shortage all along the summer. The acted water can be used a suggestion of choice for home water supplies and maybe delivered by tankers.

Author(s) Details:

Amol Ashok Inamdar,

Civil Engineering Department, KJEI’s K.J. College of Engineering and Research, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHST-V7/article/view/11395

Microbial Fuel Cell Technology: Power Generation Using Various Wastewater Sources | Chapter 2 | Research Highlights in Science and Technology Vol. 6

 The increasing risk of global warming, compelled by greenhouse smoke emissions, necessitates crucial advancements in renewable energy beginnings. Among these sources, microbial fuel containers stand out as a promising electrochemical science capable of harnessing strength from diverse wastewater streams. These fuel containers leverage the catalytic activity of living microorganisms to convert the synthetic energy present in organic matter into power.This study explores the application of microbial fuel containers to recover strength from three distinct waste sources: buttery wastewater, sewage wastewater, and urine. Proton exchange membranes were working as electrolytes during test. Notably, the open circuit voltage calculations revealed encouraging results. Dairy wastewater surrendered an observed heat of 0.26V, while sewage wastewater exhibited a larger voltage of 0.46V. Surprisingly, urine showed a comparable open revolution voltage of 0.42V. By converting natural resources into electricity through the catalytic activity of microorganisms, microbial fuel containers offer a promising street to address the pressing challenges posed by worldwide warming and greenhouse vapor emissions.

Author(s) Details:

S. D. Purswani,
Energy Practice Area, Boston Consulting Group, Houston-70010, USA.

S. S. Atkare,
MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi[D], Pune-412105, India.

G. Bhumkar,
MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi[D], Pune-412105, India.

M. B. Patil,
MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi[D], Pune-412105, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHST-V6/article/view/11337

A Cytogenetic Overview of Bulgarian Rosa alba L. Essential Oil, Hydrosol and Wastewater – Generated by Water-Steam Distillation on in vivo and in vitro Test-Systems| Chapter 4 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 4

 The main object concerning this overview search out present our investigations on the safety evaluation and some organic activities of the Rosa alba L. products (essential lubricate, hydrosol, and wastewater discarded all along oil distillate) based on the results obtained on three types of test-wholes: plant test-system, animal test-plan in vivo, and human lymphocytes in vitro. The harmless use of aforementioned natural commodity is essential because of their main role in various circles of human life - drugstore, cosmetics, food manufacturing, and others. For this purpose, the organic activity of the particular products must be determined. To get more detailed facts about the specific effects of the commodity tested, a complex of cytogenetic tests was secondhand, and various concentrations were proven, applying different exploratory schemes.The results bestowed here, show that R. alba L. essential oil, allure hydrosol, and wastewater did not seize high cytotoxic and genotoxic exercises. These effects depended on the synthetic components of each red-pink product, the concentrations applied, and the sense of the test-system secondhand. The tested red-pink products (essential oil and wastewater) have cytoprotective and genoprotective potential against the direct alkylating power MNNG.Data are promising and show that these everyday products are good candidates for further use indifferent sectors of human existence.

Author(s) Details:

Gabriele Jovtchev,

Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.

Svetla Gateva,

Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.

Tsvetelina Gerasimova,

Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.

Margarita Topashka-Ancheva,

Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.

Tsveta Angelova,

Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.

Alexander Stankov,

Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.

Ana Dobreva,

Institute for Roses and Aromatic Plants, Agricultural Academy, 49 Osvobojdenie Blvd., 6100 Kazanlak, Bulgaria.

Milka Mileva,

The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V4/article/view/11255

Phosphorous Sources, Consequences and Removal Techniques from Water - A Review | Chapter 7 | Progress in Chemical Science Research Vol. 9

 This review item comprehends the efficient methods of removal of Phosphorous from domestic and technical wastewater which are economical. The removal of excess phosphorous all along wastewater treatment is essential for ensuring and protecting the environment. Phosphorus is a critical vitamin for plant growth and is frequently a limiting factor in land production. However, glut phosphorus in water can lead to material problems in the way that eutrophication and harmful algal blooms. There is a need for cost-effective and tenable methods to erase excess phosphorus from water. This paper presents cheap and environmentally friendly methods for removing planet seen at dawn from water. The removal of P from wastewater can be acted using physico-synthetic methods, biological and Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) means, and/or combinations of two together.  The Physico chemical method handles precipitation, clotting, and flocculation. Most processes include rainstorm, sorption and/or ion exchange mechanisms. Along with those Infiltration-percolation methods, magnetic procedures and biological methods are explained. P removal rates are usually proportional to the mass of synthetic added. In EBPR method, Polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAO)s in the way that Candidatus Accumulibacter and Tetrasphaera were both main in all plants and held together 24–70% of the total Phosphorus. The contribution of Tetrasphaera to the total P-removal was above that of Candidatus Accumulibacter. This low-cost method has potential for use in rural and urban districts to address excess planet seen at dawn in water, contributing to improved water status and environmental sustainability.

Author(s) Details:

Rosalin Das,
Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, Odisha, 756089, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PCSR-V9/article/view/10701

Biochar: An Effective and Green Adsorbent for Hazardous Pollutants | Chapter 9 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 2

 To resolve the water issue, novel wastewater treatment methods are necessary. The goal of physicists is to create a inexpensive, simple, and eco-friendly entity to remove pollutants. The use of biochar from biowaste might possibly solve the issue of water contamination. The main aim concerning this chapter is to debate numerous aspects of biochar, such as its beginnings, characteristics, adsorption mechanism, and uses, specifically in the context of wastewater treatment. Given allure unique synthetic composition, high porosity, and enduring stability, biochar has a lot of potential as a wastewater situation material. Biochar has grown in significance as environmental degradation prevails to worsen and scientists struggle to address contaminators.

Author(s) Details:

Arshi Rastogi,
Department of Chemistry, K.L.D.A.V. (P.G.) College, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247 667, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V2/article/view/10668

Utilization of Polysaccharides Extracted from Tofu Processing Wastewater for Microencapsulation Processes in the Food Industry: Experimental Investigation| Chapter 8 | Research Highlights in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 6

 The purpose concerning this research was to extract polysaccharides from tofu alter wastewater obtained from tofu factory situated at the outcast of Wuxi city, PR China. The feed sector working the extracted organic compound composed of carbon as a wall material for microencapsulation procedures. Due to the evidence that wastewater is transformed into advantageous polysaccharides that might be secondhand in the food manufacturing, this research strategy is anticipated expected ecologically friendly. Vegetable oil was the main component concerning this study, which dressed as a test case to see either a successful encapsulation process maybe accomplished, signifying the potential for the encapsulation of oil-dissolved vitamins and minerals. A successful result of microcapsules using the derived polysaccharides will serve as a inferior source of acquiring wall materials for encapsulation processes.  Polysaccharides culled from tofu processing wastewater were working as wall fabrics for vegetable fat load encapsulation. The fundamental approach secondhand in the microencapsulation process is that, upon the addition of polysaccharides, the interfacial coacervation between the protein and the sugar surrounding the lubricate droplets drives the result of microcapsules. On spray-dried microcapsules, the peroxide profit, microencapsulation effectiveness, and optic observation were examined.In order to create independent entities or microcapsules, the coating was thermally hardened to create microencapsulated capsules. To clearly display the microcapsules, photomicrographs were used. The microcapsules' microencapsulation effectiveness was investigated, and the judgments indicate that the maximum MEE (93.04%) was attained accompanying a comparably depressed vegetable fat content. This manifests a correlation between the portion fat load and MEE: the lower the microencapsulation efficiency, the larger the percentage fat load of herbs.  Studies on the peroxide content of the microcapsules told a reduced shelf-history at increased hotnesses of 38ºC in comparison to range temperature.

Author(s) Details:

T. S. Sonda,
Institute of Food Technology, Nutrition & Consumer Studies, School of Agriculture & Food Sciences, Njala University, Njala Campus, Sierra Leone.

Memuna K. Sawi,
Institute of Food Technology, Nutrition & Consumer Studies, School of Agriculture & Food Sciences, Njala University, Njala Campus, Sierra Leone.

Abigail Nyamawa,
Institute of Food Technology, Nutrition & Consumer Studies, School of Agriculture & Food Sciences, Njala University, Njala Campus, Sierra Leone.

M. S. Sonda,
Department of Agriculture Communication & Media, School of Agriculture & Food Sciences, Njala University, Sierra Leone.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHAS-V6/article/view/8847

Removal of Lead and Cadmium in Synthetic Wastewater Using Phaseolus vulgaris (Beans) Husk as Bio-adsorbent: Experimental Investigation | Chapter 03 | Emerging Challenges in Environment and Earth Science Vol. 2

 Due to their efficacy when compared to existing and expensive traditional technologies like ion exchange and membrane technology, the use of low-cost bio-adsorbents to remove heavy metals from wastewater and drinking water is quickly receiving study attention. A range of agricultural wastes have lately been subjected to this bio-sorption technology. In this study, the husk of Phaseolus vulgaris, a native bean of southwestern Nigeria, was used as an adsorbent since it was abundantly available and affordable. The concentration of heavy metals in the metal ion solution after adsorption was determined using an Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results show that the removal efficacy of beans husk decreases as the beginning concentration rises, but increases as contact time and adsorbent dosage rise. The adsorption capacity, on the other hand, rises with the initial concentration but falls with the adsorbent dose. For lead adsorption, the ideal pH was 1.55, whereas for cadmium adsorption, it was 4.90. The findings led to the development of a low-cost, high-effective adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater.

Author(S) Details

Funmilayo J. Okparaocha
Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria and Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Peter O. Oyeleke
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Abimbola B. Akinyele
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.

Omolara J. Ojezele
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Kikelomo B. Odusola
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Adijat Y. Shorinmade
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan, Nigeria.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/ECEES-V2/article/view/5731

Modes of Enzyme Delivery in Treatment of Wastewater Containing Recalcitrant Pollutants | Chapter 1 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 2

 Water is a limited and important resource. The massive increase in home and industrial water consumption has been matched by an equal increase in domestic and industrial wastewater generation. Seas, rivers, and lakes have been employed as sinks for the disposal of domestic and industrial effluent despite the scarcity of water. As part of attempts to save water, many effluent treatment systems have been developed to purify effluents and enable their reuse.

Because some pollutants in wastewater are resistant to degradation by standard treatment processes, they persist in the environment. The purpose of this chapter is to look into the use of enzymes as a possible alternative to traditional methods for decomposing stubborn contaminants in wastewater. The purpose of this chapter is to give an overview of the various delivery mechanisms that can be utilised to introduce enzymes into the wastewater treatment reaction mixture. The chapter examines the many methods for delivering enzymes to digest target pollutants in effluents, including the use of microbial or plant cells, cell-free extracts, and nanoparticles, as well as the benefits and downsides of each method. Furthermore, the importance of existing and future research focusing on the development of cost-effective and environmentally sustainable wastewater treatment procedures is stressed.

Author(S) Details

Mugdha Ambatkar
Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Ramniranjan Jhunjhunwala College, Ghatkopar (west), Mumbai – 400 086, India.

Usha Mukundan
Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Ramniranjan Jhunjhunwala College, Ghatkopar (west), Mumbai – 400 086, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V2/article/view/4713

Determining the Growth and Wastewater Treatment Ability of Para Grass (Brachiaria mutica) Vegetation in the Stabilization Ponds | Chapter 8 | Emerging Challenges in Environment and Earth Science Vol. 1

 Aquatic plants can be utilised to treat wastewater in a manner that is not harmful to the environment. This project uses a water stabilisation pond to grow para grass (Brachiaria mutica). Para grass has leaf blades that are up to 0.3 m long and 0.16 – 0.2 m broad, and they are hairy. The growth cycle of para grass was researched for 35 days, and it was revealed that the grass grew swiftly for the first 20 days, but then blossomed and grew more slowly from day 20 to day 21. Para grass flourished equally effectively in both rainy and dry seasons for the first 12 days. However, para grass growth in the wet season is better than in the dry season over the next 12 days. 1m2 of dry grass has the maximum yield of nutrients in the 24-day cycle, with 174.6 grammes of glucose, 18.97 grammes of nitrogen, and 2.85 grammes of phosphorus. In the stabilisation pond, which is surrounded by para grass, the wastewater was treated effectively. This system can handle pollutants such as COD, total N, and total P better than 0.35 m3/h when the flow rate is reduced to 0.25 m3/h. COD, TN, and TP remove 64.3 percent, 51.8 percent, and 49.1 percent of COD, TN, and TP, respectively, at 0.25 m3/h. Following treatment, the wastewater was treated with QCVN 40: 2011/BTNMT column A (COD, TN, TP, pH) with a retention period of 5.3 days and was reusable. This study direction is appropriate for contemporary sustainable development since it presents a low-cost, environmentally friendly, simple-to-implement method that utilises plant species native to Vietnam. This is your paper's initial part.

Author(S) Details

Van Thi Thanh Ho
Hochiminh University of Natural Resources and Environment (HCMUNRE), Vietnam.

Nam Dong Hoang
VNUHCM-University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Minh Dang Pham
Hochiminh University of Natural Resources and Environment (HCMUNRE), Vietnam.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/ECEES-V1/article/view/4705

Investigation of Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation in the Nervous System, Skin and Skeletal Tissues of Wastewater-Fed Fish | Chapter 9 | Recent Trends in Chemical and Material Sciences Vol. 2

 In several countries throughout the world, treated municipal wastewater fish are used in fish farming. Due to harmful chemicals and microbiological pollution, it can be dangerous to fish and people who eat it. The effects of heavy metals (Ag, Al, As, and B) on the nervous system, skeletal, and skin tissues of fish, as well as their accumulation in these tissues, are discussed in this study using fish fed in a wastewater treatment plant with secondary treatment as an example. Seasonally, the levels of Ag, Al, As, and B in treated effluent, as well as the skeleton, skin, eyes, and brain tissues of Carassius gibelio species, were studied. The size order of Ag and B concentrations, according to annual averages, was skeleton> skin> eyes>brain and skeleton> skin>brain>eye, respectively. Also, As and Al had skin>brain>eyes>skeleton. All metals studied had TF (Transfer Factor) values greater than one in all four tissues, indicating that the metals induced bioaccumulation as a result of the treated effluent. In both skin and ocular tissue, the size order of TF and BCF (Bio-concentration Factor) values was Ag>Al>As>B. In the skeleton, it was Ag>Al>As>B, while in the brain, it was Al>As>Ag>B. In all tissues, Al's HQ (Hazard Quotient) showed a carcinogenic risk threshold.

Author (S) Details

Aslihan Katip
Department of Environmental Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, Faculty of Engineering, 16059, Bursa, Turkey.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RTCAMS-V2/article/view/2910

Sustainable Utilization of Rice Husk Activated Charcoal as Wastewater Decontaminant | Chapter 12 | New Insights into Physical Science Vol. 2

Activated charcoal is used in water, gold and gas purification, metal extraction, medicine, sewage treatment, filters in compressed air, air filters in gas masks and respirators, and many other applications. Due to its high demand, alternative means of production apart from non-renewable sources, is time honoured. In view of these facts, activated charcoal was prepared from rice husk, an agricultural waste, by pyrolysis and chemical activation. The optimum systematic preparation conditions such as the effects of impregnation ratio, concentration, temperature and pyrolysis temperature and time on the efficiency of the product were investigated. The chemically activated charcoal was characterized by measuring porosity, bulk density, pore volume and size, surface area, iodine number, percentage yield, ash and moisture contents. The adsorbent was further characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The performance of activated charcoal prepared as adsorbent of pollutants in wastewater was tested using standard analytical methods. Overall, the results revealed that there was a general significant (p<0.05) decrease in the total hardness, alkanility, chemical  oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, nitrate, total dissolved solid, total suspended solid, total solid, sulphate, nitrate, chloride, and heavy metals in rice husk acivated charcoal treated filtrate when compared to the untreated. Although, values of physicochemical parameters obtained in filtrate fromthe rice husk-based activated charcoal were generally lower than that of the commercial (control), the differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The results indicated that wastewater treated with the adsorbent were below the recommendations of international standards for maximum limits of effluent to be discharged into sewage, stream and drinking water. The study therefore recommends the use of rice husk-based activated charcoal as an efficient and environmental friendly wastewater treament option.

Author(s) Details

 Lawrence Olusegun Ajala
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic, Unwana, Nigeria.

Valentine Ifenna Onwukeme
Department of Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.

Chihurumnanya Ola Oji
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic, Unwana, Nigeria.

Maria-Regina Chekwube Ejiagha
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic, Unwana, Nigeria

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