Biomass-Derived Activated Carbon for CO₂ Mitigation in Compression Ignition Engine Exhaust Systems | Chapter 7 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 8

 

Rapid industrialisation has intensified environmental pollution and global warming, with the automotive sector being a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. This study investigates an effective post-combustion CO₂ reduction approach for compression ignition (CI) engines using a modified exhaust adsorption system containing waste biomass–derived adsorbents. Activated carbon and biochar produced from coconut shell, rice husk, and eucalyptus wood through carbonisation and activation processes were evaluated for their CO₂ adsorption performance. Integration of a single adsorption chamber into the exhaust system achieved up to a 48% reduction in CO₂ emissions compared to baseline operation, while the addition of a second chamber provided a further 16% reduction. Experiments were conducted on a single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine, where baseline CO₂ emissions increased with engine load, reaching a maximum of 13.5%. After installing biochar and activated carbon filters, CO₂ emissions decreased significantly, with biochar showing superior performance at higher loads. The optimal configuration using blended diesel with activated carbon distributed across dual compartments reduced CO₂ emissions from 6.2% to 0.4% at maximum load. Concurrent reductions in CO, HC, and NOₓ emissions confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed adsorption system.

 

 

Author(s) Details

G. Balaji
Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.

 

D. Premnath
Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.

 

V. Rajasekar
Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.

 

S. Natarajan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Pennalur Village, Sriperumbudur Tk, Tamil Nadu, 602117, India.

 

C. Karthikeyan
Department of Energy Science, Alagappa University, Karaikudi- 630003, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Kapilan Natesan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Yelahanka, Bangalore-560064, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v8/7167

Biochar and its Use in Agriculture | Chapter 2 | Current Research Progress in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 2

 

Recently, biochar has been suggested as a soil amendment to enhance crop productivity and help address global warming. The present chapter discusses biochar, its properties, production, uses or application, its advantages and disadvantages, and its role in carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation. Biochar is typically created by heating biomass through pyrolysis within a temperature range of approximately 300-600°C. Physically, biochar is dark in colour, with high porosity, low weight, fine-grained texture, and large surface area and chemically, carbon makes up about 70% of its composition. The inclusion of biochar in soil can greatly influence the soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties and ultimately enhance the soil quality. Crop growth and yield are positively impacted by biochar. It improves the crops' ability to access and utilize nutrients. Biochar is gaining significant interest because of its ability to lower greenhouse gas emissions, enhance soil fertility, and boost crop yield and crop quality. Carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas reduction are two important areas of climate change mitigation whereby biochar has played a crucial role.

 

 

Author(s) Details

M.C. Kundu
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan, 731236, West Bengal, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpas/v2/1094

 

Coal Char and Biochar as Soil Amendments: Effect on Soil Properties and Grass Biomass in Degraded Rangeland | Chapter 9 | Agricultural Sciences: Techniques and Innovations Vol. 2

Semiarid agroecosystems are particularly concerned about soil deterioration brought on by the loss of soil organic carbon. Soil organic carbon has long been recognised to rise with the use of biochar and other organic char products. This study used coal char (CC) and biochar (BC) as soil amendments in unirrigated semiarid rangeland soil and conducted field observations for three years. A local commercial producer provided BC, and CC was created by pyrolysing coal at three distinct temperatures (650, 750, and 800 °C) to create CC650, CC750, and CC800, respectively.

 

Amendments: CC, BC, and manure were added to the soil at a rate of 10% (v/v). This field experiment results indicated that in comparison to the controls in each of the three years, CC applied with manure (CC650M) improved grass biomass by 95, 42, and 101%, and BC applied with manure (BCM) enhanced grass biomass by 89, 39, and 52% in 2018, 2019, and 2020. The CC and BC treatments resulted in significantly higher soil organic matter (SOM) (1.60–2.93%) than the control (1.37%), according to soil tests conducted a year after char application. However, more thorough research is needed in unirrigated semiarid rangelands to examine the interactions of CC and BC with the soil.

 

Author (s) Details

Resham B. Thapa
Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA and School of Energy Resources, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.

Roger H. Coupal
Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.

 

Mohan B. Dangi
Department of Geography and City and Regional Planning, California State University, Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Avenue, M/S SB69, Fresno, CA 93740, USA.

 

Peter D. Stahl
Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/asti/v2/5592

Removal of Cadmium (II) from Aqueous Solution through Adsorption using Wood Biochar: Kinetics and Isotherms Studies | Chapter 7 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 8

Removal of cadmium ions through adsorption has been investigated by locally available wood biochar. The motivations of the present study were to investigate the application of this wood biochar in the field of environmental problems, so that wood biochar would be more valuable for the community. Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, Redlich-Peterson, Sips, Flory-Huggins, Fowler-Guggenheim, and Harkin-Jura isotherms were used to elucidate the adsorption mechanism. Similarly, pseudo-first-order, Pseudo-second order, Intra-particle diffusion, and liquid film diffusion models were used to study the kinetics of adsorption. The sorption process is favorable with a monolayer formation and predominantly physical adsorption when the equilibrium is attained. The negative value of Gibbs free energy (ΔGo) indicates that the adsorption process is thermodynamically spontaneous and feasible. The presence of repulsion between the adsorbed molecules was also confirmed. The maximum adsorption capacity (q_max) was 28.57 mg/g. The kinetics of the adsorption process follows Pseudo-second order and is also controlled by diffusion through the liquid film. It also confirms the existence of boundary layer influence by Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion. From these studies, the wood biochar could be used as an adsorbent for the efficient treatment of Cd (II) from an aqueous solution.

 

Author (s) Details

 

H. Lalhruaitluanga
Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India.

 

Lalremruata Hauhnar
Department of Zoology, Government Champhai College, Champhai, Mizoram, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v8/2944

Determining the Agronomic Potential of Avocado-seed Biochar in Comparison to Other Locally Available Biochar in Ethiopia | Chapter 2 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 4

The primary objective of this study was to compare the physicochemical characteristics of six biochar types made from four feedstock and two pyrolysis temperatures (450 and 550°C), based on selected parameters relevant to reclaiming degraded agricultural soil. Biochar is a promising option for improving soil fertility and agricultural productivity. Biochar from avocado seed (municipal waste) had better quality in terms of biochar production, and key agronomic parameters. The potential of biochar for specific purpose depends on its physicaland chemical characteristics. Avocado seed is widely available as a leftover after the fleshy part is used for food and as a byproduct of avocado-oil producing agro-industries in Ethiopia. Its potential as a biochar for agronomic purpose has not been studied. This study was conducted in Sidama National Regional State,located at 275 km South of Addis Ababa, the Ethiopian capital. It was identified that on a mass-base, the produced biochar yields were in a range of 29.68 to 47.45%, higher for ASB pyrolyzed at 450°C. The scanned images of the biochar types showed a remarkable surface morphology for bamboo biochar (BB) and ASB. The bulk density of the biochars were in the range of 0.21 to 0.49 g/mL. The highest volatile matter and ash content was measured for BB-450°C, fixed carbon for BB-550°C. The mean pH values were in the range of 9.1 to 11.3. The ASB-450 and 550°C exhibited higher nutrient content. The highest cation exchange capacity (CEC) was recorded for ASB-450°C; organic carbon (OC) for corncob biochar(CCB) followed by ASB-450 and 550°C. The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content of ASB-550°C was the second-highest value next to coffee husk biochar (CHB). In this study, ASB and BB were found to have important qualities for improving degraded agricultural soils in terms of soil acidity, nutrient content and soil fertility. Therefore, ASB-450°C and BB-450°C can be suggested to be promising candidates for reclaiming acid-soils and for improving nutrient-depleted infertile soils into agriculturally productive soils. The application of avocado seed biochar to a soil is an alternative strategy that improves soil physicochemical properties and the soil functioning as a component of the ecosystem as well as the whole environment on a sustainable basis.

Author(s) Details:

Hibret Demissie,
General Forestry Department, Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hawassa University, Ethiopia.

Andargachew Gedebo,
School of Plant and Horticultural Sciences, College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, Ethiopia.

Getachew Agegnehu,
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V4/article/view/13318

Biochar: An Effective and Green Adsorbent for Hazardous Pollutants | Chapter 9 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 2

 To resolve the water issue, novel wastewater treatment methods are necessary. The goal of physicists is to create a inexpensive, simple, and eco-friendly entity to remove pollutants. The use of biochar from biowaste might possibly solve the issue of water contamination. The main aim concerning this chapter is to debate numerous aspects of biochar, such as its beginnings, characteristics, adsorption mechanism, and uses, specifically in the context of wastewater treatment. Given allure unique synthetic composition, high porosity, and enduring stability, biochar has a lot of potential as a wastewater situation material. Biochar has grown in significance as environmental degradation prevails to worsen and scientists struggle to address contaminators.

Author(s) Details:

Arshi Rastogi,
Department of Chemistry, K.L.D.A.V. (P.G.) College, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247 667, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V2/article/view/10668

Determining the Effects of Silicon Content in Rice Husk Biochar of Southern Taiwan on the Germination of Corn Seeds (Zea mays L.) | Chapter 5 | New Visions in Science and Technology Vol. 10

 To our knowledge, there haven't been many studies on this topic in Southern Taiwan, where rice residues from farm areas offer a lot of potential. Farmers are unaware that simply adding a source of accessible silicon to the soil, they can improve crop production and increase stress and disease tolerance. Despite this, there are few publications on the Si effect of rice husk biochar on plant seed germination. In line with the foregoing, the goal of this research is to see how biochar made from pyrolyzed rice husks affects corn (Zea mays L.) seed germination and plant growth. The objective of such rice wastes is to make biochar out of them. The features of rice husk biochar were investigated in Pingtung County, using various types of combustion and temperatures in the process, as well as the impacts on corn (Zea mays L.) seed germination. Seven (7) different treatments were used in the experiment, including rice husk, rice husk biochar, and chemical fertiliser. To balance the quantities of rice husk biochar that may be integrated into clayey soils, the biochar treatments employed a 50/50 blend of biochar and soil. The impact of biochar on corn growth was investigated. Silicon content in rice husk biochar inhibited seed germination linearly, according to the findings. Silicon was found to be considerably damaging to corn seed germination in this study when Si concentration in rice husk biochar was more than 25 to 30 wt%, indicating that rising levels of silicic acid and amounts of the amendment exceeding 8-10 tonnes per hectare can impair germination rates. The apparent reduction in the total available amounts of heavy metals in bottom ash is the most encouraging consequence, implying that using binary mixes in plant formation is safe.

Author(S) Details

O. V. Milla
Soluciones Carbono Negativo, El Salvador, San Salvador, Central America.

C. C. Chien
Department of Eco-System Technology, Industrial Technology Research Institute of Tainan, Taiwan.

W. J. Huang
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVST-V10/article/view/4886

Effect of Biochar on Soil CO2 Fluxes from Agricultural Field Experiments in Russian Far East: A Recent Study | Chapter 3 | Current Topics in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 3

 Agricultural soils emit a significant amount of greenhouse gases. Biochar is a soil improver that sequesters carbon when applied to the soil. Biochar has a low rate of decomposition compared to the initial biomass, allowing for a longer residence time in the soil than other organic supplements. Varied combinations of soil and meteorological conditions, as well as biochar, provide different research outcomes. The goal of our study was to determine the effects of applying 1 kg/m2 and 3 kg/m2 biochar to clay soils on CO2 flow in field tests across two cropping seasons in the Russian Far East. Biochar significantly reduces the cumulative flow of soil CO2 when compared to untreated field plots, according to the data. In the 2018 season, the application of 3 kg/m2 of biochar resulted in the largest reduction in soil CO2 emissions (28.2%), whereas the application of 1 kg/m2 resulted in the greatest reduction in cumulative CO2 flow (57.7%) in 2019. During the 2018 growing season, there was a correlation between a drop in the value of the cumulative CO2 flow and an increase in the biomass grown in the examined areas of agricultural crops.

Author(S) Details

M. A. Bovsun
Far Eastern Federal University, 8 Sukhanova St., Vladivostok 690090, Russian Federation, Russian and Far Eastern Climat Smart Lab, 8 Sukhanova St., Vladivostok 690090, Russian Federation, Russian and Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 43 Baltiyskaya st., 690041, Vladivostok, Russian Federation, Russian.

S. Castaldi
Far Eastern Climat Smart Lab, 8 Sukhanova St., Vladivostok 690090, Russian Federation, Russian and University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Abramo Lincoln St.5, 81100, Caserta, Italy.

O. V. Nesterova
Far Eastern Federal University, 8 Sukhanova St., Vladivostok 690090, Russian Federation, Russian and Far Eastern Climat Smart Lab, 8 Sukhanova St., Vladivostok 690090, Russian Federation, Russian.

V. A. Semal
Far Eastern Federal University, 8 Sukhanova St., Vladivostok 690090, Russian Federation, Russian and Far Eastern Climat Smart Lab, 8 Sukhanova St., Vladivostok 690090, Russian Federation, Russian and Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 Prospekt Stoletiya Vladivostoka Ave., Vladivostok 690022, Russian Federation, Russian.

N. A. Sakara
Primorskaya Vegetable Experimental Station of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Vegetables, 57/1 Kubanskaya St, Artyom, 692779, Russian Federation, Russian.

A. V. Brikmans
Far Eastern Federal University, 8 Sukhanova St., Vladivostok 690090, Russian Federation, Russian and Far Eastern Climat Smart Lab, 8 Sukhanova St., Vladivostok 690090, Russian Federation, Russian.

A. I. Khoklova
Far Eastern Federal University, 8 Sukhanova St., Vladivostok 690090, Russian Federation, Russian and Far Eastern Climat Smart Lab, 8 Sukhanova St., Vladivostok 690090, Russian Federation, Russian.

T. Y. Karpenko
Far Eastern Federal University, 8 Sukhanova St., Vladivostok 690090, Russian Federation, Russian and Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 Prospekt Stoletiya Vladivostoka Ave., Vladivostok 690022, Russian Federation, Russian.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CTAS-V3/article/view/4621

Promotion in Refolding and Heat Stress Tolerance of Proteins by Adsorption Immobilization to Biochar | Chapter 3 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 6

 The adsorption of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) on adzuki bean charcoal powder (ABCP), which was made from adzuki bean waste by pyrolysis without combustion under a nitrogen atmosphere and subsequently comminution with a jet mill, significantly improved HEWL's heat stress tolerance. Even at high temperatures, HEWL was well-adsorbed on ABCP. The remaining activity of HEWL adsorbed on ABCP was 30% after 30 minutes of incubation at 90°C, increased with incubation time at 25°C, plateaued at 30 minutes, and became around 50%. On the other hand, native HEWL activity is essentially non-existent after 30 minutes of incubation at 90°C, and it is unaffected by incubation at 25°C. In comparison to the native one, the thermal denaturation curve of HEWL adsorbed on ABCP was pushed to high temperatures. Furthermore, at 90°C, BCP-adsorbed HEWL had a half-life of 28 minutes, whereas native HEWL had a half-life of 4 minutes.

Author (S) Details

Hidetaka Noritomi
Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V6/article/view/2761

Phase Change of Low Grade Iron Ore during Sintering and Reduction with Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch | Chapter 3 | Advanced Aspects of Engineering Research Vol. 2

The iron and steel industry is one of the largest contributors to global emissions of carbon dioxide, especially in the sintering process. Biomass has been widely suggested as an alternative, safer and sustainable fuel in order to reduce pollutant emissions from the iron and steel industry. It is beneficial to replace coke with biochar in iron sintering, as this method provides a large amount of greenhouse gases. In this work, coke was substituted as an alternative fuel in the sintering of iron ore with biochar derived from the oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB). Biochar was developed at a heating rate of 10 °C/min from the EFB at 450 °C and kept for 30 minutes. Sinter was first prepared as the binding agent in a ceramic bowl by combining iron ore, biochar, and limestone with water to create a green sample with different ratios of biochar and iron ore with fixed 1% limestone. In terms of ability to extract the oxygen, the sinter was tested. The highest reducibility for sinter containing 5 percent of biochar content is apparently 77.77 percent. The phase change implied that the sinter could be reduced to metallic iron at a high temperature (1150 °C). The use of EFB biochar as an energy source for sintering Malaysian iron ore is feasible to generate metallic iron for the process of iron making. Thus, when the process is implemented industrially, by removing a portion of coke as an energy source, it can minimize CO2 emissions in the iron steel market.

Author (s) Details

Hadi Purwanto
International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/AAER-V2/issue/view/31

Scientific Research: Biosorption and Chemical Precipitation of Lead Using Biomaterials, Molecular Sieves, and Chlorides, Carbonates, and Sulfates of Na & Ca | Chapter 8 | International Research in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol.3

 Lead, a heavy metal, is a wellknown contaminant in water and has been reported to cause serious

health implications to humans, animals, and plants. One of the processes for heavy metal remediation
of contaminated water is chemical precipitation. In this present work, chemical precipitation of lead
from a contaminated aqueous matrix by chlorides, carbonates, and sulfates of sodium and calcium
was compared to lead removal by molecular sieves and biomaterials (fish-bone, grape and spinach).
The order of lead removal from 1400 ppm of lead solution is sodium chloride (31%) < calcium chloride
(62%) < burnt grape (83%) < charred spinach (92.3%) < sodium phosphate (95.8%) < sodium
carbonate (97%) < molecular sieve sphere (98.7%) < sodium sulfate (99.3%) < calcium sulfate
(99.7%) < molecular sieves ground (99.71%) < fishbone (99.87%) < calcium carbonate (99.9%).

Author(s) Details

Lovell Agwaramgbo
Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics, Dillard University, New Orleans,
USA.

ShaKayla Nunez
Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Immunology; Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA

Kayla Mitt
Dillard University Alum, New Orleans, Louisiana USA.

View Book :-  http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/231