Monitoring Physicochemical Parameters During Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soils in Brazzaville, Congo | Chapter 6 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 6

 

The biodegradation of hydrocarbons by bacteria is undeniably one of the most successful processes in the elimination of hydrocarbon pollutants. Several bacteria have already been used in numerous applications in the bioremediation of environments polluted by hydrocarbons. However, few bioremediation studies have been carried out with indigenous Bacillus genus strains obtained in Congo-Brazzaville. This study aimed to treat soils polluted by hydrocarbons using the bioremediation technique. Soil samples were taken from four (04) garages chosen in some districts of Brazzaville, namely Ouenzé, Mfilou, Djiri and Talangai. Four treatments were carried out for bioremediation treatment while monitoring physicochemical parameters by bioaugmentation, biostimulation and a mixture of bioaugmentation and biostimulation. Several physicochemical parameters were monitored during the different treatments to understand the factors that could influence microbial metabolism during the degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil. The total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) were extracted by Soxhlet during the treatments. The results obtained showed that the physicochemical parameters are optimal during organic degradation processes. The ranges of physicochemical parameters values are respectively between 23.3 and 28.4°C for temperature, between 38.6 and 5266.01µS/cm for conductivity, between 6.01 and 7.5 for pH, between 0 and 70% for the maximum water retention capacity, between 1 and 10% for humidity, between 0 and 88 mg/Kg for nitrogen and between 0 and 298.93 mg/Kg for potassium. The Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) concentrations in polluted soils decreased significantly throughout the treatments, with a drop between 25% and 85%. The greatest drop (75%-85%) in hydrocarbon concentrations is observed for Bioaugmentation (Bacteria) and Biostimulation+Bioaugmentation (NPK+Bacteria) combination treatments. Thus, bioremediation by adding Bacillus genus bacteria would be an alternative way for the depollution of soils polluted by hydrocarbons. Future research should focus on optimising the bioremediation process by investigating a wider diversity of indigenous microbial strains from different ecological niches in Congo-Brazzaville with a focus on enhancing hydrocarbon degradation efficiency.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Kiele Molingo Mbemba
Université Marien Ngouabi, Unité de Chimie du Végétal et de la Vie, Faculté Des Sciences et Techniques, BP 69, Brazzaville, Congo.

 

Gabriel Judicael Okeni-Boba
Université Marien Ngouabi, Unité de Chimie du Végétal et de la Vie, Faculté Des Sciences et Techniques, BP 69, Brazzaville, Congo.

 

Jean Maurille Ouamba
Université Marien Ngouabi, Unité de Chimie du Végétal et de la Vie, Faculté Des Sciences et Techniques, BP 69, Brazzaville, Congo.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v6/6749

Monitoring Physicochemical Parameters During Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soils in Brazzaville, Congo | Chapter 6 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 6

 

 

The biodegradation of hydrocarbons by bacteria is undeniably one of the most successful processes in the elimination of hydrocarbon pollutants. Several bacteria have already been used in numerous applications in the bioremediation of environments polluted by hydrocarbons. However, few bioremediation studies have been carried out with indigenous Bacillus genus strains obtained in Congo-Brazzaville. This study aimed to treat soils polluted by hydrocarbons using the bioremediation technique. Soil samples were taken from four (04) garages chosen in some districts of Brazzaville, namely Ouenzé, Mfilou, Djiri and Talangai. Four treatments were carried out for bioremediation treatment while monitoring physicochemical parameters by bioaugmentation, biostimulation and a mixture of bioaugmentation and biostimulation. Several physicochemical parameters were monitored during the different treatments to understand the factors that could influence microbial metabolism during the degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil. The total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) were extracted by Soxhlet during the treatments. The results obtained showed that the physicochemical parameters are optimal during organic degradation processes. The ranges of physicochemical parameters values are respectively between 23.3 and 28.4°C for temperature, between 38.6 and 5266.01µS/cm for conductivity, between 6.01 and 7.5 for pH, between 0 and 70% for the maximum water retention capacity, between 1 and 10% for humidity, between 0 and 88 mg/Kg for nitrogen and between 0 and 298.93 mg/Kg for potassium. The Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) concentrations in polluted soils decreased significantly throughout the treatments, with a drop between 25% and 85%. The greatest drop (75%-85%) in hydrocarbon concentrations is observed for Bioaugmentation (Bacteria) and Biostimulation+Bioaugmentation (NPK+Bacteria) combination treatments. Thus, bioremediation by adding Bacillus genus bacteria would be an alternative way for the depollution of soils polluted by hydrocarbons. Future research should focus on optimising the bioremediation process by investigating a wider diversity of indigenous microbial strains from different ecological niches in Congo-Brazzaville with a focus on enhancing hydrocarbon degradation efficiency.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Kiele Molingo Mbemba
Université Marien Ngouabi, Unité de Chimie du Végétal et de la Vie, Faculté Des Sciences et Techniques, BP 69, Brazzaville, Congo.

 

Gabriel Judicael Okeni-Boba
Université Marien Ngouabi, Unité de Chimie du Végétal et de la Vie, Faculté Des Sciences et Techniques, BP 69, Brazzaville, Congo.

 

Jean Maurille Ouamba
Université Marien Ngouabi, Unité de Chimie du Végétal et de la Vie, Faculté Des Sciences et Techniques, BP 69, Brazzaville, Congo.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v6/6749

Microbial Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Heavy Oil | Book Publisher International

 Heavy oil, characterised by its complex hydrocarbon composition and inherent resistance to biodegradation, represents a persistent environmental contaminant. Despite extensive industrial usage, the understanding of its biodegradability under varying environmental conditions remains limited. This study systematically investigates the biodegradation potential of heavy oil by indigenous microbial consortia derived from soil and water samples, under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Using gas chromatography to quantify residual hydrocarbons, it was demonstrated that aerobic soil-derived microbial communities achieve superior degradation efficiencies, with removal rates reaching up to 80.3%, significantly outperforming water-derived consortia, which attained a maximum of 52.1%. In contrast, anaerobic conditions markedly inhibit biodegradation, with maximum removal efficiencies of 43.7% and 11.1% for water- and soil-derived microbes, respectively. Correlative analyses reveal a positive association between initial microbial biomass—particularly heterotrophic and hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria—and degradation performance. The persistence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under anaerobic conditions underscores the recalcitrance of certain heavy oil fractions. These findings elucidate the pivotal roles of microbial community composition and oxygen availability in governing biodegradation dynamics, providing critical insights for optimising bioremediation strategies. Nonetheless, technological challenges persist, including incomplete mineralisation of heavy oil residues and suboptimal oxygen transfer in heterogeneous, large-scale sites. Addressing these issues will require the refinement of microbial consortia, the advancement of innovative biostimulation techniques, and the integration of complementary remediation technologies. Such developments hold substantial promise for delivering sustainable, cost-effective solutions to mitigate heavy oil pollution across diverse industrial and natural environments.

Author(s) Details

YOUNG-CHEOL CHANG
Muroran Institute of Technology, Japan.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-992493-6-3

Cyanobacteria: Harnessing Nature's Versatile Allies in Pharmaceuticals, Food, and Agriculture | Chapter 11 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 4

 

Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) are considered the most primitive photosynthetic prokaryotes which appeared on this planet during the Precambrian period. The application of cyanobacteria showed immense potential in wastewater and industrial effluent treatment, bioremediation of aquatic and terrestrial habitats,  chemical industries,  biofertilizers, food, feed, and fuel, etc. Spanish local fishermen collected blue-green masses from the lakes that were prepared as a dry cake, known as ‘tecuitlatl’. Spirulina, chlorella and Noctoc cyanobacterial species are being used as food supplements which are full of nutrients such as protein, and vitamins, and also have medicinal values like antiviral, antibacterial, anti-cancerous ECT. Besides, several Cyanobacterial species are also being used as biofertilizers in agriculture, and also for chelating toxic heavy metal ions for removing them from soil which is commonly known as bioremediation of soil pollutants. In viewing the “one platform” solution, nature has provided for all the environmental and medical problems in Cyanobacteria, there is a need to practically implement the use of cyanobacteria in the lives of common man. This chapter not only shades lite on the nutritional but also medicinal values of different species of cyanobacteria but also briefly discussed the new discovery of Exo-polysaccharides (metabolites) of cyanobacteria which are considered as one of the important group of biopolymers having significant ecological, industrial and biotechnological importance. Due to their structural complexity, versatility and valuable biological properties, they are now emerging as high-value compounds. However,  poor understanding of their complex structural properties, and lack of concrete information regarding the genes encoding the proteins involved in the EPS biosynthetic pathways, their process of production and the associated factors controlling their structural stability, strongly limit their commercialization and applications in the various fields of biotechnology.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Shagufta. A. Shaikh

PCSIR Labs, Karachi, Pakistan.

Kauser Siddiqui

PCSIR Labs, Karachi, Pakistan.

Munazza Sohail

PCSIR Labs, Karachi, Pakistan.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v4/20041D

Cyanobacteria: Harnessing Nature's Versatile Allies in Pharmaceuticals, Food, and Agriculture |Chapter 11 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 4

 

Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) are considered the most primitive photosynthetic prokaryotes which appeared on this planet during the Precambrian period. The application of cyanobacteria showed immense potential in wastewater and industrial effluent treatment, bioremediation of aquatic and terrestrial habitats,  chemical industries,  biofertilizers, food, feed, and fuel, etc. Spanish local fishermen collected blue-green masses from the lakes that were prepared as a dry cake, known as ‘tecuitlatl’. Spirulina, chlorella and Noctoc cyanobacterial species are being used as food supplements which are full of nutrients such as protein, and vitamins, and also have medicinal values like antiviral, antibacterial, anti-cancerous ECT. Besides, several Cyanobacterial species are also being used as biofertilizers in agriculture, and also for chelating toxic heavy metal ions for removing them from soil which is commonly known as bioremediation of soil pollutants. In viewing the “one platform” solution, nature has provided for all the environmental and medical problems in Cyanobacteria, there is a need to practically implement the use of cyanobacteria in the lives of common man. This chapter not only shades lite on the nutritional but also medicinal values of different species of cyanobacteria but also briefly discussed the new discovery of Exo-polysaccharides (metabolites) of cyanobacteria which are considered as one of the important group of biopolymers having significant ecological, industrial and biotechnological importance. Due to their structural complexity, versatility and valuable biological properties, they are now emerging as high-value compounds. However,  poor understanding of their complex structural properties, and lack of concrete information regarding the genes encoding the proteins involved in the EPS biosynthetic pathways, their process of production and the associated factors controlling their structural stability, strongly limit their commercialization and applications in the various fields of biotechnology.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Shagufta. A. Shaikh

PCSIR Labs, Karachi, Pakistan.

Kauser Siddiqui

PCSIR Labs, Karachi, Pakistan.

Munazza Sohail

PCSIR Labs, Karachi, Pakistan.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v4/20041D

Mechanisms of Biodegradation of Toxic Organic Compounds by Microorganisms, Focusing on Alkylphenol Degradation | Chapter 7 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 8

 In this chapter, the biodegradation of various toxic compounds by microorganisms has been discussed. First, the degradation characteristics of the Bacillus sp. CYR2 strain was described. Next, the isolation methods and degradation capabilities of recently studied rhizosphere microorganisms were described. Finally, the degradation of alkylphenols in a model soil using the mold Penicillium sp. CHY-2 as an example was explained, with a particular focus on alkylphenols (APs) among the compounds discussed in this chapter.　

Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis, the isolated strain was identified as Bacillus sp. CYR2. Degradation of various toxic compounds and growth of CYR2 strain were evaluated with 2% and 4% inoculum sizes. Among the 2% and 4% inoculum sizes, bacteria showed highest growth and toxic compound degradation at 4% inoculum size. Especially, compared to 2% inoculum size, growth of the strain CYR2 at 4% inoculum size was increased by 15.3 folds with phenanthrene, 15.1 folds with 4-secondary-butylphenol, 13.6 folds with naphthalene, 9.1 folds with phenol, and 5.4 folds with 4-tertiary-butylphenol. Strain CYR2 at 4% inoculum size showed the highest removal of phenol (84±5%), followed by 4-tertiary-butylphenol (66±3%), 4-secondary-butylphenol (63±5%) and 4-nonylphenol (57±6%). Compared with 2% inoculum size, the degradation ability of strain CYR2 with 4% inoculum size was enhanced by 3.45 times with 4-tertiary-octylphenol, and 2.53 times with 4-tertiary-butylphenol. Our results indicated that the newly isolated Bacillus sp. CYR2 can be used for in situ bioremediation of phenol and APs contaminated water.

The bioremediation of alkylphenols using rhizosphere microorganisms isolated from the roots of land plants was conducted. Three land plants were used to analyze the tolerance against petroleum hydrocarbons and alkylphenols. The plant Hosta undulata showed tolerance against petroleum hydrocarbons (500 mg/kg) and one of the alkylphenol, i.e., 4-tert-butylphenol (4-t-BP). Hence, thirty bacterial and thirteen fungal strains were isolated from the 4-t-BP contaminated soil collected from the roots of this plant. The biodegradation of APs was investigated using the isolated bacteria and fungi. Decrement in the APs was analyzed using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fungi showed higher 4-t-BP degradation than bacteria. Strain SB-4 (Penicillium pinophilum) showed 76.8%, and strain SB-7 (Trichoderma asperellum) showed 49.2% degradation of 4-t-BP under shaking and static conditions respectively. Apart from 4-t-BP, strain SB-7 degraded other alkylphenols such as 4-sec-butylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol, and 4-nonylphenol. The major metabolites produced during alkylphenols degradation with strain SB-7 were determined using Gas chromatography linked with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results suggested that the plant Hosta undulata had tolerance against the toxic compounds, and the rhizosphere microorganisms isolated from the roots of this plant might be applied for the bioremediation of APs-contaminated soils.

The feasibility of Penicillium sp. CHY-2 isolated from pristine Antarctic soils as a degrader of micropollutant 4-t-BP in contaminated soil containing indigenous microorganisms were evaluated for the first time. The strain CHY-2 completely degraded 4-t-BP present in the artificially contaminated soil within 3 weeks. Colony-forming unit analysis was used to observe the number of fungi and bacteria present in the soil. The viable cell count of fungi was increased from day 10 to day 21 in contaminated soil in accordance with the decrease of 4-t-BP concentration. These results suggest that 4-t-BP present in contaminated soil could be degraded by strain CHY-2.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Young-Cheol Chang
Department of Applied Sciences, College of Environmental Technology, Muroran Institute of Technology, 27-1 Mizumoto, Muroran, 050-8585, Japan.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v8/3209

Pharmaceutical Pollution in Aquatic Ecosystems: Impacts and Bioremediation Strategies | Chapter 8 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 4

With the increase in demand for pharmaceuticals globally due to the increasing human population, the pollutants in the aquatic ecosystem are reaching staggering levels. Most of the pharmaceutical contaminants are not effectively removed by conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This study explores biomedical strategies as a promising solution for this prominent challenge. Pharmaceutical contaminants such as antibiotics, NSAID (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), endocrine disruptors, antidepressants, antihypertensives, steroids, and chemical residues from pharmaceutical industries and pose a great risk to aquatic ecosystems and public health (Growther et al., 2022). Some of its key impacts include disrupting biodiversity, antibiotic resistance, and interference with hormonal systems in aquatic organisms. Promising technologies like bioremediation are potential solutions but their application at an industrial or environmental scale requires further development.

 

Author (s) Details

Dr. Arvind Sharma (Retd. Deputy Director, Vety. Officer /Project Officer, Clinical Pathologist, Deputy Director)
Department of Animal Husbandry, Govt. of Punjab, Chandigarh, India.

Ankita
IMT Ghaziabad, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v4/4035

The Potential Role of Plants Growth Promoting Rhizobium Species from Organic Base Bio Fertilizer Production from Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria: A Sustainable Approach for Developing Countries | Chapter 12 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 5

Purpose: One of the challenges of globalization to developing countries is how to increase agricultural production that will take care of the rapid increase in population. This can be achieved by the use of plant growth promoting rhizobium (PGPR) which are various species of beneficial microorganisms grown in the rhizosphere, participating in nutrient cycling and the production of plant growth promoting substances.

 

Aim: The present study highlights the potential role of plants growth promoting rhizobium species from organic base bio fertilizer production from nitrogen fixing bacteria.

 

Methodology: Soil samples were collected from 12 sites, four from each of the study areas viz; NARICT farm land, Yankusa Land fill, and Sakadadi agricultural farm land. The total chromium content was analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Physiochemical analysis of the contaminated and control landfills were also determined. The parameters determined were color, odor, pH, temperature, Nitrogen, % potassium and % phosphorus etc.

 

Results: All parameters were found to be higher than the WHO limit except % Nitrogen, % Potassium and % Phosphorus that falls beyond. Further investigations were carried out to checkmate the proximate analysis of some nutritional values of Chemical fertilizer A and B as control while C for biofertilizer (treated) Most of the results computed shows there were significantly higher values in both macronutrient and micronutrient in Biofertilizer(C) production than those of the Chemical fertilizer (A and B). In view of the current investigation, bacteria isolate like those of (Rhizobium sp.) namely; Rhizobium japonicum, Rhizobium lupine etc., were isolated as nitrogen fixing bacteria from root nodules of soya bean. Thus identification, and characterization rhizobia sp. for the production of biofertilizer in selective modified (MYEMA) through which propagation of bacteria mass cells were accentuated in-situ: To this effect, the propagated mass cells of the bacteria were therefore meticulously and circumspectly mixed with multiple carrier base materials; for further utilization in the soils to increase its nutrient quality naturally after combining it with the soil. For nitrogen is one of the important components which acts as a building blocks of most biomolecules, but this inert nitrogen cannot be utilized by plants so the Rhizobium bacteria helps to fix the atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia which can be utilized by plants.

 

Novelty: In view of this study the production of biofertilizer from nitrogen fixing bacterial strains as well as utilizing them in the organic farming is a well come development that would protect and sub guide both develop and developing countries from decay as well as maintaining self-reliance (prestige)( no more Aligo Dangote Chemical fertilizer recipe( unhealthy to human organelles) that is only depended on mass importation, and thereby given credit to other men countries. Thus, naira value has drastically fallen down 1 US Dollar is equivalent to 900 naira only or so.

Author(s) Details:

Silas David Emmanuel,
Kaduna Polytechnic, Tudun Wada, Kaduna State, Nigeria.

I. M. Bugaje,
National Board for Technical Education (NBTE), Nigeria.

E. M. Okonkwo,
Former DG/CEO NARICT Basawa Zaria, Nigeria.

S. Umar,
Kaduna Polytechnic, Tudun Wada, Kaduna State, Nigeria.

M. Tanimu,
Kaduna Polytechnic, Tudun Wada, Kaduna State, Nigeria.

M. C. Adeyeye,
National Agency for Food, Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC), Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V5/article/view/13918

Comparison of Detergents, Their Additives, Crude Extracts of Biodetergents and Lipases Plus Mineral Solution in the Bioremediation of Soil Impacted by Hydrocarbons | Chapter 9 | Research Highlights in Science and Technology Vol. 6

 This affiliate highlight (a) to resolve  biostimulation of soil impacted by WMO accompanying Eficaz®, Salvo® and Savia Gel® plus not organic solution; (b) to study in soil jolted by WMO biostimulation with polyethylene glycol, sodium tripolyphosphate plus not organic solution (c) to raise in soil impacted by WMO  biostimulation accompanying Tween 80, Triton X-100, with unrefined extracts of biodetergents and lipases, plus a not organic solution to defeat the WMO to a value beneath the maximum of 4,400 ppm of NOM-138 SEMANART/SSA1-2012 (NOM-138) to regard as bioremediated. In biostimulation of agricultural soil jolted by 60,000 ppm of waste motor lubricate (WMO), it is neither completely solubilized accompanying a soap nor removed as anticipated with a not organic solution. For this reason, in the biostimulation of soil jolted by WMO, pure detergents are used: Tween-80 and Trition-X 100 or commercial detergents: Eficaz®, Salvo® and Savia Gel®, neglecting the effect of their supplements: polyethylene glycol or sodium tripolyphosphate, in the emulsification of WMO emulsification. Nor if the application of joining crude extracts of biodetergents and lipases plus a not organic solution is more productive in the bioremediation of that soil. In this sense, the production of CO2 by WMO decay and its aggregation by Soxhlet were calculated. The experimental dossier were validated by Tukey HSD ANOVA. The results demonstrated that the soil impacted accompanying 60,000 ppm of WMO biostimulated with Salvo®, Eficaz® plus not organic solution, had maximum CO2 result eventually 45 with 10.42 mg CO2/100 g and WMO abated from 60,000 ppm to 21,700 ppm. In soil impacted by WMO biostimulated accompanying sodium tripolyphosphate and mineral answer, in 40 days it reached 9.2 mg CO2/100 g of soil. In soil jolted by WMO biostimulated with Tween 80, Triton X-100, vulgar extracts of biodetergent and lipases plus not organic solution, the maximum CO2 result was reached and the capital of WMO decrease from 60,000 ppm to 1,600 ppm. In soil impacted by WMO biostimulated by raw extracts of biodetergents and lipases plus mineral resolution, not biostimulated by Tween 80 or Triton X-100, WMO decreased from 60,000 to 2,000 ppm. This result shows in biostimulation of soil violated by WMO requesting crude extracts of biodetergents and lipases are better than the use of marketing with allure additives and clean detergents plus mineral resolution in the removal of WMO for soil bioremediation in accordance with NOM-138.

Author(s) Details:

Blanca Celeste Saucedo-Martinez,
Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Chemical-Biological Research Institute, Ed-B3, University City, México.

Liliana Marquez-Benavides,
Solid Waste and Energy Group, Institute of Agricultural and Forestry Research. Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo. Fco J, Mujica s/n Col Felicitas del Rio, CP58030, Morelia, Michoacan, México.

Juan Manuel Sánchez-Yáñez,
Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Chemical-Biological Research Institute, Ed-B3, University City, México.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHST-V6/article/view/11344

Spent Mushroom Substrate: A Ruby in the Rubble | Chapter 8 | Emerging Issues in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 5

 The dissolved organic material that is in addition after a crop of mushrooms is famous as spent mushroom substrate (SMS). If not governed appropriately, it causes any of environmental issues. More than 50 million tonnes of SMS needs expected disposed of occurring by the global grow quickly industry. The most current referring to practices or policies that do not negatively affect the environment legislation has compelled grow quickly farmers to examine more agreeable SMS disposal forms. The efficient use of SMS in the fields of agricultural production, crop care, mushroom nurture, weed management, bioremediation, produce, vermicomposting, etc. is thus emphasize by this study. A fresh SMS has outstanding aeration, porosity, water-estate capacity, and food, making it the optimal medium for plant growth. SMS is home to fungi, microorganisms, and actinomycetes that aid in its mishap and fight off soil-borne ailments. SMS mulching forges a physical barrier that avoids weed children from sprouting and growing, making it easier to survive weeds in crop areas. Mushroom result can use recycled substrate that has been built up with vigor, peptone, and wheat bran. SMS is the perfect bioremediation power for a variety of tangible issues because of its unconnected physical, synthetic, and biological qualities. The transfer of SMS continues expected one of the key environmental issues in countries with its own government that produce mushrooms. Each kilogramme of mushrooms produces about 5 kg of SMS. The enzymes extracted from SMS maybe used for industrial requests and the bioremediation of contaminants apart from being used in green technology projects. As a result, SMS can immediately be considered as a energy from undepletable source from the mushroom industry alternatively a waste.

Author(s) Details:

J. S. Remya,
Cardamom Research Station, Pampadumpara, Idukki, Kerala Agricultural University, India.

S. Beena,
Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala 680656, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIAS-V5/article/view/11204

Biodiversity and Sustainability are the Two Prime Conservative Factors Leading us towards SDG’s 2030-Surfactin Point of View | Chapter 2 | Cutting Edge Research in Biology Vol. 6

 Surfactin is a biosurfactant presented by bacterial species Bacillus subtilis. Biosurfactants are amphiphilic in type that are used in improved oil recovery, paints and cosmetic industry, cuisine processing manufacturing, production of industrially reasonable products and also secondhand as potential bioremediators. The high cost and reduced yield of surfactin limits their usage to narrow magnitude inspite of their efficiency distinguished to chemical surfactants. Bacillus subtilis is a PGPR that can solubilize metallic mineral as well as phosphorous that are beneficial to plant progress. When biosurfactant producing strains are secondhand as biofertilisers, surface tension decline capability of these microorganisms increases the bioavailability of nutrients in the rhizosphere as well as less water consumption by the ancestries. Most of the Bacillus sp. are amylase and protease enzyme builders that can help the enhanced development of plants. This study utilized Arthospira platensis usually called as Spirulina a blue green rootless rich in polysaccharides, lipids and aminoacids as a potential substrate for surfactin a lipopeptide production, afterwards thermal pretreatment at 120degrees warming for 30 minutes.LB soup with 2% organic compound composed of carbon was used as comparison for surfactin result. LB broth accompanying no inoculum served as the control. Spirulina aggregation was optimized by experiment the production medium with 1%, 2.5%,5%,7%(w/v) dry powder at best pH7.2 with two strains of Bacillus subtilis -MTCC1427 and recombinant strain MTCC2423 at 37 points at 150rpm. The optimum aggregation of the microalgae was found expected 2.5% (w/v). Cost benefit analysis was ruined the process which proved Arthospira platensis expected an economical and economical substrate that led to reinforced surfactin production superior us in sustainable pathway.

Author(s) Details:

Meena S. Parthiban,
Department of Environmental Sciences, Bharathiar University, Tamil Nadu, India.

A. Manimekalan,
Department of Environmental Sciences, Bharathiar University, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CERB-V6/article/view/10217

Study on Bioremediation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) in Soil and Sediments by Microorganisms and Plants| Chapter 1 | Research Highlights in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 8

 

The present study aimed to investigate the biological remediation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in the soil and sediments by microorganisms and plants. This chapter focuses on the possible trends of remediation of PCBs in the environment and the methodologies applied. It also reviewed the merits and demerits of using plants and microorganisms as biological detoxification agents. The last two decades have seen an increase in interest in biological methods for cleaning the environment, particularly the soil. For centuries, fungi and bacteria have served as the environment's natural detoxification systems for pollutants. Recent studies have demonstrated that using plants and microorganisms in the proper ratios and techniques will produce a desirable and better result for the detoxification of environmental contaminants, and most importantly, the natural environment won't be harmed because some of the processes are environmentally friendly. It is common knowledge that various unchecked human activities and chemicals in the biosphere have severely contaminated the environment. If left unchecked, this acute and widespread contamination of the air, soil and water by metals, chemicals and metalloids will be harmful to people and other living things. Despite the numerous steps taken to control the presence pf these compounds in the environment, their widespread presence and other members of the well-known class known as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which share similar chemical, toxicological, and environmental characteristics, continues to rise. However, the hydrophobic nature and characteristics of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) tend to be much less responsive to bioremediation strategies. The study also highlighted the possible improvement measures on the combination of plants and microorganisms in bioremediation, thereby filling the gap left behind by the conventional methods of remediation with its enormous limitations and disadvantages to enable the triumph of agricultural practices. This chapter focuses on the possible trends of remediation of PCBs in the environment and the methodologies applied. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using plants and microorganisms as biological detoxification agents.

Author(s) Details:

Raymond Oriebe Anyasi,
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Rodepoort, South Africa.

Harrison Ifeanyichukwu Atagana,
Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Rodepoort, South Africa.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHAS-V8/article/view/9257

Bioremediation and Enzymatic Activities of Pseudomonas fluorescence and Candida parapsilosis| Chapter 6 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 8

 Vegetable oil spills are appropriate more common and conceivably morechallenging than petroleum hydrocarbon spills. Microbial lipases are famous biocatalysts that are frequently used in the remediation of fat spills. For the remediation of locations adulterated with fat, a thorough description of lipase is required. This work was acted to monitor the degradation pattern of vegetable oil. The bioremediation experiment working two previously private microbial isolates from an oil mill in Ibadan, Nigeria. Soil samples from the Nursery portion of the Microbiology department, in addition to soil samples from the oil mill, were all endanger various treatment forms. Field bioremediation with the isolates was completed activity for 12 weeks, and lipase activity was more determined. Pseudomonas radiance and Candida parapsilosis were recognised as the two isolates. The result of sterile soil samples accompanying and without joining option, from touch oil and touch kernel intentionally contaminated soils for all the various situation,s showed a accepted increase in total viable counts from the 2nd period to the 12th week, nevertheless in thenon-sterilee counterpart skilled was a steady increase from the 2nd week to the 8th period and subsequently, a steady decrease from the 10th to the 12th week. Pseudomonas radiance and Candida parapsilosis were found to have the potential to shame fatty waste. As a result, they maybe used in the environmental explanation of the vegetable oil slop site.

Author(s) Details:

B. M. Popoola,
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V8/article/view/8521

Determination of Phytotreatment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls Contaminated Soil | Chapter 10 | Current Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 4

The main goal of this study was to determine whether Chromolaena odorata stem cuttings could grow and thrive in soil that contained different concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners found in Aroclor 1254 and whether they could potentially decontaminate such soil in a greenhouse environment. A group of chemicals known as PCBs are created commercially by directly chlorinating biphenyls. Chromolaena odorata plants were replanted into soil with 100, 200, and 500 ppm Aroclor in 1-liter pots. The trials received daily waterings to a moisture field capacity of 70%. The number of completely formed leaves per plant, the length of the shoots, the chlorophyll content of the leaves, and the length of the roots were all measured during harvest. Although plants in the 500 ppm treatment only showed a decrease in growth after the sixth week, PCB was not phytotoxic to the growth of C. odorata. For the 100, 200, and 500 ppm treatments, the corresponding percentage increases in plant height were 45.9, 39.4, and 40.0. There were decreases in root length, leaf chlorophyll content, and leaf number. It was not statistically different from the treated samples that the control sample had a 48.3% increase in plant height, showing that C. odorata could survive such high PCB concentrations and be used to clean up polluted soil. The C. odorata plant absorbed 6.40 to 64.60 ppm of total PCBs on average per kilogramme of soil. resulted in PCB absorption rates per kilogramme of contaminated soil ranging from 0.03 to 17.03 percent. Plant root tissues were where PCBs were most often found, with bioaccumulation factors ranging from 0.006-0.38. PCB absorption by the plant increases as the chemical's concentration does. If these high BAF are maintained, C. odorata would be a promising candidate plant for phytoextraction of PCB from a PCB-contaminated soil.

Author(s) Details:

Raymond Oriebe Anyasi,

Department of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Rodepoort, South Africa.

Harrison Ifeanyichukwu Atagana,

Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Rodepoort, South Africa.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAGEES-V4/article/view/7475

Assessment of Biological Remediation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) in the Environment by Microorganisms and Plants | Chapter 4| Research Aspects in Biological Science Vol. 3

Between the 1930s and the 1980s, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were widely employed as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Despite the fact that their usage has been severely restricted, many PCBs can still be detected in the environment, such as in soils and sediments. This overview covers the most common remediation methods, such as phytoremediation, microbial degradation, chemical reagent dehalogenation, and PCB elimination using activated carbon. Supercritical water oxidation, ultrasonic radiation, bimetallic systems, nanoscale zero-valent iron based reductive dehalogenation and biofilm covered activated carbon, electrokinetic remediation, and nZVI particles in combination with a second metal are all discussed as new insights from recent PCB remediation studies. Despite several efforts to limit its presence, the extensive dispersion of this material, as well as other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with similar chemical, toxicological, and environmental characteristics, continues to grow in the environment. The focus of this review is on prospective trends in PCB cleanup in the environment, as well as the methods employed. Plant remediation and microorganism degradation are also contrasted as biological detoxification methods for the chemical. This will highlight prospective bioremediation improvement strategies combining plants and microorganisms, filling the gap left by standard remediation treatments, which have their own limits and problems.

Author(s) Details:

R. O. Anyasi,
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.

H. I. Atagana,
Institute for Science and Technology Education, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RABS-V3/article/view/7046

Microbial Profiling, Bioremediation of Cadmium and Dye Decolourization Competence of Marine Bacterial Isolates | Chapter 11 | New Innovations in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol.7

 The microbial community is one of the many varied groups found in the ocean. Studies have showed that microorganisms isolated from the marine environment are metabolically active and have adapted to life in the water. To battle heavy metal stress and decolorization of diverse textile dyes, marine microorganisms employ a variety of survival strategies, and hence play an essential role in cadmium bioremediation and textile dye degradation. The current research focuses on the isolation and 16S rRNA molecular characterisation of M3, M8 bacterial strains recovered from Visakhapatnam port marine water samples. The potential of M3 and M8 isolates to remove cadmium from the environment and decolorize various textile dyes was also examined. The tube dilution method was employed to isolate bacterial strains from the water sample, and 10 distinct isolates were examined. To identify the species, biochemical tests were performed on the isolates, as well as 16S rRNA molecular sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas resinovorans were identified as Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas resinovorans, respectively, after 16srRNA molecular sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The two bacterial strains showed promising dye degradation characteristics as well as removal of cadmium from the growing media when tested with nine different textile dyes with wavelengths ranging from 400 to 600nm. The isolates M3 and M8 are shown to be potential strains for dye decolorization and cadmium bioremediation in the current investigation.

Author(s) Details:

M. Teja,
Department of Biotechnology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530003, India.

D. Muni Kumar,
Department of Biochemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530003, India.

P. Bindiya,
Department of Biotechnology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530003, India.

G. Sudhakar,
Department of Human Genetics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-53003, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NICB-V7/article/view/5927

Bacterial Treatment of Drill Cuttings: Experimental Investigation | Chapter 13 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 1

The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from crude oil and gas condensate, ferrochrome lignosulphate, and lead compounds in drill cuttings and drilling mud additives is a cause of worry for the environment during exploration and development drilling operations. Environmental toxicants detected during drilling operations sparked this inquiry. In order to achieve the millennium goal of a sustainable environment, this study focused on applying scientific and technological solutions that are both efficient and cost-effective in lowering chemical toxicants in the environment to levels below the allowed limit. This was accomplished by employing microorganisms found in drill cuttings to induce PAH and TPH breakdown in the hydrocarbon. The physiochemical parameters that enhance the multiplication of bacteria that use hydrocarbons have been discovered. Microbial populations, total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), and PAH levels were assessed at regular intervals throughout the experiment. A sample of drill cutting (Dc) was taken from an oil well in the Usan field for bioremediation treatment. The five treatment options Dc, Dc+S, Dc+F, Dc+S+F+D, and Dc+D were established in triplicates in different cells using plastic bowls. A total of 15 plastic bowls, each measuring 35cm in diameter and 11cm in depth, were used. The setup was sampled at regular intervals for analysis throughout the study period. Biostimulated with soil (S), NPK fertiliser (F), or Gold Crew dispersant (D), with controls (DC) and heat-treated (HT) (hDC). 40g of treatment material was added to 2 kg (wet weight) of drill cutting for each treatment option. The bioremediation process was investigated during a 56-day period. On day 0, Dc had the highest heterotrophic bacterial count (4.5 x 105 cfu/g), while Dc+D had the lowest (3.0 x 103 cfu/g) on day 56.

According to the hydrocarbon using bacterial count, Dc+D had the maximum count (6.5x 103 cfu/g) on day 28 and the lowest level (2.6 x 102 cfu/g) on day 56. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) varied from 33.22 to 46.00 mg/kg on day 0, whereas polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) ranged from 3.51 to 6.4 mg/kg for all treatment options. TPH was 8.0mg/kg and PAH was 2.5mg/kg in all treatment options at day 56. Dc(71.82 percent ), Dc+S(77.09 percent ), Dc+F(83.58 percent ), Dc+S+F+D(79.95 percent ), Dc+D(81.58 percent ), Dc+S+F+D(79.95 percent ), Dc+D(81.58 percent ), Dc+D(81.58 percent ), Dc+D(81.58 percent ), Dc+D(81.58 percent (30.56 percent ). Dc (49.92%), Dc+S (52.35%), Dc+F (86.09%), Dc+S+F+D (64.74%), Dc+D (74.20%), and heat-treated PAH degradation rates were as follows: Dc (49.92%), Dc+S (52.35%), Dc+F (86.09%), Dc+F+D (64.74%), Dc+D (74.20%) (2.23 percent ). For both TPH and PAH, Dc+F yielded the highest percentage degradation. Using bacterial isolates, 52 hydrocarbons were generated. Bacillus spp. (26.92%), Proteus spp. (1.92%), Pseudomonas spp. (7.36%), Alcaligenes spp. (5.77%), Micrococcus spp. (7.55%), Acinetobacter sp. (1.92%), Aeromonas spp. (21.15%), and unidentified bacteria were among the bacteria isolated (28.85 percent ). According to a screen test for degradative potential, many of the bacterial isolates had hydrocarbon degradative capability. The drill cuttings studied could be remediated using microbiological agents, as shown in the heat-treated control, and ambient variables (abiotic factors) had a role in hydrocarbon alternation.

Author (S) Details

S. E. Ibekwe
Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B 5323 Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

G. C. Okpokwasili
Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B 5323 Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V1/article/view/3987

Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soil using Associated Microbes | Chapter 10 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 6

 The goal of this study was to identify the bacterial species found in petroleum-contaminated soils from several workshops, as well as to evaluate the pace at which the isolates used petroleum products. Five distinct mechanic shops in Tiruchirappalli Corporation, Tamil Nadu, India, provided soil samples. Soil samples were plated on nutrition agar, desoxycholate citrate agar, brilliant green agar, blood agar, and other agars to isolate bacterial species from petroleum-contaminated soils. Bacterial isolates from petroleum-contaminated soil were studied. Salmonella sp., E. coli sp., Klebsiella sp., Streptococcus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Micrococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Salmonella sp., E. coli sp., Klebsiella sp., Streptococcus sp., Streptococcus sp Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Streptococcus sp., and Micrococcus sp. used all of the test substrates, including petrol, diesel, and kerosene. Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Streptococcus sp., and Micrococcus sp. have all been found to utilise petroleum products in the soil.

Author(s) Details

Girija Ramankutty
Department of Zoology, Mercy College, Palakkad – 678006, India.

Jothi Nedunchezhiyan
Department of Biotechnology, Anna University / Bharathidasan Institute of Technology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CIEES-V6/article/view/2836

Screening of Biosurfactant Producers and Influence of Physicochemical Parameters on Its Production: An Overview | Book Publisher International

 The accumulation of hydrocarbon pollutants in the environment is one of the repercussions of expanding industry. The use of biosurfactants as a bioremediation method is a long-term solution to this problem. Aside from food, detergents, and crude oil recovery, biosurfactants have interesting industrial applications. The commercial value of biosurfactants has increased due to characteristics such as reduced toxicity, action specificity, better biodegradability, and functioning at varying pH, temperature, and salinity. Biosurfactants are also recommended as a chemical surfactant alternative because of their low Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC). Biosurfactants have a CMC that is 10–40 times lower than chemical surfactants. Screening and isolation of new biosurfactant strains is becoming more popular as a result of these factors. This book's content provides a comprehensive overview of the benefits and drawbacks of various screening procedures for isolating biosurfactant manufacturers. After a thorough study of the literature available online, the effect of several physicochemical parameters on biosurfactant production optimization is also discussed.

Author(s) Details

Anuradha Pendse
Department of Microbiology, Wilson College, Mumbai 400007, Maharashtra, India.

K. Aruna
Department of Microbiology, Wilson College, Mumbai 400007, Maharashtra, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/SBPIPPPAO/article/view/1836

Bioremediation of Crude Oil Contaminated Sea Water | Chapter 7 | Current Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 6

 The ability of bacterial strains Rhodococcus sp. S, Pseudomonas sp. S, and Consortium M isolated from hydrocarbon contaminated sites in Skikda (Algeria) and Alexandria (Egypt) to bioremediate crude oil contaminated sea water in lab microcosms was tested. Various treatments, such as bioaugmentation, biostimulation, and attenuation, were tried. As a nitrogen source, ammonium nitrate was used. Phosphorus was obtained from disodium hydrogen phosphate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate. Except for the attenuation treatment, crude oil degradation after six weeks ranged between 70.5 and 95 percent (55.5 percent ). When compared to free cells, wheat straw immobilized cells improved crude oil degradation. After four weeks, immobilized Rhodococcus sp. S and Consortium M cells degraded 88 and 91 percent of crude oil, respectively, in the presence of Triton X-100. In the absence of Triton X-100, they could degrade by 89.5 and 90%, respectively. The scaling-up of lab microcosms revealed that bioaugmentation with immobilized Consortium M cells produced the best results. The increase in crude oil biodegradation was associated with an increase in dehydrogenase activity. The toxicity of crude oil was studied using local marine algae. The results showed that bioremediated sea water was less toxic than untreated sea water.

Author (S) Details

Zohra Chekroud
Laboratory of Interactions of Biodiversity, Ecosystems and Biotechnology, University of 20th August 1955, Skikda, Algeria

Mona Khamees Gouda
Department of Botanic, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt.

Moussa Houhamdi
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Nature, of Life, of Earth and of the Universe, University of 8th Mai 1945, Guelma, Algeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACB-V6/article/view/1439