Current Status of Screening Tests for Hepatitis B Virus Infection in South of DR Congo | Chapter 11 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 8

 

Background: Hepatitis B virus, as a member of the Hepadnaviridae family, causes acute and chronic hepatitis in humans. In low-income countries with a high burden of hepatitis B and C viruses, it is important to develop inexpensive but effective strategies to diagnose and treat hepatitis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and that of the HBeAg envelope of the different tests used in the south of the DR Congo compared to the reference laboratory method.

 

Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in the Democratic Republic of Congo precisely in the province of Haut-Katanga, the case of the city of Lubumbashi, Likasi and that of Likasi. By identifying tests in medical structures and collecting data on the principle of the test, antigen preparation, manufacturer, sensitivity, and specificity. These tests were further evaluated using samples previously evaluated by DNA PCR, sixty-five of which had non-detected results and twenty-one detected for the calculation of the evaluation parameters of a diagnostic test.

 

Results: 17 HBsAg tests were identified, 12 of which had a mention of antigenic preparation consisting of monoclonal and polyclonal AntiHBsAg antibodies and for which the Sensitivity for the test was 93.65%, specificity of 99.35% for a PPV of 97.92% and an NPV of 97.97%; and for the 5 which did not mention it, the values are respectively: 90% for sensitivity, 92.87% for specificity, 87.09% for PPV and 92.87% NPV. The evaluation of the HBeAg test compared to the HBV DNA PCR gave a sensitivity of 61.84%, a specificity of 78.55%, a PPV of 18.65% and an NPV of 96.28% for the tests including antigenic preparation mentioned and 57.14% of sensitivity, 76.689% specificity, 7.61% PPV and 097.55% NPV for tests which do not mention any.

 

Conclusion: The rapid tests used for HBsAg screening have low sensitivity compared to WHO recommendations and specificity within the standards. In low-income countries with a hepatitis B virus load, such as DR Congo, it is necessary to choose a screening test that is highly effective, easy to use, less expensive and gives rapid and accurate results. There is an urgent need to develop HBeAg RDTs with improved sensitivity, suitable for use in sub-Saharan Africa and validated with locally prevalent HBV genotypes, to facilitate effective screening programs, treatment, and prevention of HBV.

 

Author(s) Details

Kasamba IE
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v8/1395

An Analysis of May Month (2017-2019) Blood Pressure Screenings in Niger: A Case Study | Chapter 6 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 7

 

In 2007, the prevalence of high blood pressure (BP) was 36% in Niger according to a recent survey by the World Health Organization (WHO). Niger got involved in the May Measurement Month (MMM) campaign in 2017, 2018, and 2019 to gain an understanding of the prevalence of selected cardiovascular risk factors and high BP. The aim of this study was to screen for cardiovascular risk factors with particular focus on high blood pressure (BP) in Niger and thereby to raise awareness among the population of Niger about raised BP and the associated risk to health. The city of Niamey served as our study location during the month of May in 2017, 2018, and 2019. Volunteer adults aged ≥18 years, who completed a pre-established questionnaire were screened and had three sitting BP measurements taken. Hypertension was defined as a systolic BP ≥140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg (based on the mean of the second and third BP readings) or being on antihypertensive medication. In this study, 2297 adults were screened, of which 42.9% were women and 57.1% were men. Of the 2297 screened, 33.2% were found to be hypertensive of whom only 26 (3.4%) were recorded as being on treatment. Approximately 30% of those screened were found to be obese or overweight. The MMM campaign in Niger highlights a large number of people with hypertension can be screened opportunistically. In the absence of systematic and population-based screening, the MMM campaign should be continued annually in order to raise awareness of raised BP and its complications among the population. High BP is a real public health danger, and this study finds alarming figures that highlight the need for improved policies for screening and management of hypertension. Raising awareness and improving the detection of hypertension remain essential to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease.

 

Author (s) Details

Ali I. Touré
Lamorde National Teaching Hospital, Hospital Center University De Niamey, Hospital Lamordé, G33J+GQ5, Niamey, Niger.

 

Dodo Boubacar
Lamorde National Teaching Hospital, Hospital Center University De Niamey, Hospital Lamordé, G33J+GQ5, Niamey, Niger.

 

Dodo Boubacar
Lamorde National Teaching Hospital, Hospital Center University De Niamey, Hospital Lamordé, G33J+GQ5, Niamey, Niger.

 

Kimba Souley
Lamorde National Teaching Hospital, Hospital Center University De Niamey, Hospital Lamordé, G33J+GQ5, Niamey, Niger.

 

Ali S. Bonkano
Lamorde National Teaching Hospital, Hospital Center University De Niamey, Hospital Lamordé, G33J+GQ5, Niamey, Niger.

 

Moustapha Ousseini
Lamorde National Teaching Hospital, Hospital Center University De Niamey, Hospital Lamordé, G33J+GQ5, Niamey, Niger.

 

Dari Mossi
Lamorde National Teaching Hospital, Hospital Center University De Niamey, Hospital Lamordé, G33J+GQ5, Niamey, Niger.

 

Garba I. Issoufou
Lamorde National Teaching Hospital, Hospital Center University De Niamey, Hospital Lamordé, G33J+GQ5, Niamey, Niger.

 

Moussa Souna
Lamorde National Teaching Hospital, Hospital Center University De Niamey, Hospital Lamordé, G33J+GQ5, Niamey, Niger.

 

Ousseina Bonkano
Lamorde National Teaching Hospital, Hospital Center University De Niamey, Hospital Lamordé, G33J+GQ5, Niamey, Niger.

 

Abdoul Maji
Lamorde National Teaching Hospital, Hospital Center University De Niamey, Hospital Lamordé,

G33J+GQ5, Niamey, Niger.

Halima Douma
Lamorde National Teaching Hospital, Hospital Center University De Niamey, Hospital Lamordé, G33J+GQ5, Niamey, Niger.

 

 Wei Wang
Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, Imperial College London, Stadium House, 68 Wood Lane, London W12 7RH, UK.

Thomas Beaney
Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, Imperial College London, Stadium House, 68 Wood Lane, London W12 7RH, UK and Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Dunstan’s Road, London W6 8RP, UK.

 

 Neil R. Poulter
Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, Imperial College London, Stadium House, 68 Wood Lane, London W12 7RH, UK.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v7/2007

 

Clinical Breast Examination: Building the Variables to Promote Uptake in Lower-And-Middle-Income Countries | Chapter 11 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 1

Background: In lower-and-middle-income countries, clinical breast examination is still relevant for the early diagnosis of breast cancer. Advanced breast cancer screening programs are still not widely available in these countries. Exploring the elements that affect females’ decisions to use the service is essential. This chapter discusses the findings of a qualitative descriptive study which sought to explore the perceptions, motivations, and barriers to uptake of clinical breast examination in a developing country, Ghana.

Methods:  This was a descriptive qualitative study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of twelve females who participated in a clinical breast examination exercise. Interviews were audio-taped, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analysed.

Results: Perceived benefits of clinical breast examination were psychological relief, knowledge and skill gain, early diagnosis, and inspiring other females. Respondents were motivated by fear of dying, personal curiosity, excellent patient service, and public awareness. Barriers were poor service delivery, financial constraints, anxiety about hearing a diagnosis of breast cancer, and peer pressure. Self-breast examinations were carried out more frequently by respondents who expressed anxiety related to breast cancer than by those who did not. In general, respondents' understanding of breast cancer and breast cancer detection techniques was poor.

Conclusion: Health interventions in developing countries aimed at promoting health-seeking behaviours, such as the uptake of clinical breast exams, must be redesigned to consider the data regarding the variables affecting these interventions' uptake.

 

Author (s) Details

Buunaaisie Camillus
Public Health Division, 37 Military Hospital, Neghelli Barracks, Liberation Road, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana and Tamale Teaching Hospital. P. O. BoxTL16, Tamale. Northern Region, Ghana.

 

Philip Nyinaku
Public Health Division, 37 Military Hospital, Neghelli Barracks, Liberation Road, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana and College of Post-Graduate Studies, 37 Military Hospital. Neghelli Barracks, Liberation Road, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana.

 

Daniel Mingle
Public Health Division, 37 Military Hospital, Neghelli Barracks, Liberation Road, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana.

 

Cynthia Adiasani
Public Health Division, 37 Military Hospital, Neghelli Barracks, Liberation Road, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v1/2950

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Diabetic Retinopathy among Medical Officers and Diabetic Patients in Ogun State, Nigeria | Chapter 3 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 7

Introduction: Diabetic retinopathy (DR), is one of the most common complications of diabetes, and recent cases of legal blindness among people of the age bracket 20-74 years. Knowledge of DR among healthcare providers is paramount as they have a key role to play in the management and prevention of DR. Knowledge of DR among patients would help them to identify early signs of DR and report for care timely.

Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) among Medical Officers (MO) and diabetic patients in Ogun State of Nigeria.

Design: This was a cross-sectional study. Data on awareness of DR among medical officers in 14 general hospitals were obtained by telephone using a structured questionnaire. A structured questionnaire was also used to collect data from diabetic patients on their awareness of DR and the proportion undergoing ophthalmic examination.

Setting: Diabetic clinics based in three hospitals in Ogun state.

Methods: The study was conducted between June and August 2010. Medical officers in all the general hospitals (general hospitals are managed by general practitioners, GP) were interviewed via telephone while one teaching hospital and two state hospitals (headed by specialists) were randomly selected to conduct face-to-face interviews with diabetic patients. Data obtained from these interviews was filled into a structured questionnaire. The diabetic patient data was entered into Microsoft Excel and using stata transfer 10 into stata 11. Chi- square/fisher exact test was used to assess the association between attending for eye examination and sociodemographic factors.

Results: All the medical officers in the general hospitals were aware that DM affects the eyes while 43% believed that diabetic patients need a monthly eye examination. About 36% examined the eyes of diabetic patients on each visit. All medical officers would refer a diabetic with poor vision to an ophthalmologist. The majority (75%) of the patients recruited were female. The majority of diabetic patients at the state hospitals and the general hospitals in Ogun state are not receiving a regular eye exam.  Fifty-one per cent of patients were not aware that diabetes affects the eyes while only 35% had ever had a fundoscopy.

Conclusions: The medical officers in the general hospitals in the state are all aware that diabetes can cause DR but don’t have eye clinics. Less than half of them (43%) screen for DR. Known diabetics are not having regular eye examinations.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Bogunjoko TJ
Eye Foundation Centre for the Prevention of Blindness, Nigeria.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v7/3218

Assessment Scale for Tic Disorders in Children | Chapter 3 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 4

Background: Tic disorders can cause damage to children's learning, daily life, and social function. The severity of the damage is usually evaluated quantitatively using standardized scales.

Objective: The objective of the study is to understand the main methods used in the screening and diagnosis of childhood tic disorders (CTD), with a focus on the content and psychometric properties of commonly used scales. On this basis, the application and prospects of scales are proposed.

Methods: The literature retrieval method was used to search Empirical papers published in English or Chinese in the past 35 years from Pubmed, Google Scholar, CNKI and Wanfang databases.

Results: Thirty-one articles were included. CTD assessment scales are divided into diagnostic and screening scales. The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) is the most commonly used diagnostic scale and can be considered the gold standard for CTD assessment.

Conclusion: The development of CTD assessment scales is becoming increasingly in-depth and widely used, making them an effective tool for CTD diagnosis and screening. The combination of scale assessment and instrumental detection such as electroencephalography is the direction of CTD diagnosis.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Hou Yongmei
Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Management, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, 523808, China.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v4/3935

Biomarkers of Prostate Cancer – Screening, Diagnosis and Prognosis | Chapter 13 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 6

Nowadays, cancer has a major impact on society worldwide. In the India, number is increasing every year with lung, breast, colorectal/rectum, prostate, and stomach cancers having the highest number of incidences on a global scale. Prostate cancer has been observed to account for more than half of the total number of these cancer cases. Prostate cancer incidence increases steeply with age. Overall, cancer and the care of those who are diagnosed with cancer is a national expenditure costing high. The risk factors for prostate cancer include age, family history, ethnicity, diet, alcohol and smoking, high body weight and physical inactivity, medications, medical procedures, infections, endogenous hormones, and diabetes mellitus. Therefore, putting these together will provide a biological indicator of initiation, progression or spread or response to drug therapy regarding prostate cancer called prostate cancer biomarker. These biomarkers are important due to the ease of use as their levels can be elevated or depressed in response to cancer. In this chapter, we will discuss the biomarker that is helpful in screening, diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer.

Author(s) Details:

Jaswant Kaur,
Department of Biochemistry, Dr. S.S. Tantia Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India.

Mohit Sharma,
7th Battalion Punjab Armed Police, Jalandhar Cantonment, Punjab, India.

Seema,
Department of Physiology, Dr. S.S. Tantia Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India.

Rajinder Singh Ahi,
Department of Biochemistry, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital, Faridkot (Punjab), India.

Mridula Mittal,
Department of Physiology, Adesh Medical College, Bathinda, Punjab, India.

Tejinder Singh,
Department of Biochemistry, GMC, Amritsar, Punjab, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V6/article/view/13364

Prostate Cancer: Current Status of Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment | Chapter 4 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 10

Prostate malignancy is the 2nd most commonly occurring malignancy in males providing major in the incidence and death of males due to tumor. Despite the progresses in the diagnosis as well as situation of prostate cancer, 1.4 heap new cases and more than 375,000 deaths from this virulence were reported in 2020 all over the sphere. Incidence of prostate malignancy are 3-times more in developed nations as compared to the developing countries. Currently, the landscape of up-to-the-minute diagnosis and treatment of prostate tumor is changing with the progress in up-to-date science and science. For the diagnosis of solid tumors, computerized axial tomography scanner (CT), Scintigram and bone scans are being trained conventionally for clinical uses. Even though chemotherapy has always happened the essential modality in guaranteeing prolonged survival of the subjects but precision medicine containing the use of prostate specific sheath antigen (PSMA) and PARP inhibitors based radionucleotides will offer new moment for treating advanced and metastatic prostate tumor. Overall, there are important improvements in the area of prostate tumor research that is course in continuous evolution of novel powers and treatment modalities. In this place, approaches like PSMA-PET theranostics can help in providing a potential modality for two together diagnosis and therapy also.

Author(s) Details:

Anil,
Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana-124001, India.

Preeti Chauhan,
Department of Biotechnology, CCT, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Mohali, Chandigarh-140307, India.

Shalu Ranga,
Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana-124001, India.

Ritu Yadav,
Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana-124001, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V10/article/view/12818

Pancreatic Cancer and Diabetes: A Scientific Analysis | Chapter 37 | Socio-Scientific Interaction in Diabetes and Cancer and Its Management

 Pancreatic cancer is most often detected at an advanced stage due to a lack of symptoms at the first stage. Pancreatic cancer is relatively uncommon, and screening of the asymptomatic population is not feasible or cost-effective. Therefore, screening of individuals in high-risk groups is recommended. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with pancreatic cancer, and patients with DM are recognized as a high-risk group for pancreatic cancer. This review article shows a scientific analysis between pancreatic cancer and diabetes, including the role of diabetes as a risk factor for pancreatic cancer and its role in inducing the destruction of islet β cells and insulin resistance. Pancreatic cancer causes diabetes and diabetes is a risk factor for the development of pancreatic cancer.

Author(s) Details:

Kumari Shachi,
Department of Zoology, K. S. College, L-Sarai, L. N. Mithila University, Darbhanga, Bihar, India.

Sanjeev Kumar,
Department of Zoology, B. M. College, Rahika, L. N. Mithila University, Darbhanga, Bihar, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/SSIDCIM/article/view/12755

Validation of the ICF-CY-based MobiScreen for Primary School Children: An Update | Chapter 11 | Progress in Language, Literature and Education Research Vol. 1

 Introduction: A new maneuverability screening established the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health for children and minority ICF-CY for primary school youngsters is validated. Children with a engine development disorder need expected identified early in consideration of initiate appropriate analyses. The construct of maneuverability in the sense of the ICF-CY seems expected an ideal basis for a protect that allows various disciplines to communicate in a united language.Hypothesis: The new MobiScreen for elementary school children meets all psychometric possessions and is able to categorize children into obvious and not conspicuous.Methods: In total, 608 elementary school children (53 % children, 47 % girls, age 7.14 ± .70 age) of the first and second grades of primary school participated to see the MobiScreen 6-8 and a further engine test (MOBAK 1-4 or DMT 6-18). In total, 568 primary school youth (56 % boys, 44 % daughters, age 9.36 ± .79 years) of tertiary and fourth grades of elementary school participated to sustain the MobiScreen 8-10 and a further motor test (MOBAK 1-4 or DMT 6-18). Item split periods including punishment seconds for performance mistakes as well as total opportunity including punishment seconds are used to evaluate Inter-Rater-Reliability, Internal Consistency, Criterion Validity, Construct Validity and Diagnostic Accuracy. The importance level was set at p<.05.Results: MobiScreen 6-8: Inter-Rater-Reliability coefficients range from r=.891 to r=.998. Cronbach's α attained a value of α =.722, bury item correlations range from r=.227 to r=.620. Results of the explorative determinant analysis show a distinct factor model accompanying an eigenvalue of 2.645 with a difference explanation of 53% for this determinant. Coefficients for Criterion Validity are all significant and range from r=-.446 (MOBAK 1-4) to r=.553 (DMT 6-18). Discriminant study shows significant dissimilarities in all tasks betwixt healthy children and youth with a enlightening disorder. For potential cutoff principles between 24 and 28 seconds, principles for sensitivity range from 1.00 to .86. The AUC reaches a worth of .82. MobiScreen 8-10: Inter-Rater-Reliability coefficients range from r=.996 to r=1.000. Cronbach's α reached a advantage of α =.540, inter part correlations range from r=.161 to r=.367. Results of the explorative factor reasoning show a single determinant model with an eigenvalue of 2.074 accompanying a variance reason of 41 % for this factor. Coefficients for Criterion Validity are all meaningful and range from r=-.386 (MOBAK 1-4) to r=-.528 (DMT 6-18). Discriminant analysis shows important differences fully tasks between active children and children accompanying a developmental disorder. For potential layoff values betwixt 28 and 32 seconds, values for feeling range from .89 to .80. The AUC reaches a value of .79.Conclusions: The likely criteria were realized in a medium to high degree and the hide is able to classify adolescents into conspicuous and not prominent. Further studies should trail to enlarge the sample diameter for improving psychometric possessions and definitively fix the layoff values for two together versions.

Author(s) Details:

Andrea Dincher,
Institute for Sports Sciences, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Germany and Sports Sciences Institute, Saarland University, Germany.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PLLER-V1/article/view/12303

Evaluation of Cervical Cytology Reports of Women screened by a Non-governmental Organization in Rivers State, Nigeria | Chapter 11 | New Advances in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 6

 According to World Health Organization (WHO) an supposed 570,000 new cases and 311,000 deaths from cervical tumor occurred in 2018 accompanying 80-85% deaths taking place in underdeveloped countries. However, in the developed nations, through organized cervical malignancy screening programs over 80% of mortalities are obviated annually. Across Nigeria, skilled were 14,943 new cases and 10,403 deaths in 2018. The high ailment incidence and humanness rates are largely assign to public unawareness, progressive disease stage presentation and incompetent screening programs containing socio-cultural determinants among possible choice. Cervical cancer is a able to be averted genital tract virulence if precancerous lesions are detected early and immediately treated.The aim of the study search out determine the occurrence of precancerous lesions and highlight on the weak up take of cervical cancer screening.This study was administered over eleven year ending by Preventive Healthcare Initiative *PHI): a (Nongovernmental organization) all along cervical cancer understanding campaigns. Conventional cytological screening was completed activity on two hundred eligible women the one consented to take part in the screening exercise, utilizing the conventional George Papaniolaou procedure. The information was analyzed by plain statistical pattern.Two hundred cytology results of the mothers aged betwixt 25 and 73 years accompanying over 90% within the reproductive ages (40 to 49 age) were analyzed. One hundred and sixty (80%) of the colleagues had never heard of cervical malignancy while 196 (98%) were being screened for the first occasion.One hundred and ninety (85%) of the women were negative for precancerous lesions. Ten (5%) girls had precancerous lesions, [8(4%) had Low Grade Squamous Intra-epithelial Lesion (LGSIL), 1(0.5%) had High Grade Squamous Intra-epithelial Lesions] and 1 (0.5%) had Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (ASCUS).The study found that just 80% of respondents had a weak understanding of cervical cancer, accompanying the majority of ruling class (95%) having sustained their first screening.  There is a need for government and nongovernmental institutions to raise awareness and experience the general folk about cervical cancer stop in order to lower disease mortality.

Author(s) Details:

D. A. Okoh,
Preventive Health Initiative, Nigeria.

R. S. Iwo–Amah,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.

N. C. T. Briggs,
Department of Community Medicine, Rivers State University, Nigeria.

I. S. Musa,
Department of Anatomical Pathology, Federal Medical Centre, Yenag, Nigeria.

U. C. Oguzor,
Department of Family Medicine, Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAMMS-V6/article/view/10992

Persistent Xerophthalmia in a Patient with Rheumatological Disease and Priiviary Sjogren's Syndrome: Case Report from Northern Brazil | Chapter 18 | Research Highlights in Disease and Health Research Vol. 7

 This record of what happened aims to contribute to the literature in consideration of highlight the significance of this collaboration 'tween medical specialties. A female patient R.N.N. F, age 66, from the city of Manaus, accompanying a previous disease of sjogren's syndrome in regularfollow-up bythe Rheumatology team at the Araujo Lima person being treated for medical problem clinic and referred to the Ophthalmology area for complementary judgment related to visual discomfort. The fundoscopy acted in the patientwas within normal limits, but the syndromes experienced by her confirmed to be an important dispassionate finding, that has ratified the need for regular and combining several branches of learning follow-up. This report unequivocally manifests that even in the face of tests deliberate within the expected limits for a likely population, the clinical performance can be particular and particular for each analyzed individual. Early hide exams should contemplate the patient in a complete and individualized habit whenever possible.

Author(s) Details:

Camile Smith de Oliveira Brito,
Federal University of Amazonas, Brazil.

Horlando Juniorsantos LagesAlcantara,
Federal University of Amazonas, Brazil.

Joao de Joao Oliveira Leitao Limeira,
Federal University of Amazonas, Brazil.

Julie Souza da Silva,
Federal University of Amazonas, Brazil.

Sebastiao Barreto Falcao Neto,
Federal University of Amazonas, Brazil.

Joao Vlctor Oliveira de Melo,
Federal University of Amazonas, Brazil.

Youssef Sabba Tayah,
Federal University of Amazonas, Brazil.

David Tayah,
Federal University of Amazonas, Brazil.

Milton Ruiz Alves
Federal University of Amazonas, Brazil.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHDHR-V7/article/view/10583

Examining Cervical Cancer Awareness and Screening among Postpartum Women in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital: Perspectives from Sub-Saharan Africa | Chapter 10 | New Advances in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 1

 This unit aims to determine the awareness of and recognize the sources of facts on cervical cancer and screening rude answer among post-partum women taking care at a tertiary nursing home in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, between June and October 2018. Risk factors for cervical malignancy include early coitarche, extreme parity, multiple intercourse partners, sexually transmitted contaminations, especially accompanying oncogenic strains of human papillomavirus (HPV), and smoking.  A total of 104 researcher-grown questionnaires were employed to collect dossier in this cross-divided descriptive study. The same was analyst-administered to and salvaged from the respondents (52 HIV-positive and 52 HIV-negative), with dossier on sociodemographic characteristics, awareness of cervical tumor, screening programmes and systems, sources of information, determinants related to cervical cancer, and rude answer of cervical screening duties were collected.The study participants were mainly young women, accompanying a mean age of 31.12 + 4.46 and the majority (94.1%) had basic instruction. Nearly all participants (97.1%) were married, and most (98.0%) use monogamous classification settings. 62.7% of the women had likely birth to more than individual child. Only 39.2% of members have heard about cervical cancer, 17.3% have perceived about cervical cancer hide, and only 1% have utilized (taken part in) a protect service. The main sources of facts were health laborers (47.5%) and print and mass media (47.5%). Identified risk factors contained having more than individual sexual colleague (80.4%), multiparity (62.7%), and hormonal contraceptive use (37.3%).Despite being a preventable ailment, there was little knowledge of cervical cancer, screening, and nearly no use of screening services in the study community. The findings display the importance of developing and executing effective communication and help delivery plans to boost the use of cervical screening services in this place community.

Author(s) Details:

Onyekachi Sunday Ohaeri,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

Peter Waripamo Oweisi,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

Azubuike Ikechukwu,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

Musa Stephen,
Department of Anatomical Pathology, Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

Peter Waibode Alabrah,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

Adesina Adedotun Daniel,
The Medical Centre, the Nigerian Law School, Yenagoa Campus, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAMMS-V1/article/view/10562

A Review Study on Screening of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Using Experimental Animal Models for Inflammatory Diseases| Chapter 4 | Current Overview on Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 2

 The objective of the study is to review on current available hide methods for judgment of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug(s) utilizing experimental animal models. Inflammation is a open innate internal defence system that plays a vital duty in healing processes. But the excessive answer of inflammation grant permission lead to serious energy problems cruel body. In such cases, miscellaneous anti-angering drugs such as steroidal and non-steroidal, are being used from long time to treat inflammatory unhealthy conditions. But the use of these medicines has existed associated with weighty side effects and toxicities and thus skilled is a need to investigate novel anti-angering drugs that were having middling side effects. As per reports various animal models are secondhand for preclinical studies using more recent medicines to evaluate and control possible antagonistic-inflammatory effects. There are various experimental in vivo models that were arbitrary for assessing pharmacological anti-instigative activities. However, selecting an appropriate animal model for integral evaluation of anti-instigative effects is completely found to be fault-finding enough. This chapter produced current issues in connection to in vivo animal models utilizing for hide of non-steroidal anti-angering drugs. These screening methods too involves pathophysiological studies for instigative conditions of each model respectively.

Author(s) Details:

Nidhi Agrawal,
Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G.)-495009, Chhattisgarh, India.

Meenakshi Jaiswal,
Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G.)-495009, Chhattisgarh, India.

S. K. Lanjhiyana,
Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G.)-495009, Chhattisgarh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/COPS-V2/article/view/9166

Standardized Screening Protocol for NaCl Tolerance in Ricebean (Vigna umbellata) Genotypes at Early Seedling Stage under Controlled Environment | Chapter 3 | Innovations in Science and Technology Vol.8

  The goal of this study was to identify tolerant and sensitive genotypes by screening 30 Ricebean accessions in recognised and standardised doses of 120 mM NaCl salt concentration for salinity tolerance during the early seedling stage. More salt inhibits growth, resulting in leaf damage, necrosis, and the eventual death of the crop. Salinity has harmed approximately 21.5 million hectares of cultivable land in Asia. Ricebean, a member of the Fabaceae family, is a fast-growing summer legume crop that produces high-quality green fodder rich in protein, calcium, phosphorus, tryptophan, and carbohydrates. To investigate the ability of Ricebean to survive imposed salinity, an experiment in Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with three replications was set up in a growth room of the Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India. After standardising the methodology, data on several seedling growth parameters were collected for screening of accessible 30 Ricebean genotypes at a 120 mM NaCl salinity level, which was determined as the optimum salt concentration for screening Ricebean genotypes.

Six genotypes, KRB-77 (81.58 and 0.41), KRB-273 (79.97 and 0.44), KRB-81 (79.63 and 0.44), KRB-10 (79.17 and 0.60), KRB-95 (76.48 and 0.51), and KRB-271 (71.31 and 0.54), showed greater tolerance to the imposed salinity level, whereas genotypes KRB-44 (19.48 and 1.73), KRB-66

Author(s) Details:

B. C. Nandeshwar,
Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Wollega University, Shambu Campus, Post Box No-38, Ethiopia.


D. K. De,
Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidylaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IST-V8/article/view/6244

Assessment of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) in Semi Urban Population: Risk Factors and Clinical Findings | Chapter 21 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 6

 The goal of this study is to look into numerous potential risk factors for the development of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) and to figure out how common ROP is in the study population. This one-year prospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, Government Thanjavur Medical College, Thanjavur, with 102 babies meeting the inclusion criteria who were subjected to a complete fundus examination with an indirect ophthalmoscope and followed up until 45 weeks after conception. ROP was shown to be more common in male babies (57.8%), but the difference between male and female babies (42.1%) was not statistically significant. As a result, the findings imply that there are no clear gender-related risk factors in the development of ROP. ROP is the most common cause of preventable childhood blindness in India. The difficulty is simply identifying those who would benefit from vision-saving therapy. Screening and treatment of ROP should begin as soon as possible.

Author(S) Details

Sangamithira Mathiyalagan
Government Thanjavur Medical College, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V6/article/view/5695

Perspectives Associated with an Increase in the Incidence of Colorectal Adenocarcinoma in Uganda: An Advanced Study | Chapter 2 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 16

 This study provides a current assessment of studies on colorectal adenocarcinoma in Uganda, with a focus on the implications of the increased prevalence of cases seen in our hospitals. This study also highlights differences in tumour site compared to the Western world, as well as the difficulties in achieving an early diagnosis of CRC in Ugandan patients. CRC is increasing steadily in various Sub-Saharan African nations, however this is accompanied with greater CRC-related morbidity and mortality. The nutrition transition in Sub-Saharan Africa, which is characterised by decreasing consumption of dietary fibre, starch, and plant proteins in favour of a Western diet associated with consumption of fatty foods and red meat, could be one reason for this increase. Noncommunicable disorders such as diabetes and obesity, as well as increasing alcohol intake and smoking, all raise the risk of CRC. In Uganda, there is a generational shift relative to high-income nations, with 22.8 percent of CRC cases detected at age 40, compared to 3-7 percent in high-income countries. The fact that this beginning occurs at such a young age is related with aggressive biological behaviour and a poor prognosis. Uganda's population is more susceptible to screening due to the high prevalence of left-sided colon and rectal cancer. The availability of endoscopic training and equipment, pricing, the availability of diagnostic services, and patient acceptance are all issues that Uganda and other Sub-Saharan African countries face. Screening will lead to an increase in CRC cases being diagnosed, which will necessitate an expansion in surgical and oncological infrastructure to manage CRC patients. Given the observed epidemiological trends, improving CRC diagnosis, screening, and treatment by enhancing surgical and endoscopic capability with the help of international medical and surgical societies should be a public health priority in Uganda. To reduce mortality in Uganda's population, national screening programmes to detect CRC at an early stage must be implemented in the future.

Author (S) Details

Richard Wismayer
Department of Surgery, Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda. and Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V16/article/view/3775

Early Detection and Further Prevention of Noise Induced Hearing Loss by Otoacoustic Emission: Army Recruits of Indian Origin | Chapter 1 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 11

 Background: While there was no study on recruits of Indian heritage in the literature, an attempt was made to screen the individuals for noise-induced hearing loss. The goal of this study was to correlate the initial OAE screening in terms of frequency involved with the time frame after the first shot was fired in order to avoid subsequent exposure and hearing loss. In our investigation, recruits are screened for otoacoustic emission (OAE) before and after their initial exposure to loud rifle shooting sounds. Recruits were followed up with four hours, twenty-four hours, one month, and six months after being exposed. Individuals The overall number of recruits was 98. Referred to OAE after 4 hours, 67 candidates recovered in 24 hours. The remaining 31 recruits (45 Ears) were followed up and screened at 1 month and found 22 recruits (37 Ears) had been referred to OAE and 17 recruits had experienced substantial frequency loss on PTA (31Ears). At six months, 16 recruits (28 ears) have a decrease in OAE and 12 recruits (22 ears) have a high frequency dip in PTA. The OAE is a more sensitive approach for early detection of noise-induced hearing loss. According to this study, people who show REFER in OAE at both 04 and 24 hours with both 3 kHz and 4 kHz included are more likely to develop noise-induced hearing loss in the future.

Author (S) Details

Dr. Himanshu Joshi
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Military Hospital Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Dr. Avinash Das
Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Military Hospital Jalandhar, Punjab, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V11/article/view/2494

Screening of Biosurfactant Producers and Influence of Physicochemical Parameters on Its Production: An Overview | Book Publisher International

 The accumulation of hydrocarbon pollutants in the environment is one of the repercussions of expanding industry. The use of biosurfactants as a bioremediation method is a long-term solution to this problem. Aside from food, detergents, and crude oil recovery, biosurfactants have interesting industrial applications. The commercial value of biosurfactants has increased due to characteristics such as reduced toxicity, action specificity, better biodegradability, and functioning at varying pH, temperature, and salinity. Biosurfactants are also recommended as a chemical surfactant alternative because of their low Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC). Biosurfactants have a CMC that is 10–40 times lower than chemical surfactants. Screening and isolation of new biosurfactant strains is becoming more popular as a result of these factors. This book's content provides a comprehensive overview of the benefits and drawbacks of various screening procedures for isolating biosurfactant manufacturers. After a thorough study of the literature available online, the effect of several physicochemical parameters on biosurfactant production optimization is also discussed.

Author(s) Details

Anuradha Pendse
Department of Microbiology, Wilson College, Mumbai 400007, Maharashtra, India.

K. Aruna
Department of Microbiology, Wilson College, Mumbai 400007, Maharashtra, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/SBPIPPPAO/article/view/1836

Review of Screening and Monitoring Treatment of ADHD in Adults with Processing-Speed | Chapter 10 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 1

 The goal of the study was to look at the characteristics and clinical applications of processing-speed tests in the treatment of people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. No gender bias, excellent test-retest reliability, and appropriate levels of concurrent validity are required for neuropsychological testing, according to normative and clinical evidence. People with ADHD have different recurring patterns in color-form naming and overhead values than healthy individuals, people with depression without ADHD, and adults with dementia. The processing-speed profiles show that single-dimension colors and forms have average-normal response times, color-form combos have longer-than-average response times, and overhead values are higher than typical. Independent studies of methylphenidate dose effects in medication-naive and previouslymedicated adults with ADHD and ADHD substance use disorder found statistical differences in color-form naming times and overhead measures at baseline without medication and at endpoint with stimulant medication in medication-naive and previouslymedicated adults with ADHD and ADHD substance use disorder. The findings imply that the measures could be used in conjunction with observational judgments of ADHD symptomatology to screen for and monitor stimulant-medication effects.

Author (s) Details

Niels Peter Nielsen,
Department of Psychiatry, Västervik Hospital, Västervik, Sweden.

Dr. Elisabeth H. Wiig,
Boston University Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders and Knowledge Research Institute, Inc., Arlington, Texas, USA.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V1/article/view/1183

Screening Methods for the Detection of Antagonistic Actinobacteria: Facts and Problems | Chapter 8 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol.1

Screening is the highly selective procedures for the detection and isolation of only those
microorganisms of interest from among a large microbial population. Actinobacteria are the group of
bacteria with the greatest biomedical value especially antibiotic production. Detection of the
antagonistic property of actinobacteria is the pre-requisite for their exploitation for antibiotic
production. There are several methods described as well as in practice for the detection of
antagonistic actinobacteria. All the screening methods are broadly categorized into diffusion methods
(crowded plate, agar overlay, cross streak, cross spot, drop test, agar plug) and dilution (agar dilution,
broth dilution) methods. Some important methods commonly used for the detection of antagonistic
activity of actinobacteria and their advantages and limitations are described in this chapter.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Manikkam Radhakrishnan
Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai – 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India.

Mr. Kaari Manigundan
Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai – 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India.

Dr. Venugopal Gopikrishnan
Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai – 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India.

Dr. Ramasamy Balagurunathan
Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/227