Sleep Impairment in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Is it an Additional Symptom of the Disorder, Due to ADHD Comorbidities or a Common Sleep Disorder of Childhood and Adolescence Aggravated by the Disorder? | Chapter 1 | Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 8

 

This chapter is dedicated to sleep impairment in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a quite common neuropsychiatric ailment affecting all ages. Sleep impairment is associated with widespread regional changes in brain activity involved in sustained attention, distraction, impulsivity and memory, as shown by numerous objective methods. Sleep problems which are very common in children and adolescents without ADHD present as either insufficient or impaired sleep. The diagnosis of ADHD lacks a biological marker and is based only on clinical judgment. Therefore, overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis are not uncommon. Since it is a developmental disorder, the clinical characteristics vary with age, nevertheless. the majority of affected individuals exhibit the traditional "triad" of impulsivity, hyperactivity, and inattention. A number of comorbidities are associated with the disorder and in many patients, their presence imposes a negative effect on life quality which may be more prominent than that caused directly by the classical "triad". Although cases with the triad have been reported during the last 200 years, the concept of ADHD was solidified in 1987. It has taken some time for sleep disturbance to be identified as a significant comorbidity of ADHD. It is surprising that the DSM-5 did not mention sleep impairment in relation to ADHD. This study reviews the traits, prevalence, and potential cause of sleep disturbance in children and adults with ADHD.  Also, the bidirectional association between impaired sleep quality and ADHD is discussed in an attempt to clarify whether impaired sleep is an additional symptom of “pure” ADHD, is the sole result of associated comorbidities, or is the result of both.

 

 

Author(s) Details
N. Gadoth

Department of Neurology, Maynei Hayeshua Medical Center Bnei Brak, The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel and Department of Neurology, Maynei Hayeshua Medical Center.17, Povarsky St, Bnei Brak 57544, Israel.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v8/857

A Need to Redefine Autism: A Review | Chapter 8 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 This research explains the unique neurophysiological aetiology of autism, redefines autism in terms of this cause, and offers diagnostic criteria for autism. Autism spectrum disorder is currently diagnosed in one out of every 59 children (1.7%). (ASD). Autism was diagnosed in one out of every 250 people (0.4 percent) in the 1960s. Misdiagnoses caused by shifting criteria are mostly to blame for the seeming 420 percent rise in reported cases. The practise of phenotyping has been abandoned in favour of checking off symptoms on a checklist with just a rudimentary grasp of cause and effect. A broad ASD umbrella category is now being used to encompass a variety of disorders. This research explains autism's unique neurophysiological aetiology, redefines autism in terms of this cause, and offers differentiated diagnostic criteria as well as a litmus test to determine whether someone suspected of being autistic has been accurately diagnosed.

Author (S) Details

David Rowland

Independent Researcher, Canada

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V5/article/view/4195

Differential Diagnosis of Autism | Chapter 3 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 A diagnosis without a known cause is nothing more than a name that gives the impression of comprehension. Because clinicians diagnose by ticking off symptoms on a checklist with no comprehension of cause and effect, autism has become over-diagnosed and now encompasses a spectrum of diseases with varying degrees of resemblance. This study (a) identifies the unique and defining feature of autism that is responsible for all of its observed traits, (b) maps the neurophysiological differences between an autistic brain and a neurotypical brain, (c) explains the neuropsychological differences between autism and conditions that are frequently misdiagnosed as autism, and (d) provides a litmus test to determine if someone suspected of being autistic has been correctly diagnosed. A malfunctioning cingulate gyrus (CG) causes autism by keeping a person's attention fixed on the left frontal lobe, the logical/analytical section of the brain.

Author (S) Details

D. Rowland

Independent Researcher registered with ORCID, Canada.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V5/article/view/4188

Pharmacotherapeutic Options for Management of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder| Chapter 9 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 9

 The most frequent behavioural disorder in children is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD can make a person unable for the rest of their lives. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is used to diagnose ADHD (DSM-5). ADHD is a costly health concern that has been treated with a variety of medicines, including psychostimulants, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), bupropion, pemoline, clonidine, and atomoxetine. The most typically recommended medicines for paediatric ADHD are atomoxetine and psychostimulants, both of which have equal efficacy. Atomoxetine has been linked to a number of serious side effects. There have been some reports. Modafinil, a mild psychostimulant, is not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to treat ADHD, but it is prescribed off-label for this illness. Concurrent psychiatric diseases, such as sleeplessness, tics, PTSD, and violence, necessitate extra consideration while managing a person with ADHD.

Author(s) Details

Jarnail Singh Braich
Department of Pharmacology, Pt. BD Sharma UHS, Rohtak, Haryana, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V9/article/view/2243

Field Research Report on ADD and ADHD: A Critical Analysis | Chapter 9 | Current Approaches in Science and Technology Research Vol. 2

 An examination of a research report that sheds unsettling light on the motives for diagnosing an ever-increasing percentage of youngsters with ADD/ADHD and subsequent prescription of Ritalin and other psychostimulants. This study attempted, but failed, to determine whether learning difficulties shown in some children could be attributable to brain pathology.

Author (s) Details

André Michaud
SRP Inc., Canada.

View Book : https://stm.bookpi.org/CASTR-V2/article/view/1216

Review of Screening and Monitoring Treatment of ADHD in Adults with Processing-Speed | Chapter 10 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 1

 The goal of the study was to look at the characteristics and clinical applications of processing-speed tests in the treatment of people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. No gender bias, excellent test-retest reliability, and appropriate levels of concurrent validity are required for neuropsychological testing, according to normative and clinical evidence. People with ADHD have different recurring patterns in color-form naming and overhead values than healthy individuals, people with depression without ADHD, and adults with dementia. The processing-speed profiles show that single-dimension colors and forms have average-normal response times, color-form combos have longer-than-average response times, and overhead values are higher than typical. Independent studies of methylphenidate dose effects in medication-naive and previouslymedicated adults with ADHD and ADHD substance use disorder found statistical differences in color-form naming times and overhead measures at baseline without medication and at endpoint with stimulant medication in medication-naive and previouslymedicated adults with ADHD and ADHD substance use disorder. The findings imply that the measures could be used in conjunction with observational judgments of ADHD symptomatology to screen for and monitor stimulant-medication effects.

Author (s) Details

Niels Peter Nielsen,
Department of Psychiatry, Västervik Hospital, Västervik, Sweden.

Dr. Elisabeth H. Wiig,
Boston University Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders and Knowledge Research Institute, Inc., Arlington, Texas, USA.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V1/article/view/1183

Resilience and ADHD: What is New? | Chapter 1 | Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol. 9

 ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by inattentive, impulsive, or hyperactive actions that are out of proportion to the individual's age and developmental stage. Resilience (RS) is a concept that is described as a dynamic process of positive adaptation in the face of adversity. New therapeutic methods for ADHD can be discovered as a result of research into RS. The aim of this research was to perform an integrative analysis of the literature in order to better understand the aspects of RS and ADHD that have been studied in recent years, as well as which advances and new approaches to managing the disability have been made. With the descriptors “TDAH e RESILINCIA” and “ADHD AND RESILIENCE,” an integrative analysis of the literature was conducted in PubMed, SciELO, Lilacs, and PsycINFO databases. Reports published in scientific journals over the last 20 years, written in Portuguese, English, or Spanish, and within the sample's age range of up to 18 years, were included. The review studies were not included in the study. A total of 119 papers were found, with 57 remaining qualified after triage. Following the implementation of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the identification of study abstracts, and the elimination of duplicated studies, nine studies were included and updated, with eight having a quantitative approach and one having a qualitative approach. The articles found clear connections between ADHD and low levels of RS, as well as a rise in negative adolescent outcomes like academic failure, low self-esteem, and the development of anxiety and depression disorders. Family members of people with ADHD are often more likely to experience anxiety and depressive disorders, which may be explained by the fact that they share endophenotypes and are exposed to common factors that cause RS, such as family disputes and adversity.

Author (s) Details

J. V. C. Freire
Metropolitan Union for the Development of Education and Culture, UNIME, Brazil.

R. A. Cerqueira
Metropolitan Union for the Development of Education and Culture, UNIME, Brazil.

D. F. Sousa
Metropolitan Union for the Development of Education and Culture, UNIME, Brazil.

J. F. A. Novaes
Metropolitan Union for the Development of Education and Culture, UNIME, Brazil.

T. M. Farias
UNIME - Metropolitan Union for the Development of Education and Culture, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Federal Government Economy Ministry, Brazil.

S. F. M. Cal
Metropolitan Union for the Development of Education and Culture, UNIME, Brazil.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RTCMS-V9/article/view/520