Sleep Impairment in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Is it an Additional Symptom of the Disorder, Due to ADHD Comorbidities or a Common Sleep Disorder of Childhood and Adolescence Aggravated by the Disorder? | Chapter 1 | Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 8

 

This chapter is dedicated to sleep impairment in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a quite common neuropsychiatric ailment affecting all ages. Sleep impairment is associated with widespread regional changes in brain activity involved in sustained attention, distraction, impulsivity and memory, as shown by numerous objective methods. Sleep problems which are very common in children and adolescents without ADHD present as either insufficient or impaired sleep. The diagnosis of ADHD lacks a biological marker and is based only on clinical judgment. Therefore, overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis are not uncommon. Since it is a developmental disorder, the clinical characteristics vary with age, nevertheless. the majority of affected individuals exhibit the traditional "triad" of impulsivity, hyperactivity, and inattention. A number of comorbidities are associated with the disorder and in many patients, their presence imposes a negative effect on life quality which may be more prominent than that caused directly by the classical "triad". Although cases with the triad have been reported during the last 200 years, the concept of ADHD was solidified in 1987. It has taken some time for sleep disturbance to be identified as a significant comorbidity of ADHD. It is surprising that the DSM-5 did not mention sleep impairment in relation to ADHD. This study reviews the traits, prevalence, and potential cause of sleep disturbance in children and adults with ADHD.  Also, the bidirectional association between impaired sleep quality and ADHD is discussed in an attempt to clarify whether impaired sleep is an additional symptom of “pure” ADHD, is the sole result of associated comorbidities, or is the result of both.

 

 

Author(s) Details
N. Gadoth

Department of Neurology, Maynei Hayeshua Medical Center Bnei Brak, The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel and Department of Neurology, Maynei Hayeshua Medical Center.17, Povarsky St, Bnei Brak 57544, Israel.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v8/857

Circadian Rhythm of the Electrical Stability of the Rat Myocardium during Hyperventilation | Chapter 3 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 5

Objective: Respiratory alkalosis is an extremely common and complicated problem affecting virtually every organ system of which the etiology may be associated with pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders. However, few studies have addressed the day/night rhythm of the effect of hyperventilation on the cardiovascular system. As such, the aim of the present study was to characterize the circadian rhythm of the electrical stability of the rat heart under hyperventilatory conditions.

Methods: Circadian rhythms of the electrical stability of the heart, measured according to ventricular arrhythmia threshold (VAT), were followed during normal artificial ventilation in a control group (respiratory rate, 40 breaths/min; tidal volume, 1 mL/100g [n=17]) and during hyperventilation (respiratory rate, 80 breaths/min; tidal volume 2 mL/100 g [n=7]) in female Wistar rats anesthetized with pentobarbital (40 mg/kg, administered intraperitoneally), after 4 weeks’ adaptation to a light (12 h)/dark (12 h) regimen (40%–60% humidity, temperature 24°C, 2 animals per cage with ad libitum access to food and water), with the dark period from 18:00 h to 06:00 h. Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The basic circadian parameters were assessed using single and population mean cosinor tests.

Results: Under normoxic conditions, the 24 h course of VAT exhibited the highest susceptibility of the rat ventricular myocardium to arrhythmias between 12:00 h and 15:00 h, and the highest resistance between 19:20 h and 00:28 h (acrophase, -338° [in time at 22:53 h], with confidence intervals from -288° to -7° [19:20 h to 00:28 h]). The mean mesor (± SD) and amplitude were 2.59 ± 0.53 mA and           0.33 ± 0.11 mA, respectively. Nonsignificant hyperventilation increased the VAT at each interval of the measurement but did not alter the characteristics of circadian rhythm. Acrophase was on -40° (02:40 h), mesor was increased (2.91 mA), and amplitude was decreased (0.13 mA).

Conclusion: Although hyperventilation insignificantly increased the electrical stability of the heart compared with values during normal pulmonary ventilation during the entire 24-hour period, results demonstrated that hyperventilation probably only modulated―but did not disturb―the circadian rhythm of the electrical stability of the heart in pentobarbital-anaesthetized female Wistar rats. These results affirm that light/dark cycle-related differences are not merely transient or procedure dependent, but are a systematic response caused by distinct neurohumoral regulation during the light and dark periods of the day, and also occur under pentobarbital anesthesia.

 

Author (s) Details

Pavol Svorc
Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic.

 

Alexander Marossy
Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic.

 

Pavol Svorc Jr
Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ostrava University, Ostrava, Czech Republic.

 

Viktoria Kapsdorferova
Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v5/2914

Circadian Clock Regulation of Macrophage Functions | Chapter 2 | Research Aspects in Biological Science Vol. 8

 The circadian modulation of systemic inflammation is mediated by macrophages. Since the circadian clock directly controls macrophage functions at the molecular level, a circadian misalignment changes the macrophages' phenotype from a "protecting" mode to a "killing" mode. It is significant to note that pro-inflammatory macrophages cause systemic and chronic inflammation, which promotes the onset of a variety of chronic diseases and weakens the immune system's defences against infectious diseases like COVID-19. Under long-term circadian rhythm disruption, immune cells, particularly macrophages, undergo functional remodelling that exacerbates the development of inflammatory and infectious disorders as well as cancer, metabolic, cardiovascular, and aging-related diseases. The molecular mechanisms underpinning the circadian clock regulation of macrophage functions and the involvement of circadian rhythms in the emergence of inflammatory and infectious illnesses are being revealed by mounting data. This chapter attempts to highlight the most recent findings on the circadian regulation of macrophage functions and to address the possible effects of macrophage rejuvenation that targets the circadian system.

Author(s) Details:

Ken Shirato,
Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo-181-8611, Japan

Shogo Sato,
Department of Biology, Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3258, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RABS-V8/article/view/8191

Association between Chronotype and Social Factors in Shift Workers: A Descriptive, Quantitative and Exploratory Study | Chapter 17 | Emerging Trends in Disease and Health Research Vol. 6

 The purpose of this research was to assess the chronotype of shift workers at a wholesale company, analyse worker sleep on working days and off days, and confirm the links between sociodemographic factors and different work shifts with chronotypes. The light/dark cycle synchronises most biological and behavioural factors to 24-hour periods. Individual variances in the manifestation of circadian rhythm can be found among people who live in the same environment. As a result, the relationship between chronotype, sociodemographic characteristics, and different work shifts was identified and investigated in this study. Shift workers from a wholesale company in Poços de Caldas, Brazil, were the subjects of the study. The following resources were utilised: The Munich Chronotype questionnaire and sociodemographic variables. The study included ninety-four shift workers. The moderately morning chronotype was found in 40.43 percent of shift workers, followed by the intermediate type at 40.43 percent. It was also shown that sociodemographic characteristics and shift with distinct chronotypes have a substantial relationship. With this work, the researchers discovered that there are strong correlations between age, marital status, having children, and working shifts in determining the chronotype of these workers, with the morningness subjects working the night shift. These people are at risk for disorders including depression, low immunity, hypertension, and obesity, which are all linked to sleep deprivation.

Author(S) Details

Milva Maria Figueiredo De Martino
Nursing School, State University of Campinas, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitaria 'Zeferino Vaz' - Campinas, Sao Paulo, CEP : 13084-971, Brazil.

Beatriz de Oliveira
Nursing School, State University of Campinas, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitaria 'Zeferino Vaz' - Campinas, Sao Paulo, CEP : 13084-971, Brazil.

Sandra Soares Mendes
Nursing School, State University of Campinas, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitaria 'Zeferino Vaz' - Campinas, Sao Paulo, CEP : 13084-971, Brazil.

Karla Figueiredo De Martino Pasetti
Nursing School, State University of Campinas, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitaria 'Zeferino Vaz' - Campinas, Sao Paulo, CEP : 13084-971, Brazil.

Jaqueline Girnos Sonati
Nursing School, State University of Campinas, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitaria 'Zeferino Vaz' - Campinas, Sao Paulo, CEP : 13084-971, Brazil.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/ETDHR-V6/article/view/6429

A Brief Review on Chronobiology and Chronotherapy of Hypertension | Chapter 5 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 8

 Hypertension affects more than 90% of all patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the United States, and it is a major risk factor for end-organ injury, CVD, and mortality. Chronobiology, chronopharmacology, and chronotherapy in the management of hypertension have only been studied for a few decades. According to research conducted in the previous decade, our behaviour, such as what we eat, and the time of day, have an impact on blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Furthermore, the potential of the night: day ratio of systolic BP to predict the risk of cardiovascular events is more accurate than office BP calculated only once. The evidence clearly reveals that nocturnal blood pressure is the type of blood pressure that is most consistently connected with cardiovascular risk prediction and allows for more frequent safety monitoring. The circadian rhythm is crucial for blood pressure regulation. As a result, the use of chronopharmacotherapy is required for a circadian condition like hypertension. Different drugs, on the other hand, have been investigated for their chronopharmacology and possible chronotherapy. This page discusses the chronobiology of hypertension, as well as the chronopharmacology and chronotherapy of the many medicines used to treat it. Researchers are likely to produce more creative chronopharmaceutical formulations for the control or treatment of hypertension now that they are aware of the risk factors connected with this illness problem.

Author (s) Details

K. Latha
G.Pulla Reddy College of Pharmacy, Mehidipatnam, Hyderabad 500 028, India.

M. U. Uhumwangho
Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Nigeria.

S. A. Sunil
University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530003, India.

M. V. Srikanth
University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530003, India.

K. V. Ramana Murthy
University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530003, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CDHR-V8/article/view/1423