Role of Pap Smear in Screening of Infections and Malignancies: An Analytical Study in A Tertiary Care Centre | Chapter 1 | Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 11

 

Background: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women. In India and other developing countries, cervical cancer is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Cancer cervix continues to be the most common genital carcinoma in India accounting for 80% of all female genital malignancies. In India, on an annual basis, about 1,32,000 cases are noted, with each year amounting to 74000 deaths in total, thus every 7th-minute cervical cancer claims the life of one woman. Pre-invasive lesions can spontaneously regress to normal or remain stable for a long period or progress to a higher degree of dysplasia. Cancer of the cervix is preventable if diagnosed at the pre-invasive stage with regular intervals of cytological screening by Papanicolaou (Pap) smears. The aim of the study is to analyse the pap reports in terms of normal findings, infections, premalignant lesions and invasive cancers.

 

Methods: All women attending the outpatient department of gynaecology at TMMC and RC Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh over a period of 1 year from August 2017-18 presented with obstetrics and with white discharge per vagina were screened for cervical cancer using pap smear. All the smears were reported as per the 2014 Bethesda system. All the collected data were analyzed by using the SPSS tool and descriptive statistics were presented as frequencies and percentages.

 

Results: Out of 1392, Pap smear reports ASCUS was reported in 27 cases (2%), LSIL in 27 cases (2%), HSIL in 15 cases (1%), malignant cells in 15 cases (1%) and normal including the infection is reported in 1308 cases (94%). Due to changes in lifestyle and changes in demographic profile in developing countries, non-communicable diseases are on the increase as an important health problem that requires effective control programs before, they become involved in their epidemic spread. The most common symptom in this study was white discharge per vagina accounting for 36%.

 

Conclusions: Early cervical epithelial changes can be identified by a Pap smear test, which is the primary screening test for detection of precancerous cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and the early stage of invasive cervical cancer. The sensitivity of pap as a screening test can be increased with universal screening of all women attending gynecological OPD.

 

Author(s) Details

Mehak Reyaz
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, TMMC and RC, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Nupur Nandi
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, TMMC and RC, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Ritika Aggarwal
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, TMMC and RC, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v11/2818G

Examining Cervical Cancer Awareness and Screening among Postpartum Women in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital: Perspectives from Sub-Saharan Africa | Chapter 10 | New Advances in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 1

 This unit aims to determine the awareness of and recognize the sources of facts on cervical cancer and screening rude answer among post-partum women taking care at a tertiary nursing home in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, between June and October 2018. Risk factors for cervical malignancy include early coitarche, extreme parity, multiple intercourse partners, sexually transmitted contaminations, especially accompanying oncogenic strains of human papillomavirus (HPV), and smoking.  A total of 104 researcher-grown questionnaires were employed to collect dossier in this cross-divided descriptive study. The same was analyst-administered to and salvaged from the respondents (52 HIV-positive and 52 HIV-negative), with dossier on sociodemographic characteristics, awareness of cervical tumor, screening programmes and systems, sources of information, determinants related to cervical cancer, and rude answer of cervical screening duties were collected.The study participants were mainly young women, accompanying a mean age of 31.12 + 4.46 and the majority (94.1%) had basic instruction. Nearly all participants (97.1%) were married, and most (98.0%) use monogamous classification settings. 62.7% of the women had likely birth to more than individual child. Only 39.2% of members have heard about cervical cancer, 17.3% have perceived about cervical cancer hide, and only 1% have utilized (taken part in) a protect service. The main sources of facts were health laborers (47.5%) and print and mass media (47.5%). Identified risk factors contained having more than individual sexual colleague (80.4%), multiparity (62.7%), and hormonal contraceptive use (37.3%).Despite being a preventable ailment, there was little knowledge of cervical cancer, screening, and nearly no use of screening services in the study community. The findings display the importance of developing and executing effective communication and help delivery plans to boost the use of cervical screening services in this place community.

Author(s) Details:

Onyekachi Sunday Ohaeri,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

Peter Waripamo Oweisi,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

Azubuike Ikechukwu,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

Musa Stephen,
Department of Anatomical Pathology, Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

Peter Waibode Alabrah,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

Adesina Adedotun Daniel,
The Medical Centre, the Nigerian Law School, Yenagoa Campus, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAMMS-V1/article/view/10562

Cervical Dysplasias and Cervical Cancers | Chapter 1 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 12

 Cervical cancer is the second most frequent gynaecological malignancy in Cameroon, and it is the major cause of cancer mortality among women. Gender and educational level have a big impact on cervical cancer screening knowledge and attitudes. The goal of this study was to find out how well male and female university students knew about cervical cancer and how they felt about Pap smear screening. This was a 416-student cross-sectional research conducted from February to May 2017 among students at the University of Buea in Cameroon. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect data, and Epi-Info version 7 was used to analyse it. Pvalue 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance. The participants' average age was 22.08 (4.03) years. Cervical cancer was mentioned by up to 82.2 percent of the participants. Only 25.2 percent of the participants said they knew “a lot” about cervical cancer. There was no statistically significant difference in general knowledge across genders (P=0.81), however there was a statistically significant link between having “good” knowledge and being a health science student (P0.001). More than half of the students were unaware that having several sexual partners was a risk factor for cervical cancer, and more than half were unaware that early sexual intercourse, smoking, family history, and multiple deliveries were all risk factors. A Pap smear was performed on only 4.8 percent of female pupils. The low uptake was linked to a number of factors, including the cost of screening, a lack of knowledge about screening programmes, fear, and the idea that pap smear screening is uncomfortable. To summarise, university students' understanding of cervical cancer was low regardless of gender. The use of Pap smear screening was extremely low, indicating a need for increased health education and preventative initiatives aimed at both men and women.

Author(s) Details

Gregory Edie Halle-Ekane
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.

Dr Derick Nembulefack
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Limbe District Hospital, Limbe, Cameroon.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V12/article/view/3658

Cervical Smear Analysis in Cross River State, Nigeria | Chapter 2 | Current Strategies in Biotechnology and Bioresource Technology Vol. 2

Background: Cervical cancer is one of the most common female genital tract malignancy and one of the leading causes of death among the female population. Cervical cancer continues to be with high prevalence among the populace in Africa. It is one of the cancers whose incidence has been drastically reduced due to continuous systematic screening. Aim: To evaluate the cervical smear analysis in Cross river State, Nigeria. Methodology: This is a cross sectional study of cervical smear of women in 5 out of the 18 local government areas of Cross River State (CRS), Nigeria. These local governments were randomly selected. These local government areas include, Akpabuyo, Biase, Calabar south, Municipality and Akamkpa local government areas. The primary health care centres in each of these five local governments were visited, Pap smear was done for the women who visited these primary health care centre and the results were analysed. Results: A total of 114 cervical smears were analyzed. The age range of the subjects is between 2069 years. The mean age in this study is 34.2 years. In all, 7.0% of the cervical smear show squamous intraepithelial lesions out of which 6.14% had low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) and 0.9% had high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). Cervical smear that were negative for intraepithelial lesion had a prevalence of 93.0%. Conclusion: The prevalence of squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) is relatively high in semi-rural areas in Cross River State and there is urgent need for improvement in screening programs in order to reduce the incidence rate of the cervical cancer. 

Author(s) Details

Dr. Ayodele Omotoso
Department of Pathology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/206

A Comparative Analysis of Using Indexed View to Improve the Performance of SQL | Chapter 2 | Recent Developments in Engineering Research Vol.1

This article is part of a collection of apps, operators and techniques related to the SQL Insert argument. In SQL, insert query is used to insert the record into database table. There are various ways are available to insert the record into table. Depend upon the requirement user can use the appropriate way of insert command. End user point of view, they may require summary of the data or only specific records at a glance. In such cases, aggregate functions are used. As we know aggregate function returns a single cell value. Clustered indexes are defined by the main importance of the data used in the list. The columns in the index description are the most significant values. Only one clustered index can be provided in increasing view, as only one series can organize the data rows themselves. A further benefit of having an index is that the optimizer continues to use the view index on questions that do not call the view explicitly in the FROM clause. Current queries may benefit from increased data recovery performance without re-coding from the indexed view

Author(s) Details

K. G. Kharade
Department of Computer Science, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India.

S. K. Kharade
Department of Mathematics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India.

V. S. Kumbhar
Department of Computer Science, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India.

R. K. Kamat
Department of Electronics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/205