Cervical Smear Analysis in Cross River State, Nigeria | Chapter 2 | Current Strategies in Biotechnology and Bioresource Technology Vol. 2

Background: Cervical cancer is one of the most common female genital tract malignancy and one of the leading causes of death among the female population. Cervical cancer continues to be with high prevalence among the populace in Africa. It is one of the cancers whose incidence has been drastically reduced due to continuous systematic screening. Aim: To evaluate the cervical smear analysis in Cross river State, Nigeria. Methodology: This is a cross sectional study of cervical smear of women in 5 out of the 18 local government areas of Cross River State (CRS), Nigeria. These local governments were randomly selected. These local government areas include, Akpabuyo, Biase, Calabar south, Municipality and Akamkpa local government areas. The primary health care centres in each of these five local governments were visited, Pap smear was done for the women who visited these primary health care centre and the results were analysed. Results: A total of 114 cervical smears were analyzed. The age range of the subjects is between 2069 years. The mean age in this study is 34.2 years. In all, 7.0% of the cervical smear show squamous intraepithelial lesions out of which 6.14% had low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) and 0.9% had high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). Cervical smear that were negative for intraepithelial lesion had a prevalence of 93.0%. Conclusion: The prevalence of squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) is relatively high in semi-rural areas in Cross River State and there is urgent need for improvement in screening programs in order to reduce the incidence rate of the cervical cancer. 

Author(s) Details

Dr. Ayodele Omotoso
Department of Pathology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.

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A Comparative Analysis of Using Indexed View to Improve the Performance of SQL | Chapter 2 | Recent Developments in Engineering Research Vol.1

This article is part of a collection of apps, operators and techniques related to the SQL Insert argument. In SQL, insert query is used to insert the record into database table. There are various ways are available to insert the record into table. Depend upon the requirement user can use the appropriate way of insert command. End user point of view, they may require summary of the data or only specific records at a glance. In such cases, aggregate functions are used. As we know aggregate function returns a single cell value. Clustered indexes are defined by the main importance of the data used in the list. The columns in the index description are the most significant values. Only one clustered index can be provided in increasing view, as only one series can organize the data rows themselves. A further benefit of having an index is that the optimizer continues to use the view index on questions that do not call the view explicitly in the FROM clause. Current queries may benefit from increased data recovery performance without re-coding from the indexed view

Author(s) Details

K. G. Kharade
Department of Computer Science, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India.

S. K. Kharade
Department of Mathematics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India.

V. S. Kumbhar
Department of Computer Science, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India.

R. K. Kamat
Department of Electronics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India

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