Clinical Breast Examination: Building the Variables to Promote Uptake in Lower-And-Middle-Income Countries | Chapter 11 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 1

Background: In lower-and-middle-income countries, clinical breast examination is still relevant for the early diagnosis of breast cancer. Advanced breast cancer screening programs are still not widely available in these countries. Exploring the elements that affect females’ decisions to use the service is essential. This chapter discusses the findings of a qualitative descriptive study which sought to explore the perceptions, motivations, and barriers to uptake of clinical breast examination in a developing country, Ghana.

Methods:  This was a descriptive qualitative study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of twelve females who participated in a clinical breast examination exercise. Interviews were audio-taped, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analysed.

Results: Perceived benefits of clinical breast examination were psychological relief, knowledge and skill gain, early diagnosis, and inspiring other females. Respondents were motivated by fear of dying, personal curiosity, excellent patient service, and public awareness. Barriers were poor service delivery, financial constraints, anxiety about hearing a diagnosis of breast cancer, and peer pressure. Self-breast examinations were carried out more frequently by respondents who expressed anxiety related to breast cancer than by those who did not. In general, respondents' understanding of breast cancer and breast cancer detection techniques was poor.

Conclusion: Health interventions in developing countries aimed at promoting health-seeking behaviours, such as the uptake of clinical breast exams, must be redesigned to consider the data regarding the variables affecting these interventions' uptake.

 

Author (s) Details

Buunaaisie Camillus
Public Health Division, 37 Military Hospital, Neghelli Barracks, Liberation Road, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana and Tamale Teaching Hospital. P. O. BoxTL16, Tamale. Northern Region, Ghana.

 

Philip Nyinaku
Public Health Division, 37 Military Hospital, Neghelli Barracks, Liberation Road, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana and College of Post-Graduate Studies, 37 Military Hospital. Neghelli Barracks, Liberation Road, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana.

 

Daniel Mingle
Public Health Division, 37 Military Hospital, Neghelli Barracks, Liberation Road, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana.

 

Cynthia Adiasani
Public Health Division, 37 Military Hospital, Neghelli Barracks, Liberation Road, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v1/2950

Introduction of Teachers Perspective on Instructional Strategies: Implemented at Early Childhood Years | Chapter 7 | Progress in Language, Literature and Education Research Vol. 8

The study demonstrated the potentials that exist for the use of instructional strategies to complement the teachers" attempt to create constructive learning environments in early childhood settings. Instructional strategies contribute to effective teaching and learning in early childhood classrooms, which in turn, impacts children’s development in diverse ways. Even though previous research points to the significance of early childhood teachers’ practices that take into consideration the nature of children and how they learn, there is limited research regarding how instructional strategies impact children’s development in diverse ways. A multi-case-qualitative study approach was used in this study because there is a need to establish the differences regarding teachers" practices in Tata School and Kariba School sited in different socio-economic settings. One research question guided the study, namely, which instructional strategies do teachers use in a kindergarten classroom? Data used were semi-structured individual interviews pair-based interviews and field notes of classroom observations. Both within and across case interpretative analysis, as was used. The findings of this study revealed these teachers believed that instructional strategies impacted children’s development in different ways; they pointed to play-based instruction and integration as well as specific strategies such as picture-walk and think-pair-share that they believed to promote effective teaching and learning in kindergarten classrooms which in turn, enhanced and promoted children’s multiple intelligences in terms of socio-emotional, physical, cognitive and language development. The study established that insights of pre-service early childhood teachers into the appropriate use of both specific and generic instructional strategies regarding when and how to use each of them within the teaching and learning context have the potential to unearth children’s potential by situated the selection of instructional strategies within the context of the uniqueness that individual children bring to the teaching and learning context concerning interests, needs and potential.

Author(s) Details:

Mumuni Thompson,
University of Cape Coast, Ghana.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PLLER-V8/article/view/14273

Methodology of Data Collection in Information System (IS)| Chapter 7 | Current Overview on Science and Technology Research Vol. 9

This phase aims to give and explain the components of research methods in information order (IS), and compare between approximate approach and quantitative approach, in addition to justification for use of the record of what happened in information arrangement (IS). Research methodology in a research study is thought-out as an important detail, and therefore deciding the method of research methods is very important step. The qualitative approach design provides reasons to explore the phenomenon, belief building and catching everyday history through data group and analysis. Research methodology is valuable to establishing the makeup of research, such as policy, approach, research philosophy, and elements of the methodology. The main countenance that distinguish the exploratory study from other arrangements are the possibility of ruling the experimental variable or the cause to attain the hypothesis. The aim of research design is to specify a clear picture of the construction of the research as well as the designs used, in the way that data group, research questions, and data beginnings. The research design allows the researcher to outline all essential methods and forms for the research, such as project belief and research methodology.

Author(s) Details:

Mohamed Al Kilani,
Kharkov National University of Radio Electronics, Kharkov, Ukraine.

Volodymyr Kobziev,
Kharkov National University of Radio Electronics, Kharkov, Ukraine.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/COSTR-V9/article/view/8764

Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses of Phytochemicals | Chapter 1 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol.1

Plants are considered treasure house of bioactive compounds (phytochemicals) that can be used as a
drug for curing human diseases. According to WHO about 80% of the population in the developed
countries use traditional medicines for curing various ailments, which do not have any side effects.
The word phytochemicals is derived from the Greek word phyto-meaning plants are naturally
occurring chemical compounds that are biologically active. They protect the plant as well as human
when consumed in diet. These phytochemicals give the plant its characteristic aroma, color and
flavor. Till date, more than 40,000 phytochemicals have been catalogued and a detailed study of
about 150 of them have been carried out. These phytochemicals accumulate in the leaves, flowers,
fruits, seeds, stem, roots, barks etc., Phytochemicals are classified as primary and secondary
metabolites based on their role in the plant metabolism. Amino acids sugars, proteins, purines,
pyrimidines and chlorophyll are primary metabolites whereas alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic
compounds, saponins, terpenes, plant steroids andglycosides are secondary metabolites. These
secondary compounds have an array of biological properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant,
antitumor and many more pharmacological activities. Interest in phytochemicals are increasing as
they are safer for human consumption as well as the environment. This chapter deals with qualitative
and quantitative analysis of phytochemicals.

Author(s) Details

Dr. J. Anbumalarmathi
Department of Biotechnology, Stella Maris College (Autonomous), Chennai-600086, India.

Dr. S. Aruna Sharmili
Department of Biotechnology, Stella Maris College (Autonomous), Chennai-600086, India.

View Book:- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/227