Promoting Health and Preventing Developmental Challenges through Movement, Play, and Sports in Children and Adolescents | chapter 7 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 5

The conditions of life under which children and adolescents are growing today have changed a lot in recent decades. Children and teenagers have to face multifaceted mental and social burdens. The disappearance of free natural spaces for movement, and the growing use of media and technology, lead to a loss of spatial, social and direct physical-aesthetic experiences. Consequences for children and young people are often expressed as weaknesses in coordination and physical posture, obesity, perception and cognitive impairment, antisocial and aggressive behaviour, reduced physical strength, addiction problems, as well as mental and psychosomatic damage. The aim of this study is to explore the role of movement, play, and sports in promoting health and preventing developmental, psychological, and social challenges among children and adolescents, by identifying how structured physical activities can support their physical, mental, and emotional well-being in the face of modern societal pressures.  The method adopted for the study was a review of the bibliography. The study identifies the potential of movement, play and sport to prevent developmental disorders of children and adolescents due to drug use, physical illness, psychosomatic disorders, and psychosocial disorders. In conclusion, offers, in terms of movement, play and sports, should be organised in such a way that children and young people experience success. To achieve this, it is necessary for the teaching and learning method to be individualised and diversified, to offer simplifications and to present achievable and accessible goals.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Georgios F. Zarotis
University of the Aegean, Faculty of Human Sciences, Rhodes, Greece.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v5/6125

 

Pathogenic Factors of Tic Disorders in Children: Biological, Psychological and Social Factors | Chapter 2 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 4

Background: The incidence rate of tic disorders in children tends to rise, but the popularity of relevant prevention and treatment knowledge is low. Many parents and teachers are not familiar with the causes, influencing factors, and prognosis of this disease, and do not realize the seriousness of the disease or ignore its recurrence. This leads to repeated illness in many children, which exacerbates the difficulty of curing this disease.

Objective: The objective of the study is to investigate the main pathogenic factors of childhood tic disorder (CTD). On this basis, the research prospects are proposed.

Methods: The literature retrieval method was used to search Empirical papers published in English or Chinese in the past 10 years from PubMed, Google Scholar, CNKI and the Wanfang database.

Results: A total of 44 articles were included. The pathogenic factors of CTD include biological factors, psychological factors, and social factors, and the pathways of various factors are different.

Conclusion: The pathogenic factors of CTD are extremely complex, and there is no consensus on the role of many factors. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen large-sample, multi-center longitudinal and randomized controlled animal studies to explore the causes of CTD.

 

Author (s) Details

Hou Yongmei
Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Management, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, 523808, China.

 

Please see the book here:-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v4/3937

Effects of Long-term Antiepileptic Drugs (AED) on Serum Copper Level in Children with Epilepsy | Chapter 1 | Pharmaceutical Research - Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 3

Background: Epilepsy is a central nervous system disorder in which brain activity becomes irregular, causing seizures or periods of unusual behavior, sensations, and sometimes loss of awareness. Serum copper level may change due to long-term use of antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases with a prevalence rate varying from 2.8 to 19.5 per 1000 general population and it prevails more especially among school children.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to assess the serum copper level in childhood epilepsy treated with long-term Anti-Epileptic drugs (AED).

Methodology: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) from March to August 2013. The sample size was one hundred, among these fifty were case (epileptic children who had received anti-epileptic drugs (Carbamazepine and/or Valproic acid) for more than three months) and the rest fifty were control (newly diagnosed epileptic children, who had yet not received antiepileptic drug). Serum copper (Cu) was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. After collecting all the data, analysis has been done by using SPSS and the results are displayed in tables and diagrams.

Results: The mean copper level was 1.11±0.32 µg/ml in case group and 0.96±0.20 µg/ml in the control group, which was statistically significant (p<0.05). In this study, epileptic group had a 34% family history of epilepsy, while in control group it was 16% and that was statistically significant (p<0.05).

This study also indicated that 78% generalized tonic clonic seizures were in the epileptic group and 70% were in the control group. Serum levels of copper in patients with epilepsy on treatment (particularly with sodium valproate and carbamazepine) were high.

Conclusion: The use of one drug or multiple drugs in the treatment of epileptic patients may play a significant role in increasing copper serum levels.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Md. Ranzu Ahmed
Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

 

Israt Jahan
Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

 

Shamim-Ara-Sarkar
Consultant in Dermatology and Venereology, Praava Health, Banani, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

 

Habibur Rahman
Institute of Health Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

 

Mohammad Jahangir Alam Sarker
BIHS General Hospital, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

 

Faridul Alam
angladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v3/60

Co-Existence between Community and Wild Animals among Urban and Suburban Residents in Malaysia | Chapter 7 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 3

 

Introduction: The presence of habitats of wild animals and plants in urban areas improves the quality of life for urban dwellers. An increase in interactions between people and wild animals could lead to an increase in human-wildlife conflicts. A decline in direct experience with nature can lead to disaffection of natural environments, and wildlife, and public indifference towards biodiversity conservation. This study measured affective attitudes towards wildlife (i.e., preferences for and willingness to coexist with 22 animal species) and examined the relationships between these attitudes and childhood experiences with nature.

Methods: A face-to-face interview was carried out in rapidly urbanizing Malaysia for both urban and suburban 357 adults (age > 20 years old). The questionnaire survey was conducted in three urban towns and three suburban districts.

Results: There was a marked variation in Preference and Coexistence scores among the 22 animal species. The animals with the highest Preference scores were insects (e.g., butterfly, dragonfly, firefly, cicada, beetle, and cricket) and squirrels. This study result showed that Malaysian people liked several insects and squirrels, but disliked mammals generally. Mediation analysis, with controlling sociodemographic factors (gender, age and ethnicity), showed that childhood nature experience was positively associated with a preference for wild animals (standardized path coefficient = 0.18; p < 0.001), and the preference had a strong correlation with willingness to coexistence (standardized path coefficient = 0.61; p < 0.001) with the animals. Childhood nature experience, however, had limited effects on willingness to coexist with the animals via preference, particularly for unfavourable animals. These results suggest that preference and willingness scores, even though they were significantly correlated, were different sides of affective attitudes toward animals.

Conclusions: Therefore, to promote biodiversity conservation programs, we need strategies to increase the acceptance of wild animals via relevant environmental education and public communication, as well as opportunities for nature activities for children.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Huda Farhana Mohamad Muslim
Social Forestry, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia.

 

Hosaka Tetsuro
Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8529, Japan.

Numata Shinya
Department of Tourism Science, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.

 

Please See the book here :-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v3/6302C

Introduction of Teachers Perspective on Instructional Strategies: Implemented at Early Childhood Years | Chapter 7 | Progress in Language, Literature and Education Research Vol. 8

The study demonstrated the potentials that exist for the use of instructional strategies to complement the teachers" attempt to create constructive learning environments in early childhood settings. Instructional strategies contribute to effective teaching and learning in early childhood classrooms, which in turn, impacts children’s development in diverse ways. Even though previous research points to the significance of early childhood teachers’ practices that take into consideration the nature of children and how they learn, there is limited research regarding how instructional strategies impact children’s development in diverse ways. A multi-case-qualitative study approach was used in this study because there is a need to establish the differences regarding teachers" practices in Tata School and Kariba School sited in different socio-economic settings. One research question guided the study, namely, which instructional strategies do teachers use in a kindergarten classroom? Data used were semi-structured individual interviews pair-based interviews and field notes of classroom observations. Both within and across case interpretative analysis, as was used. The findings of this study revealed these teachers believed that instructional strategies impacted children’s development in different ways; they pointed to play-based instruction and integration as well as specific strategies such as picture-walk and think-pair-share that they believed to promote effective teaching and learning in kindergarten classrooms which in turn, enhanced and promoted children’s multiple intelligences in terms of socio-emotional, physical, cognitive and language development. The study established that insights of pre-service early childhood teachers into the appropriate use of both specific and generic instructional strategies regarding when and how to use each of them within the teaching and learning context have the potential to unearth children’s potential by situated the selection of instructional strategies within the context of the uniqueness that individual children bring to the teaching and learning context concerning interests, needs and potential.

Author(s) Details:

Mumuni Thompson,
University of Cape Coast, Ghana.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PLLER-V8/article/view/14273

The Cognitive and Psychological Behaviors of Teens Having Life with Type-1 Diabetes: A Review and Analysis | Chapter 34 | Socio-Scientific Interaction in Diabetes and Cancer and Its Management

Experts believe that juvenile onset diabetes [type 1 diabetes] poses the greatest danger to small children. This is because the body of small children is not fully developed and their immunity is also developing. In such a situation, type 1 diabetes has a deep impact on their body's development and immunity. This is the reason that due to the effects of type 1 diabetes since childhood, they become prone to diseases like high blood pressure, heart attack and stroke. The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights has clearly stated to all the states that children should get such an environment in school, where they do not feel isolated and the process should be inclusive. This thing has not reached the ground yet. The present review paper highlights the cognitive and psychological behaviors of teens having life with Juvenile onset diabetes.

Author(s) Details:

Sushma Chaudhary,
Department of English, B.M. College Rahika, Madhubani, Bihar, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/SSIDCIM/article/view/12752 

The Consequences of Childhood Neglect-Induced Violence | Chapter 2 | Recent Research Advances in Arts and Social Studies Vol. 1

 The purpose concerning this research is to analyze the ingredients that prevent supernatural development exerted by intensity, neglect and affective omission by parents, presented in a case in the form of a dispassionate vignette.  There are inconspicuous levels of violence present in the family building that profoundly influence a child's psyche, in the way that abuse brought on by unconcern, a persistent pattern of silent management that ends up annulling the infant's subjectivity and leaving the caregiver entirely helpless, futile, and without resources to find ways to allow  the infant to express their affections. Difficulties are noticed in the child's connection accompanying others and insert into their social context. Negligence is not the tangible absence of the person the one provides maternal care, but rather an emotional dearth, a form of violence at which point the newborn is deprived of care, support, care, and attention. They are sensitive and lack psychological resources. It is somewhat normal at this time for parents to not have time to help their children's fundamental needs; they have additional priorities, therefore carelessness is not a sort of intensity that is easily discovered. In clinical practice, it has happened noticed that children at this time struggle to be approved as persons, as subjects accompanying sufferings, desires, dreams, and wishes.

Author(s) Details:

Patricia Prieto Silva,
Psychology Unit, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RRAASS-V1/article/view/12350

Defining "Girls" and "Girl Children" in Social and Legal Terms | Chapter 9 | Research Aspects in Arts and Social Studies Vol. 8

 The purpose concerning this chapter search out investigate whether a more apparent lexical and abstract distinction between the miscellaneous stages of development, from beginning to adulthood, is needed to better make and protect the needs of the young female society affected by armed con?ict. Should daughters and girl infants fall into the same age classification? Can the generic large category of children, determined by international society starting with the Convention on the Rights of the Child, be considered enough to satisfy the needs of public and legal protection of the various phases of growth towards adulthood? These questions can raise serious sociological and legal complications. As a result, outside a clear definition in place, more the category of she children risks being confused with the classification of girls, and power not be noticed for its particular characteristics and needs.  This study proposes a reflection on the use of a more exact definition and idea of the terms girls and schoolgirl children, as two obvious age stages with distinct material and psychological incident, based on intersectional feminist theory.

Author(s) Details:

Laura Guercio,
University of Perugia, Via Fratelli Rosselli 2, 00195 Rome, Italy.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAASS-V8/article/view/9925

A Mini-review on Childhood Gynecomastia | Chapter 10 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 7

 

 Gynecomastia was accounted for to cause an unevenness among estrogen and androgen activity or an expanded estrogen to androgen proportion, because of expanded estrogen creation, diminished androgen creation or both. Broadening of the male bosom tissue, known as gynecomastia, is a regular finding in young men during youth. Albeit most of cases are harmless and self-restricting, they could be a sign of a foundational illness or even medication incited. Once in a blue moon, it might address male bosom disease. Understanding its pathogenesis is urgent to recognize a typical formative variation from obsessive cases. All in all, this audit will feature the pathophysiology, etiology, conclusion and different clinical and careful treatments.

Author(s) Details:

Nasir A. M. Al Jurayyan,
Endocrine Division, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V7/article/view/7841

Thyroid and Growth Hormones Interdependence and Their Synergistic Effect on Growth and Development at Childhood | Chapter 16 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 10

 The goal of this study is to see how variations in thyroid and growth hormone plasma levels affect physical growth indices, as well as how these hormones change with age in children aged 6 to 10.

Design of the Study: The research is a prospective study that aims to find out how differences in growth and thyroid hormones affect children's physical growth and development.

Methodology: The study's 180 subjects (males 81 and females 99) had their anthropometric uniqueness described and their BMI calculated. The youngsters were divided into age groups of 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 years. Thyroid and growth hormones were measured using a STAT FAX 303 microtitre plate reader and an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) unique for each hormone. The statistical package SPSS version 23.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis, data management, and statistical analyses. Student's t-test was used to determine group differences, ANOVA was used to find group variations, and Pearson's correlation was used to determine the link between parameters. The association between hormone concentrations and the ages of the children was charted using Excel. The tests' significance level was set at 0.05. The results will be presented as Mean Standard Deviation (SD).

Results: Nineteen percent (n=34) had GH values of less than 0.6 ng/ml, 64 percent (n=115) had values ranging from 0.6 to 10.0 ng/ml, and 17 percent (n=31) had values greater than 10.0 ng/ml. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) values ranged from 0.35-8.44 Iu/ml in 92% of the children (n=166); 6.1 percent (n=11) had values >8.44 Iu/ml, which are above normal, and 1.7 percent (n=3) had values 0.35 Iu/ml, which are below normal. Triiodothyronine tends to increase from birth, peaking within the first year of postnatal life, and then gradually reducing to adult levels, whereas GH appears to increase from birth, peaking around the age of nine, and then gradually declining to adult levels. Children with an apparent GH shortage had significantly greater T3 and T4 levels and reduced TSH, while those with high GH levels had low T3 and T4 levels and a high TSH. TSH and growth hormones had negative correlation coefficients in individuals with high and low GH (r=-0.05 and r=-0.130), respectively, whereas TSH and GH had a positive connection coefficient (r=0.093) in those with normal GH. Physical growth indicators, however, were preserved across the board.

Conclusion: The study found that growth failure can be caused by the failure of both hormones, and that it is unlikely to occur throughout childhood when there is an unbroken synergy between thyroid and growth hormones.

Author(S) Details

Raymond Ekong Eworo
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V10/article/view/4638

Determination of Clinical Profile of Childhood Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis | Chapter 18 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 8

 Background: Tuberculosis is the world's second most common cause of infectious disease death, trailing only AIDS. The prevalence of all kinds of tuberculosis among children in India is unknown; most surveys have concentrated on pulmonary tuberculosis. The goal of this study was to look at the clinical profile of different forms of childhood EPTB. The goal of this study was to look at the clinico-epidemiological profile of different types of childhood EPTB.

The goal of this study was to look at how different forms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis affect children as they become older, as well as to look at the demographic profile and diverse clinical presentations of paediatric extrapulmonary tuberculosis.

Methods: A retrospective review of the clinical profiles of 100 children with EPTB aged 6 months to 12 years.

Results: 62 percent of the cases in our study were aged 0-5 years, 38 percent were aged 5-12 years (P = 0.041), with a male to female ratio of 1.9:1. 96 percent (P = 0.016) of the patients were from a lower socioeconomic level (P = 0.01). TBME (46%) was the most common kind of EPTB, followed by disseminated TB (21%), pleural effusion (12%), abdominal TB (10%), TB lymphadenitis (7%), and osteoarticular TB (2%). (4 percent ). Mild to moderate malnutrition (PEM Grades I, II) affected 28% of the patients, while severe malnutrition affected 46% (PEM Grades III, IV). BCG vaccination was given to 66% of the patients, and there was a history of Koch's contact in 28% of the cases. In 97 percent of CNS tuberculosis patients, fever was present, followed by altered sensorium and convulsion in 80%, tonic posture in 60%, and aberrant movements in 4%. Tonic posturing was the most common indication in 60% of cases, followed by the crack pot sign in 41%. Fever (100%), anorexia (90%), weight loss (80%), abdominal discomfort (50%) and hepatomegaly were all common symptoms in 100 percent of cases of abdominal TB.

Conclusion: EPTB among children over the age of one year, children from lower socioeconomic strata, and children who are extremely malnourished are the most common. Fever, altered sensorium, convulsions, and aberrant movements characterise CNS TB, whereas fever, anorexia, weight loss, and stomach pain characterise abdominal tuberculosis.

Author(S) Details

Dhara K. Gosai
Department of Pediatrics, B. J. Medical College and Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.

Jigar B. Gosai
Department of Emergency Medicine, B. J. Medical College and Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.

Omprakash S. Shukla
Department of Pediatrics, Baroda Medical College and S. S. G. Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V8/article/view/4577

Expanded Form - Concept of Child Care in Ayurveda | Chapter 8 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 9

 Adulthood is determined by one's childhood. After maturing in the mother's womb, a foetus is born as a newborn infant and grows into a man. Childhood is a time in life when anatomical and physiological development are yet incomplete. The children's resistance is also lacking. Even they are unable to distinguish between useful and dangerous objects. They also want to play with the deadly snake. To summarise, a child is prone to disease, injury, and other forms of harm due to inadequate resistance, inability to distinguish between good and harmful substances, and other factors. Healthy children will lead to a healthy society, according to the nation. As a result, children have received special attention in the past, with a focus on disease, injury, and other hazards. Interestingly, the ancient Ayurvedic classics, like the present time, have detailed discussions on topics such as healthy conception, pregnancy, delivery, and child care.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Dilip Kumar Goswami
Department of Agada Tantra and Vidhi Ayurveda, Govt. Ayurvedic College, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V9/article/view/2521