Serum Selenium Levels in Prostate Cancer and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Comparative Study in Nigerian Patients | Chapter 12 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 11

 

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer among men and also a significant cause of mortality. Over one million new cases were diagnosed in 2020, and over 300,000 deaths from prostate cancer were recorded in the same year. Selenium, a trace metal, has been investigated for its potential role in prostate cancer through mechanisms such as angiogenesis inhibition, modulation of cell death, and androgen receptor signalling. This study compares the serum Selenium (Se) levels of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer versus those diagnosed with Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH).

 

The study was carried out in the University of Port Harcourt teaching Hospital (UPTH) and Gbeye hospital. A total of 81 patients who gave their consent, and had lower urinary tract symptoms were recruited over a 6 months period. 40 patients had Benign prostate enlargement, while 41 patients had prostate cancer. Blood samples were collected and analysed for Se using an Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Patient biodata, prostate-specific antigen, and serum selenium levels were collected and analysed using SPSS version 20.

 

The mean age of respondents in this study was 60(9) and 62(9) for BPH and PCa respectively. The mean BMI was 25.81 (2.04). The mean PSA of the BPH and PCa groups were 2(1) and 18(5) respectively P <0.001. The serum selenium level for those with BPH was 0.17 (0.07), while that for those with PCa was 0.14 (0.07) with a p-value of 0.073.

 

This study found that serum Se was lower in patients with PCa compared with controls (BPH) but this difference was not statistically significant. The role of Se in prostate diseases and, indeed, prostate cancer still requires further research. This is particularly important in West Africa, where the burden of prostate cancer is high.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Okigbeye Danagogo
Department of Surgery, Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

 

Egbuchilem Chisor-Wabali
Department of Surgery, Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v11/6317

Role of Free Prostate-Specific Antigen (f-PSA) in Modulating Gene Expression Involved in Prostate Tumor Growth | Chapter 14 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 13

Worldwide, prostate cancer (PCa) represents the second most common solid tumor in men. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a serine protease that is widely used as a surrogate marker in the early diagnosis and management of prostate cancer. The present study examined the effect of enzymatically active f-PSA in modulating gene expression in prostate cancer cell lines using gene array analysis and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR). The physiological relevance of tissue PSA levels and their role in prostate tumor growth and metastasis are not known. Free-PSA (f-PSA) was purified to homogeneity from human seminal plasma by column chromatography, eliminating hk2 and all known PSA complexes and retaining its protease activity. The final quantitation of PSA was based on double-determined enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using polyclonal and monoclonal anti-PSA antibodies. The f-PSA was characterized for purity by SDS-PAGE/Western blot analysis using anti-PSA and anti-PSA complex monoclonal antibodies, and by 2-D gel electrophoresis with silver and antibody staining. Confluent monolayers of prostate cancer cell lines, PC-3M and LNCaP, were treated with f-PSA in a series of In vitro experiments to determine the changes in the expression of various genes that are known to regulate tumor growth and metastasis. Male athymic BALB/c nude mice, 5 weeks old, were used in the study. Gene array, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results show significant changes in the expression of various cancer-related genes in PC-3M and LNCaP cells treated with f-PSA. In a gene array analysis of PC-3M cells treated with 10 muM f-PSA, 136 genes were upregulated and 137 genes were downregulated. In LNCaP cells treated with an identical concentration of f-PSA, a total of 793 genes was regulated. QPCR analysis reveals that the genes for urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), VEGF, and Pim-1 oncogene, known to promote tumor growth, were significantly downregulated, whereas IFN-gamma, known to be a tumor-suppressor gene, was significantly upregulated in f-PSA-treated PC-3M cells. The effect of f-PSA on VEGF and IFN-gamma gene expression and on protein release in PC-3M cells was distinctly dose-dependent. In vivo studies showed a significant reduction (P = .03) in tumor load when f-PSA was administered in the tumor vicinity of PC-3M tumor-bearing BALB/c nude mice. Our data support the hypothesis that f-PSA plays a significant role in prostate tumor growth by regulating various proangiogenic and antiangiogenic growth factors. This is the first observation to document that treatment of prostate cancer cells with f-PSA significantly modulates the expression of various growth factors involved in tumor growth. Such a change may be responsible for the suppression of the growth of prostate tumor xenograft in nude mice as observed. In view of the current findings that PSA may have tumor-protective activities in vivo, it is interesting to speculate that increased expression of PSA may also be an adaptive host antitumor response. Further research in this area is warranted.

 

Author (s) Details

 

B. Bindukumar
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.

 

Stanley A. Schwartz
Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo General Hospital, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.

 

Madhavan P. N. Nair
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.

 

Ravikumar Aalinkeel
Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo General Hospital, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.

 

Elzbieta Kawinski
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.

 

Kailash C. Chadha
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v13/4873

Clinical Strategies for the Chemoprevention of Localized Prostate Cancer | Chapter 2 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 1

Prostate cancer is a complex, heterogeneous disease that demands concurrent inhibition of multiple hallmark-associated pathways. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in the United States and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer is still a fatal disease. On the other hand, between 2016 and 2020, about 70% of Prostate cancer cases were diagnosed at a localized stage. Evolving data demonstrate that men with low-grade cancers treated with definitive therapies may now be exposed to morbidities of overtreatment and poor quality of life, with little or no benefit in terms of cancer-specific mortality. Active surveillance is thus the recommended management strategy for men with low-grade disease. Although this subgroup of men has reported anxiety during the AS period, they account to be highly motivated to make positive lifestyle changes to further reduce their risk of prostate cancer progression, underscoring the urgent need to identify novel strategies for preventing progression of localized prostate cancer to metastatic disease through pharmacologic means, an approach termed chemoprevention. Over the past decade, there have been several attempts to identify and evaluate agents and approaches for Prostate cancer chemoprevention targeting healthy men or men at relatively higher risk for Prostate cancer (HGPIN) or early phase trials of short duration in Prostate cancer patients with localized disease during the 4-6 week pre-surgical window (Biopsy to prostatectomy). Several promising agents such as soy isoflavones, lycopene, Selenium, Vitamin E, resveratrol, green tea catechins, and other nutritional approaches have been examined over the past 2 decades. However, currently, there are several limitations in the research approach used to systematically examine these agents and approaches for chemoprevention. Consequently, there are no concrete recommendations that can be provided to men who are on active surveillance to reduce the risk of progression from early to advanced stage of prostate cancer. The goal of this review is to summarize the current agents and approaches evaluated, targeting men on active surveillance, recognize the gaps, and identify a contemporary and comprehensive path forward. Results of these studies may inform the development of well-powered phase III clinical trials and ultimately provide a strategy for clinical chemoprevention in men on active surveillance, for whom, currently, there are no options for reducing the risk of progression to metastatic disease. Early phase trials must include objective markers of compliance with to study agent throughout the trial, in addition to pill counts and self-reported daily study-agent intake logs.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Nimat Alam
Department of Family and Community Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, USA.

 

Linda Esteban
Department of Family and Community Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, USA.

 

Enrique Tobias
Department of Family and Community Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, USA.

 

Jenet George
Department of Family and Community Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v1/4818

Metabolic Reprogramming in Prostate Cancer: Impact of TP53 Gain-of-Function Mutations on Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Vulnerabilities | Chapter 12 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 13

Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common malignancies affecting men worldwide, and androgen hormone deprivation therapy (ADT) serves as an effective first-line treatment, inducing favorable responses in advanced PC patients. Despite advancements in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer, including metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), the disease remains lethal, often developing resistance to conventional therapies such as androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and chemotherapy. Therapy resistance poses a significant challenge, particularly in aggressive forms of prostate cancer. Data on TP53 mutations, especially gain-of-function (GOF) mutations, and their specific impact on prostate cancer metabolism remain limited, underscoring the need for a deeper understanding to uncover new therapeutic avenues. This study aimed to explore the metabolic consequences of TP53 GOF mutations (R175H and R273H) in prostate cancer progression using metabolomics analysis. Approximately 300 metabolites were significantly altered across PC3-GFP (KO), PC3-TP53WT (WT), and PC3-TP53 mutant (R175H & R273H) models. Key findings revealed dysregulation of essential metabolites, such as α-ketoglutarate and spermidine, which support cancer cell survival and progression. These insights not only enhance the understanding of the interplay between TP53 mutations and metabolic alterations but also identify potential biomarkers for prognosis and therapeutic targeting in therapy-resistant prostate cancer. In the TP53-R175H mutant, numerous essential metabolites were dysregulated (downregulated: glutamine, GAP/DHAP, and α-ketoglutarate; Upregulated: deoxyuridine, spermidine, and pseudouridine) when compared with the control (KO), thereby causing metabolic shifts that favor cancer cell survival. Conversely, metabolites such as GlaNAC/GlcNAC, adenosine, acetoacetic acid, acetylcholine, octopamine, itaconic acid, lactic acid, and NADP+ are all downregulated in the R273H mutant. While spermine, spermidine, N-acetyl-DL-serine, pseudouridine, deoxyguanosine, sucrose, and AMP/dGMP are upregulated by the R273H mutant but downregulated in GFP (KO). These findings showed that TP53 GOF mutations (R175H & R273H) cause metabolic alterations in numerous metabolites essential for tumor survival and progression. Furthermore, it may provide therapeutic benefits by identifying appropriate biomarkers that could be used as diagnostic and/or prognostic tools for prostate cancer. Future studies should focus on elucidating the distinct metabolic roles of each TP53 mutant, employing advanced techniques such as isotope tracing to track metabolic fluxes in real time. Additionally, therapeutic strategies targeting polyamine metabolism, redox imbalance, and TCA cycle disruptions could provide novel avenues for treatment, particularly for therapy-resistant prostate cancers.

 

Author (s) Details

Farida Jazuli Usman
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria.

 

Dikshat Gopal Gupta
Department of Urology and Pathology, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA and Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

 

Sarki A Abdulkadir
Department of Urology and Pathology, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA and Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

 

Ibrahim Muhammad Usman
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria.

 

Adamu Jibrin Alhassan
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria.

 

Young A Yoo
Department of Urology and Pathology, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA and The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

 

Haris Jaafar Bello
Department of Biochemistry, Aliko Dangote University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Kano, Nigeria.

 

Binta G. Kurfi
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria.

 

Kamaluddeen Babagana
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v13/4559

Genetic Variants as a Prostate Cancer Risk | Chapter 11 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 2

 Prostate cancer is one of the most frequent and potentially fatal cancers in males globally. Prostate cancer is a multifactorial disease caused by the interaction of one or more factors. In prostate cancer, several genetic alterations are involved. Due to their high complexity, these genetic modifications must be taken into consideration. These alterations not only account for a large portion of cancer deaths but also have a major impact on the effectiveness of medication. A significant challenge with advanced disease is that many hypothesized underlying pathways remain unknown or inadequately understood due to insufficient evidence. This chapter presents the available data on related pathways (DNA damage repair, androgen receptor and tumor suppression), examining each genetic anomaly (somatic copy number alterations, structural rearrangements, point mutations, SNPs, miRNA) and other related factors (P13K pathway, epigenetics, apoptosis inhibition, oxidative damage) that could be connected to the carcinogenesis of prostate cancer.

Author(s) Details:

Pradhumn,
Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana-124001, India.

Preeti Chauhan,
Department of Biotechnology, CCT, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, Chandigarh-140307, India.

Shalu Ranga,
Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana-124001, India.

Ritu Yadav,
Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana-124001, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V2/article/view/13806

Biomarkers of Prostate Cancer – Screening, Diagnosis and Prognosis | Chapter 13 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 6

Nowadays, cancer has a major impact on society worldwide. In the India, number is increasing every year with lung, breast, colorectal/rectum, prostate, and stomach cancers having the highest number of incidences on a global scale. Prostate cancer has been observed to account for more than half of the total number of these cancer cases. Prostate cancer incidence increases steeply with age. Overall, cancer and the care of those who are diagnosed with cancer is a national expenditure costing high. The risk factors for prostate cancer include age, family history, ethnicity, diet, alcohol and smoking, high body weight and physical inactivity, medications, medical procedures, infections, endogenous hormones, and diabetes mellitus. Therefore, putting these together will provide a biological indicator of initiation, progression or spread or response to drug therapy regarding prostate cancer called prostate cancer biomarker. These biomarkers are important due to the ease of use as their levels can be elevated or depressed in response to cancer. In this chapter, we will discuss the biomarker that is helpful in screening, diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer.

Author(s) Details:

Jaswant Kaur,
Department of Biochemistry, Dr. S.S. Tantia Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India.

Mohit Sharma,
7th Battalion Punjab Armed Police, Jalandhar Cantonment, Punjab, India.

Seema,
Department of Physiology, Dr. S.S. Tantia Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India.

Rajinder Singh Ahi,
Department of Biochemistry, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital, Faridkot (Punjab), India.

Mridula Mittal,
Department of Physiology, Adesh Medical College, Bathinda, Punjab, India.

Tejinder Singh,
Department of Biochemistry, GMC, Amritsar, Punjab, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V6/article/view/13364

Prostate Cancer: Current Status of Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment | Chapter 4 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 10

Prostate malignancy is the 2nd most commonly occurring malignancy in males providing major in the incidence and death of males due to tumor. Despite the progresses in the diagnosis as well as situation of prostate cancer, 1.4 heap new cases and more than 375,000 deaths from this virulence were reported in 2020 all over the sphere. Incidence of prostate malignancy are 3-times more in developed nations as compared to the developing countries. Currently, the landscape of up-to-the-minute diagnosis and treatment of prostate tumor is changing with the progress in up-to-date science and science. For the diagnosis of solid tumors, computerized axial tomography scanner (CT), Scintigram and bone scans are being trained conventionally for clinical uses. Even though chemotherapy has always happened the essential modality in guaranteeing prolonged survival of the subjects but precision medicine containing the use of prostate specific sheath antigen (PSMA) and PARP inhibitors based radionucleotides will offer new moment for treating advanced and metastatic prostate tumor. Overall, there are important improvements in the area of prostate tumor research that is course in continuous evolution of novel powers and treatment modalities. In this place, approaches like PSMA-PET theranostics can help in providing a potential modality for two together diagnosis and therapy also.

Author(s) Details:

Anil,
Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana-124001, India.

Preeti Chauhan,
Department of Biotechnology, CCT, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Mohali, Chandigarh-140307, India.

Shalu Ranga,
Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana-124001, India.

Ritu Yadav,
Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana-124001, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V10/article/view/12818

In vitro Capability of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone on Killing Cancer Cells | Chapter 14 | Diagnostic and Treatment Advances in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2

Oxidized and polished multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were dispersed in aqueous solution, providing a highly stable suspension of purified, shortened, and functionalized carboxylic acid nanotubes. A gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH), which was overexpressed in the plasma membrane of several types of cancer cells, was covalently anchored onto the surface of the oxidized MWCNTs via an amide linkage. The MWCNTs modified with GnRH (MWCNTs–GnRH) were characterized by UV–vis and emission spectra, and elemental analysis. Red-shift in the optical spectra consisting of the UV–vis absorption and emission spectra with the attraction of GnRH on the surface of the MWCNTs was observed due to the attraction of GnRH on the surface of the MWCNTs via 𝝿 stacking, however, there was no property for a direct mixture of MWCNTs and GnRH, supporting the successful modification. Elemental analysis revealed that the sidewall coverage of MWCNTs by the GnRH was about 0.7% of the available surface area. The non toxic GnRH and MWCNTs can separately enter the DU 145 cells. In contrast, GnRH–MWCNTs entered the cells and showed toxicity in the malignant cells. These results showed that the newly formed toxic material had potential ability to kill the malignant cells with just a simple covalent bonding of the two.

Author(s) Details:

Bo-Zhang Yu,
Nanobiology Centre, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P.R. China.

Jian-She Yang,
Nanobiology Centre, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P.R. China.

Wen-Xin Li,
Nanobiology Centre, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P.R. China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/DTACSC/article/view/9566

The Role of the Microbiome and Green Tea Catechins in Prostate Cancer: Contemporary Issues in Research | Chapter 7 | Research Developments in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

 Clinical research focus men with local prostate cancers is a challenging endeavor. The guidelines and flags for management - active following versus definitive medicine although well established in current years, patients touch grapple with the decision to persist active surveillance. Accumulating evidence supports green beverage catechins (GTCs) in chemoprevention for prostate cancer (PCa), a leading cause of malignancy morbidity and mortality between men. GTCs include (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, that has been shown to adjust molecular pathways involved in prostate carcinogenesis. Previous research on GTCs submitted that they are bioavailable, safe, and effective at modulating dispassionate and biological markers guide prostate cancer. GTCs may be exceptionally beneficial to those with inferior PCas, which are typically trained with careful listening through active surveillance (AS).  The gut microbiome enzymatically revolutionizes GTC structure when administered verbally, altering its bioavailability, bioactivity, and toxicity. In addition to xenobiotic absorption, the gut microbiome has multiple other corporeal effects potentially complicated in PCa progression, including organizing inflammation, hormones, and other popular/unknown pathways. Therefore, the contemporary approach from now on clinical trials search out  consider not only the independent role of chemopreventive powers such as GTCs, but in addition, contain the synergestic  role of the gut microbiome in the context of PCa chemoprevention, as they can relate to individual responses to GTCs, that, in turn, can enhance dispassionate decision-making.

Author(s) Details:

Nagi B. Kumar,
Cancer Epidemiology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA and Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.

Stephanie Hogue,
Cancer Epidemiology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.

Julio Pow-Sang,
Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.

Michael Poch,
Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.

Brandon J. Manley,
Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.

Roger Li,
Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.

Jasreman Dhillon,
Anatomic Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.

Alice Yu,
Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.

Doratha A. Byrd,
Cancer Epidemiology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA and  Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMS-V8/article/view/10206

Changes in HER-2 and Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Expression in Bone Marrow Micrometastasis and Stromal Cells in Men with Prostate Cancer as a Result of Androgen Blockade| Chapter 9 | Perspective of Recent Advances in Medical Research Vol. 1

 We interpret an immunocytochemical analysis of the impact of androgen inhibition on HER-2 and cast metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression in cartilage marrow micrometastases and the surrounding stromal containers in prostate cancer patients. Men accompanying prostate cancer who endured bone essence biopsy procedures had touch prepare taken during androgen abolition, before and after radical prostatectomy.Patients were defined as HER-2 helpful or negative, MMP-2 negative or an MMP-2 pattern described as border or main and stromal MMP-2 defined as positive or negative. The verbalization of the biomarkers was compared before and after beginning treatment, as well as all the while androgen blockade, concerning serum PSA at the time of sample and time of androgen blockade.There were 191 males contained, 35 before surgery and 43 after; skilled were no appreciable alternatives in HER-2 expression between groups, and neither MMP-2 main nor stromal expression was present. MMP-2 expression in two together micrometastasis and stroma was found to be really related to HER-2 verbalization. MMP-2 expression at the micrometastasis barrier was not connected with HER-2 expression and happen in the absence of androgen blockade.Androgen need lowers serum PSA by destroying HER-2 negative prostate cancer cells. Early pick of HER-2 positive cancer containers, on the other hand, leads to androgen independence and embellished expression of MMP-2 venture in the micrometastasis. Increased MMP-2 activity in micrometastasis boosts MMP-2 expression in encircling stromal cells, which concede possibility promote angiogenesis and tumour growth, developing in macrometastatic androgen independent disease.

Author(s) Details:

N. P. Murray,
Hospital de Carabineros of Chile, Simon Bolivar 2200 Nunoa, 7770199 Santiago, Chile and Circulating Tumor Cell Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University Finis Terrae Santiago, Chile.

E. Reyes,
Hospital de Carabineros of Chile, Simon Bolivar 2200 Nunoa, 7770199 Santiago, Chile and Universidad Diego Portales, Manuel Rodriguez Sur 415, 8370179 Santiago, Chile.

L. Badinez,
Foundation of Arturo Lopez Perez, Rancagua 878, Providencia, 7500921 Santiago, Chile.

N. Orellana,
Hospital de Carabineros of Chile, Simon Bolivar 2200 Nunoa, 7770199 Santiago, Chile.

C. Fuentealba,
Hospital de Carabineros of Chile, Simon Bolivar 2200 Nunoa, 7770199 Santiago, Chile.

R. Olivares,
Hospital de Carabineros of Chile, Simon Bolivar 2200 Nunoa, 7770199 Santiago, Chile.

J. Porcell,
Hospital de Carabineros of Chile, Simon Bolivar 2200 Nunoa, 7770199 Santiago, Chile.

R. Duenas,
Hospital de Carabineros of Chile, Simon Bolivar 2200 Nunoa, 7770199 Santiago, Chile.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PRAMR-V1/article/view/9004

Secondary Circulating Prostate Cell Positive Minimal Residual Disease Predict Biochemical Failure in Prostate Cancer Patients after Radical Prostatectomy| Chapter 3 | Perspective of Recent Advances in Medical Research Vol. 1

 The ghost of circulating prostate cells (CPCs), individual subtype of minimal residual affliction, may be useful to call patients at risk for biochemical collapse (BF). The frequency of CPCs discovered following radical prostatectomy (RP), their connection with clinicopathological characteristics, and their equivalence with biochemical disappointment are all discussed.Following RP, serial ancestry samples were collected, mononuclear cells were unique using differential coagulate centrifugation, and CPCs were detected using antagonistic-PSA monoclonal antibodies in accordance with standard immunocytochemistry. The unadjusted biochemical failure free continuation of patients with and outside CPCs was compared using Kaplan Meier methods. In the study, which included 114 brothers, secondary CPCs were found often in patients with helpful margins, extracapsular extension, and vascular and languid infiltration. These judgments also showed a smaller time to BF and an association middle from two points biochemical failure independent of these clinicopathological variables. Secondary CPCs are an free risk factor for higher BF in brothers with a PSA <0.2 ng/mL following radical prostatectomy, but they do not distinguish between local and fundamental disease recurrence.

Author(s) Details:

Nigel P. Murray,
Division of Medicine, Hospital de Carabineros de Chile, Simon Bolivar 2200, Nunoa, 7770199, Santiago, Chile and Faculty of Medicine, Universiyt Finis Terrae, Providencia, Santiago, Chile.

Eduardo Reyes,
Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, Manuel Rodriguez Sur 415, 8370179, Santiago, Chile and Urology Division, Hospital de Carabineros de Chile, Simon Bolivar 2200, Nunoa, 7770199, Santiago, Chile.

Nelson Orellana,
Urology Division, Hospital de Carabineros de Chile, Simon Bolivar 2200, Nunoa, 7770199, Santiago, Chile.

Cynthia Fuentealba,
Carabineros de Chile, Simon Bolivar 2200, Nunoa, 7770199, Santiago, Chile.

Leonardo Badinez,
Foundation Arturo Lopez Perez, Rancagua 899, Providencia, 7500921, Santiago, Chile.

Ruben Olivares,
Urology Division, Hospital de Carabineros de Chile, Simon Bolivar 2200, Nunoa, 7770199, Santiago, Chile.

Jose Porcell,
Division of Medicine, Hospital de Carabineros de Chile, Simon Bolivar 2200, Nunoa, 7770199 Santiago, Chile.

Ricardo Duenas,
Urology Division, Hospital de Carabineros de Chile, Simon Bolivar 2200, Nunoa, 7770199, Santiago, Chile.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PRAMR-V1/article/view/8998

Performance of Primary Circulating Prostate Cells to Detect Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer| Chapter 14 | Current Innovations in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 9

 The aim of the study search out determine the acting of primary circulating prostate container (CPC) detection and allure comparison with recognised demonstrative parameters to decide the need for a prostate biopsy in men accompanying an elevated total Prostate distinguishing antigen (PSA).Prospective study of all males the one had their first prostate biopsy by way of high total serum PSA. We premeditated the free percent PSA, PSA speed, and PSA density. Standard immunocytochemistry was used to identify basic CPCs. A positive test for CPCs was delineated as one cell PSA (+) P504S (+) in an 8 ml ancestry sample. Positive and negative predictive principles, specificity, and sensitivity were driven for each test, in addition to the number of biopsies avoided and cancers missed. The study contained 303 men, accompanying 113/303 (37.3%) having prostate cancer. The free allotment PSA was the best of the three PSA-located metrics, with a sense of 70.8% and a specificity of 67.4%. Primary CPC discovery had an 88.5% sensitivity and an 88.4% specificity, removing 181 (59.7%) biopsies, detecting 93/95 (98%) clinically important malignancies, and omitting 13 (11.5%) inferior, small volume tumours.The use of basic CPCs as a sequential test concede possibility reduce the frequency of beginning prostate biopsies that miss cancers treated accompanying active monitoring.

Author(s) Details:

Nigel P. Murray,
Hospital Carabineros of Chile, Nunoa, 7770199 Santiago, Chile and Faculty of Medicine, University Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile and Institute of Bio-Oncology, Providencia, 7500710 Santiago, Chile.

Eduardo Reyes,
Hospital Carabineros of Chile, Nunoa, 7770199 Santiago, Chile and Faculty of Medicine, Diego Portales University, Manuel Rodriguez Sur 415, 8370179 Santiago, Chile.

Nelson Orellana,
Hospital Carabineros of Chile, Nunoa, 7770199 Santiago, Chile.

Cynthia Fuentealba,
Hospital Carabineros of Chile, Nunoa, 7770199 Santiago, Chile.

Ricardo Dueñas,
Hospital Carabineros of Chile, Nunoa, 7770199 Santiago, Chile.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIMMS-V9/article/view/8792

Drug Used in Prostate Cancer Therapy: An Overview| Chapter 8 | Current Innovations in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 7

Globally, Prostate Cancer (PC) is ultimate low virulence in fathers and the second leading cause of demise from malignancy. Androgenic hormones (Testosterone and 5-Dihydrotestosterone) and their overexpression are key determinants in the start and progress of prostate malignancy. The survival rate and deadly condition of PC cases have revised severely in current age due to the use of drugs. The meat and drug presidency (FDA) or additional management instrumentalities of the country certified several drugs for the situation of PC, containing gonadotropin-surrendering birth control method agonists (Goserelin), gonadotropin-discharging birth control method antagonists (Abarelix), androgen combining inhibitors (Abiraterone acetate), steroidal anti-androgens (Cyproterone acetate), and non-steroidal antagonistic-androgens (Flutamide, Nilutamide, Enzalutamide). Abiraterone acetate has a good spoken bioavailability, prevent androgen receptor (AR), and shows excellent benefit in acting regionally advanced prostate malignancy and change-birth control method impressionable prostate tumor (mHSPC). Docetaxel and added derivatives of taxanes are again active in the situation of mHSPC. The second-production AR blockers Enzalutamide, Apalutamide, and Darolutamide are too in dispassionate trials as phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors and DNA damage repair inhibitors. Physicians can select point or direct at a goal healings tailor-made to a patient's needs established PC situation healing, tumor verbalization and metamorphosis rank.

Author(s) Details:

Ajay Kumar Gupta,
Drug Discovery and Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (C.G), 495009, India.

Sanjay Kumar Lanjhiyana,
Drug Discovery and Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (C.G), 495009, India.

Sanmati Kumar Jain,
Drug Discovery and Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (C.G), 495009, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIMMS-V7/article/view/8646

Study about Predominance of ERG‑Negative High‑Grade Prostate Cancers in African American Men | Chapter 4 | Current Innovations in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 2

 The most common and well-documented genomic alteration in prostate cancer (CaP), the erythroid transformation-specific associated gene (ERG) fusion, causes altered expression of the ERG oncoprotein. The frequency of ERG is significantly lower in African American (AA) male tumors than in white American (CA) male tumors. Analysis of his ERG alterations at the genomic, transcriptional, and protein levels further suggested a lower frequency of her ERGs in AA-Cap compared with CA-Cap. Based on  preliminary results, this study focused on the increased association between ERG-negative status and high-grade prostate tumors in AA men. Representative whole-body prostate sections from a matched cohort of 63 AA and 63 CA men with Gleason scores of 4+3 and  8-10 were immunohistochemically analyzed for ERG oncoprotein. Analyzed. The striking finding of this study was that ERG expression was 3 times more likely to be present in the higher-grade index tumors of CA men compared to AA men (31 of 63 vs. 10 of 63 patients, respectively; P<0.0001). Even though the mechanisms underlying such disparities have not been identified, the current study, along with our previous findings, suggests that ERG typing may improve understanding of ethnic differences and future CaP targeted therapy.

Author(s) Details:

James Farrell,
Department of Surgery, Center for Prostate Disease Research, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD-20814, USA and Department of Urology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD-20889, USA.

Gavin Yetter,
Department of Surgery, Center for Prostate Disease Research, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD-20814, USA and Department of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD-21402, USA.

Indu Kohaar,
Department of Surgery, Center for Prostate Disease Research, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD-20814, USA.

Denise Young,
Department of Surgery, Center for Prostate Disease Research, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD-20814, USA.

Yongmei Chen,
Department of Surgery, Center for Prostate Disease Research, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD-20814, USA.

Jennifer Cullen,
Department of Surgery, Center for Prostate Disease Research, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD-20814, USA.

Inger L. Rosner,
Department of Surgery, Center for Prostate Disease Research, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD-20814, USA and Department of Urology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD-20889, USA.

Jacob Kagan,
Cancer Biomarkers Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

Sudhir Srivastava,
Cancer Biomarkers Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

David G. McLeod,
Department of Surgery, Center for Prostate Disease Research, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD-20814, USA and  Department of Urology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD-20889, USA.

Isabell A. Sesterhenn,
Department of Genitourinary Pathology, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, MD-20910 1290, USA.

Shiv Srivastava,
Department of Surgery, Center for Prostate Disease Research, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD-20814, USA.

Gyorgy Petrovics,
Department of Surgery, Center for Prostate Disease Research, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD-20814, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIMMS-V2/article/view/8217

Prognostic Validity of DNA Karyometry in Prostate Cancer Patients under Active Surveillance| Chapter 11 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol.10

 The choice of dynamic reconnaissance for patients with confined prostate disease relies upon a low Gleason score (GS) of 6. By the by, around 30% of patients face clinical movement in five years or less. Our goal was to demonstrate the better prognostic legitimacy of DNA karyometry than foresee non-movement of prostate malignant growth patients under dynamic observation.

 

Our speculation is that robotized estimations of the DNA content of prostate disease cells produce a DNA grade of danger that is considerably more exact than the emotional GS in foreseeing non-movement of prostate malignant growths. Atomic DNA estimations of disease tissue in the remaining biopsy material of 80 patients from the HAROW (chemicals, dynamic reconnaissance, radiation, activity, vigilant pausing) study were taken. Still up in the air by neighborhood pathologists and a reference pathologist. A 4.1 year follow-up included rehashed prostate-explicit antigen (PSA) esteems, the number and GSs of positive biopsies, assurance of the clinical stage, and in 19 cases the consequences of prostatectomies.

Reproducibility of the GSs was 55% without separation between stages 6 and 7a and 45% with separation between stages 6 and 7a. Movement happened in 37.5% of patients in the event that an overhaul of any consideration basis was utilized as proof and in 18.8% of patients if by some stroke of good luck PSA multiplying time (DT) of <36 months or upstaging to arrange pT3 was utilized as proof. The commonness of DNA grade 1 was 40%. Responsiveness, explicitness, and negative prescient worth of nearby pathologists' GSs, the reference pathologist's GSs, and DNA karyometry were 0%, 95.0%, and 74.0%; 20.0%, 86.7%, and 76.5%; and 85.0%, 51.0%, and 90.6% in the event that an overhaul of any consideration standard was utilized as proof of movement and 5.9%, 96.8%, and 79.2%; 23.5%, 87.3%, and 80.9%; and 100 percent, 50.8%, and 100 percent if by some stroke of good luck a PSA DT of <36 months as well as upstaging to organize pT3 were utilized. In this way, contrasted with emotional Gleason scoring, objective computerized DNA karyometry can significantly more reliably preclude the progression of prostate malignancies under dynamic reconnaissance (AS) in four years or less.

For the abstract tiny GS yet 100 percent for true DNA karyometry, the possibility barring dispassionately resolved progression of an untreated, restricted prostate malignant growth under AS was just 80.9 %. Thusly, this moderate, harmless restorative methodology is fundamentally safer for patients with a DNA grade of threat of 1.

Author(s) Details:

Alfred H. Böcking,
Institute of Cytopathology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.

David Friedrich,
Institute of Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.

Christof Börgermann,
Department of Urology, City-Hospital, Düren, Germany.

Stefan Biesterfeld,
Section of Cytopathology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.

Rainer Engers,
Center of Pathology, Germany.

Josef Dietz,
Bundesverband Prostatakrebs Selbsthilfe, Stuttgart, Germany.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V10/article/view/8075

Demographics in Prostate Cancer Treatment in the U.S. | Chapter 4 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 6

The most frequently diagnosed disease in men and the second leading cause of cancer death in the US is prostate cancer (PCa). Although localised PCa is becoming less common among American males, it still has a considerable morbidity and mortality rate. We set out to research the variables that might affect how patients and doctors choose their courses of therapy. More precisely, we looked into how different demographic groups in the United States used RP, RT, and AS therapy choices differently to treat localised PCa, paying close attention to the impact of population density. and facility type for cancer centres. The standard of care is not as clearly defined as it is for other malignancies, but many considerations (such as availability, accessibility, and preference) may play a role in selecting a therapeutic choice.

In order to improve patient outcomes, we seek to raise awareness of the complexity of the treatment choices in PCa by exposing these variations in care based on demographics.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Christian S. DiBiase

Boston College, United States.

Baoqing Li

Weill Cornell Medicine College, United States.

 

View Book :-  https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V6/article/view/7677

Outcomes of Multi-parametric MRI-US Cognitive Fusion Transperineal Prostate Biopsy | Chapter 09 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 7

 

The goal of this study was to present the results of a single tertiary institution's multi-parametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Ultrasound (mpMRI-US) Cognitive Fusion Template-guided Transperineal Prostate Biopsy (TPB).

Retrospective study design.

Study Location and Duration: Between April 2017 and December 2019, a sample was taken from the Department of Urology at the Kuala Lumpur General Hospital.

Methodology: Patients who received mpMRI-US cognitive fusion template-guided TPB and had Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) 3-5 on mpMRI were retrospectively recruited. The data was analysed to see how often PCa was detected, how accurate mpMRI diagnostics were, and how often post-TPB complications were. Gleason 3+4 was used to define clinically significant PCa (csPCa).

A total of 122 patients were included in the study, with 330 PI-RADS 3-5 lesions assessed. The average age was 66, the average prostate specific antigen concentration was 15.5 ng/mL, and 56.6 biopsy cores were used on average. The participants included 54.1 percent Chinese, 38.5 percent Malays, 4.9 percent Indians, and 2.5 percent Others. Repeat biopsy (70.5%), biopsy naive (21.3%), and re-staging (21.3%) were the three groupings (8.2 percent ). The overall detection rates for PCa and csPCa were 43.4 percent and 24.6 percent, respectively. In PI-RADS 3, 4, and 5, csPCa was found in 43.8 percent, 48.6 percent, and 66.7 percent, respectively. mpMRI missed 19.4% of PCa, with Gleason accounting for 66.7 percent of them. 6. Disease upstaged in 50% of active surveillance patients. mpMRI demonstrated an 87 percent sensitivity, 86.1 percent specificity, 13.1 percent positive predictive value, and 99.6 percent negative predictive value for csPCa detection. Age (P.001), Indian race (P =.007), and prostate volume (P.001) were all statistically significant on multivariate analysis. There was no death, and the complication incidence was low (4.9 percent acute urinary retention, 9 percent hematuria, and 0.8 percent infection).

Conclusion: The use of mpMRI for csPCa detection is critical. The more PI-RADS, the more csPCa was discovered. Our experience with MRI-US cognitive fusion template-guided TPB gives consistent results with other research in terms of total PCa detection, detection rate of low-grade PCa in'missed' lesions in mpMRI, correlation between PCa detection and greater prostate size, and diagnostic accuracy of mpMRI. We also discovered that mpMRI had a high diagnostic accuracy for PCa detection and had low TPB complication rates.

Author(S) Details

Mohd Najib Aziz
Department of Urology, Kuala Lumpur General Hospital, Jalan Pahang, 50586 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Vijayan Manogran
Department of Urology, Kuala Lumpur General Hospital, Jalan Pahang, 50586 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NHMMR-V7/article/view/6667