Impact of Microplastics and Heavy Metals on Fish Health in the Kathajodi River, Odisha, India: A Micronucleus and Hematological Study | Chapter 3 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 4

The present study highlights the critical issue of water pollution in the Kathajodi River and its detrimental effects on aquatic life, particularly through the lens of hematological and genetic damage in fish. Utilizing the micronucleus assay as a biomarker for pollution provides a valuable methodology for assessing environmental health and the impact of anthropogenic activities on ecosystems. Water pollutants include contamination due to domestic wastes, insecticides, herbicides, food processing wastes, water pollution from livestock operations, organic compounds, heavy metals, domestic wastes, chemicals waste and others. Kathajodi River water is highly polluted. The alkalinity, hardness, and pH of water have changed in the last few years. Plastics, city sewage and industrial waste are released into the river for drainage purposes. Microplastics and Heavy metals like Pb, Fe, Cu, Mn, and K quantity increase and microplastics have the quality to absorb heavy metals to form dangerous compounds which cause hematological and genetic damage to the aquatic ecosystem. Fish are the best biomarkers to find out the threats towards aquatic ecosystems. Water pollution causes hematological damage as well as genetic damage and the formation of micronucleus. Water sample analysis occurs by evaporation method for extraction of heavy metals and microplastic particles. Fish species like Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala, Cirrihinus reba were collected from the several stations of Cuttack 20.44⁰N 85.88⁰E to 20.46⁰N -85.89⁰E area and for Hematological study blood was collected by puncturing the caudal vein. Micronucleus assays were done by use of the Giemsa staining method as a result it shows formation of micronucleus and DNA damage which indicates the presence of high levels of pollutants in the water of River Kathajodi Cuttack Odisha. Genotoxic pollution of aquatic ecosystems describes the introduction of contaminants with mutagenic teratogenic and carcinogenic potential into the principal media and genome of the resident organism. Increasing levels of pollutants produce a stressful environment which causes hematological, nuclear and DNA damage somehow creating a question mark regarding the effect of this on human health.

 

Author (s) Details

Subhashri Priyadarsini
Giet University Gunupur, Odisha, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v4/2669

Cell Cycle Regulators in Cancer: A Review | Chapter 11 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 4

A recent in-depth view of cell cycle regulation and cancer has provided novel samples of research at the “Frontiers of Science.” However, the number of foremost revealing information about both topics has been derived from the intersection of these two fields. Genomic integrity is required to maintain long life and prevent diseases associated with genomic instability such as “cancer.” The cell cycle is a compilation of well-organized, sequential molecular events, that lead to succession of DNA replication and segregation of replicated chromosomes. Checkpoint is an important control point present in the cell cycle where stop and start signals can regulate the cell cycle. Cell cycle checkpoints are the strict regulatory mechanisms that monitor the order, integrity, and fidelity of the main events of the cell cycle. These include growth up to the acceptable cell size, replication, and integrity of the chromosomes, and their accurate segregation in due course of mitosis. Many of these mechanisms are highly conserved, while other studies on higher organisms have shown to control alternative cell fates with a significant impact on tumor suppression. Here, these different checkpoint pathways in a cell cycle and the consequences of their dysfunction on the fate of a cell has been taken into consideration. Undoubtedly, the hidden aspects of checkpoint signaling can be further explored with the help of an ever-growing arsenal of highly sophisticated experimental tools and techniques, which will enable us to get a more clear and complete picture of the remarkable fidelity of the cell cycle.

 

Author (s) Details

Swarup K Panda
Department of Biochemistry, IMS & SUM Hospital III, Sitalapalli, Ganjam, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

 

Subhashree Ray
Department of Biochemistry, IMS & SUM Hospital, K8, Kalinga Nagar, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

 

Sarthak R Nayak
Department of Biochemistry, IMS and SUM Hospital II, Phulnakhara, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

 

Sudeshna Behera
Department of Biochemistry, IMS & SUM Hospital, K8, Kalinga Nagar, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

 

Sangeeta S Bhanja
Department of Biochemistry, IMS & SUM Hospital, K8, Kalinga Nagar, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

 

Viyatprajna Acharya
Department of Biochemistry, KIMS, KIIT (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v4/3165 

Genetic Variants as a Prostate Cancer Risk | Chapter 11 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 2

 Prostate cancer is one of the most frequent and potentially fatal cancers in males globally. Prostate cancer is a multifactorial disease caused by the interaction of one or more factors. In prostate cancer, several genetic alterations are involved. Due to their high complexity, these genetic modifications must be taken into consideration. These alterations not only account for a large portion of cancer deaths but also have a major impact on the effectiveness of medication. A significant challenge with advanced disease is that many hypothesized underlying pathways remain unknown or inadequately understood due to insufficient evidence. This chapter presents the available data on related pathways (DNA damage repair, androgen receptor and tumor suppression), examining each genetic anomaly (somatic copy number alterations, structural rearrangements, point mutations, SNPs, miRNA) and other related factors (P13K pathway, epigenetics, apoptosis inhibition, oxidative damage) that could be connected to the carcinogenesis of prostate cancer.

Author(s) Details:

Pradhumn,
Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana-124001, India.

Preeti Chauhan,
Department of Biotechnology, CCT, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, Chandigarh-140307, India.

Shalu Ranga,
Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana-124001, India.

Ritu Yadav,
Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana-124001, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V2/article/view/13806

Extraction and Purification of C-Phycocyanin from Spirulina Powder and Evaluating its Anti-oxidant, Anti-coagulant and DNA Damage Prevention Properties | Chapter 2 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 6

C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) is a phycobiliprotein found in blue-green algae, such as Spirulina platensis which is often used as a dietary nutritional supplement and exhibits a variety of pharmacological properties. Cyanobacteria and algae possess a wide range of colored compounds, including chlorophyll, carotenoids and phycobiliproteins. In this regard, extraction, partial purification, antioxidant, anticoagulation and prevention of DNA damage activity of C-PC were investigated. In the present study, a simple and efficient method to extract C-PC from Spirulina platensis dry powder is reported. Spirulina platensis dry powder was obtained from NB Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Nagpur, India. The extractions were carried out using two different methods: cold maceration and sonication method. The extraction using the cold maceration method proved to be the most efficient method. The efficiency of extraction methods was determined by calculating the concentration and purity ratio of isolated C-PC. Obtained crud C-PC was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysis and gel filtration and presented a final extraction yield of 3.27±0.09 mg/ml with a purity ratio of 2.317±0.08. When it was evaluated as an antioxidant in vitro, it was able for scavenging nitric oxide. SDS-PAGE results show that the 40% ammonium sulphate precipitated sample and dialyzed sample show two bands of C-PC i.e. α and β with 17 and 19kDa respectively along with other proteins. C-PC showed significant anticoagulation and prevention of DNA damage activity. C-PC is a significant contributor to DNA damage prevention by scavenging of –OH.

Author(s) Details:

Suresh P. Kamble,
Department of Biochemistry, Moolji Jaitha College (Autonomous), Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V6/article/view/13412

An Experimental analysis of Hepatotoxic-Induced Physiological Alterations and the Protective Role of Cleome viscosa Linn Seed Extract in Animals | Chapter 11 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 9

 The aim of the current investigation search out evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective characteristics of seed extracts from Cleome viscosa Linn. (Capparaceae). Liver flu is a key public health menace, mainly in developing countries with its own government. Quite a lot of medicinal florae have existed identified to have liver protecting activities. C. viscosa beginning ethanol extract seen phytochemical screening. The 2,2-diphenyl-2-print- rylhydrazyl (DPPH) test technique was used to measure the unrefined seed extract of the plant's strength to scavenge free radicals. The genomic DNA nicking assay extract was used to test the raw seed extract's volume to protect against DNA damage. Based on CCl4-persuaded liver damage in Wister albino rats, and the coarse seed extract of the plant was proven for hepatoprotective efficacy. Serum biomarkers (aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total protein (TP)) were judged to find out the efect. Histopathological inquiry was also completed activity for all groups of rats to further confirm the findings. The phytochemical screening was helpful for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, terpenes, tannins, and phenolic compounds in the seed extract. The antioxidant assay disclosed that the ethanol rude extract of C. viscosa exhibited free radical scavenging endeavor with IC50 advantage of 17.82 ± 0.32 μg/mL, and this was further confirmed for one DNA damage protection exercise. Rats pretreated with the natural extract of C. viscosa had their ALP considerably lowered (p <  0.05). Histopathological tests confirmed the seed extract's hepatoprotective belongings. According to this investigation, the raw seed extract shown antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. Because of this, possibly beneficial from now on to take C. viscosa seed extract verbally as an additional complementary medicine to guard against liver bankruptcy-mediated inhibitory belongings on reproductive function.

Author(s) Details:

Addai-Mensah Donkor,
Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana.

Martin Ntiamoah Donkor,
Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Sciences, School of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Navrongo, Ghana.

Benjamin Ahenkorah,
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bolgatanga Technical University, Bolgatanga, Ghana.

Kwadwo Asante Asare-Konadu,
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana.

Emmanuel Asiedu,
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana.

Richard Mosobil,
Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Navrongo, Ghana.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V9/article/view/11907

Inhibitory Effect of Burmannic Acid for Proliferation and Oxidative Stress Induce Responses of Oral Cancer Cells | Chapter 10 | New Advances in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 3

 The present inquiry evaluated the antiproliferation effects of C. burmannii-derive BURA on oral malignancy cells for the first time. Oral tumor cell lines came from gin-gival, tongue, and buccal covering layer tissues (Ca9-22, CAL 27, and OC-2) were selected for testing the natural response to BURA. Oxidative stress in spoken disease is related to added systemic ailments in the body such as periodontitis, cardiovascular, pancreatic, stomachic, and liver diseases. In the review, we discuss the various pathways that intervene oxidative cellular damage. In terms of machine, BURA per- turbed cell phase distribution, upregulated mitochondrial superoxide, induced mitochondrial depo- larization, prompted γ H2AX and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine DNA damage, and induced apop- tosis and caspase 3/8/9 incitement in oral cancer containers. N-acetylcysteine treatment confirmed oxidative stress as a key determinant in promoting antiproliferation, apoptosis, and DNA damage in spoken cancer cells.  The study showed that BURA generates oxidative stress and causes apoptosis and DNA damage that prevents oral cancer container proliferation.

Author(s) Details:

Su-Ling Liu,
Experimental Forest College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Zhushan Township, Nantou County-55750, Taiwan.

Kun-Han Yang,
Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung-80708, Taiwan.

Che-Wei Yang,
Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung-80708, Taiwan.

Min-Yu Lee,
Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung-80708, Taiwan.

Ya-Ting Chuang,
Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung-80708, Taiwan.

Yan-Ning Chen,
Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung-80708, Taiwan.

Chung-Yi Chen,
School of Medical and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung-83102, Taiwan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAMMS-V3/article/view/10778

Alterations in Marker Enzymes and Kidney Function Indices in Datura Metel Aqueous Seed Extract Treated Albino Rats| Chapter 10 | Perspective of Recent Advances in Medical Research Vol. 8

 Datura metel owned by the offspring Solanaceae. It is individual of ultimate abused plant everywhere the planet. This study proposed at determining the effect of Datura metel liquid source extract in light rats. The tombstone enzymes were analyzed utilizing standard order, while sort function indications were persistent utilizing colorimetric form. Phytochemical reasoning revealed the occupancy of miscellaneous phytochemicals. The result of the study told a important declined (P<0.05) in physique weight by any means doses when distinguished accompanying the control. The result still told a important raised (P<0.05) ALP endeavor at all the doses in two together antitoxin and sort. Similarly, ALT and AST venture considerably raised (P<0.05) in two together serum and sort at 200 and 300mg/kg when distinguished accompanying control. Furthermore, the study disclosed a important raised (P<0.05) in antitoxin urea, uric acid and calcium by any means doses of the extract treated groups. However, antitoxin creatinine and potassium levels considerably raised (P<0.05) only at 300mg/kg, when in fact no important various at 100 and 200mg/kg when distinguished accompanying the control. Similarly, the result revealed meaningful raised (P<0.05) antitoxin sodium at 200 and 300mg/kg, and no meaningful distinctness (P>0.05) at 100mg/kg when distinguished accompanying the control. Moreover, serum phosphate level considerably raised (P<0.05) at 200 and 300mg/kg and considerably diminished (P<0.05) only at 100mg/kg of the extract considered groups when distinguished accompanying the control. In contrast, chloride level considerably (P<0.05) decreased by any means doses when distinguished accompanying the control group. The result of the study desires that the liquid beginning extract of Datura metel sources extract may have few nephrotoxic effect on the elementary functions of sort examined in Wister light rats as disclosed in the alterations of the kind functions parameters analysed.

Author(s) Details:

Isah Musa Fakai,
Department of Biochemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 1144, Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria.

Lukman Ango,
Department of Biochemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 1144, Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria.

Abubakar Abdulhamid,
Department of Biochemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 1144, Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria.

Ibrahim Sani,
Department of Biochemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 1144, Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria.

Angela Nnenna Ukwuani-Kwaja,
Department of Biochemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 1144, Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria.

Moussa Yahaya,
Department of Biochemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 1144, Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria.

Fatima Bello,
Department of Biochemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 1144, Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria.

Jude Nwaogu,
Department of Biochemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 1144, Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria.

Amina Sulaiman,
Department of Biochemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 1144, Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria.

Ibrahim Hamza Kankia,
Department of Biochemistry, Umaru Musa ‘Yar’adua University, P.M.B. 2218, Katsina, Katsina State, Nigeria.

Mukhtar Muhammad Warrah,
College of Science, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 28, Zuru, Kebbi State, Nigeria.

Sufiyanu Abubakar Jiga,
Department of Biochemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 1144, Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria.

Naima Musa Sani,
Department of Biochemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 1144, Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria.

Yakubu Musa Yanah,
Department of Biochemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 1144, Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria.

Amina Musa Sama,
Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Adamu Augie College of Education, P.M.B.1012, Argungu, Kebbi State. Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PRAMR-V8/article/view/9417

Estimation of Urinary Uranium and Urinary 8-OHdG Compound as Biomarker for Oxidative DNA Damage in Exposures and Non-Exposures Adult Healthy Groups in Najaf Governorate| Chapter 9 | Perspective of Recent Advances in Medical Research Vol. 8

 Environmental pollution accompanying many synthetic and material determinants influence people energy everywhere the realm. Najaf governorate of Iraq have organic and human fashioned soures of fallout. Increased number of malignancy cases, autoimmune ailment has happened written in the last few decades. The present study aims to evalute urinary uranium concentration and urinary aggregation of 8-OHdG compound as biomarker for oxidative DNA damage. In this study, a total of 88 athletic persons in Al-Najaf governorate were gathered as environmentally uranium uncoverings n=29 (G1), occupationally uncoverings n=27 (G2), and non-uranium uncoverings n=32 (G3). All groups were subject for guess of urinary uranium aggregation using CR-39 SSNTD arrangement, urinary 8-OHdG compound as a biomarker for oxidative DNA damage was supposed again utilizing Elisa method. Results presented that mean advantage of uranium aggregation were (1.836±0.426 µg/L), (2.02±0.404 µg/L) and (1.755± 0.437 µg/L) for group1, group2 and group3 individually, while the mean principles for 8-OHdG compound were (49.810±15.484 ng/ml), (47.717±14.232 ng/ml) and (46.769±14.249 ng/ml) for the three groups respectively. No meaningful mathematical dissimilarities were written betwixt all dossier got. The results submitted closeness of uranium contamination in all athletic groups containing non-uncovering (G3) as distinguished accompanying citation profit of (WHO, 2004). DNA damage erect further entirely groups according to 8-OHdG levels written. DNA oxidative damage can come from of uranium dirtiness written comprehensively healthful groups of Najaf governorate proven in the study.

Author(s) Details:

Dhuha S. Saleh,
Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Iraq.

Samia K. Abbas,
General Directorate of Education in Najaf Governorate, Iraqi Ministry of Education, Al-Aseel Central Preparatory for Girls, Iraq.

Hayder S. Hussain,
Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Iraq.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PRAMR-V8/article/view/9417

Anticancer Activity of PHCUMN in Breast Cancer Cells through the Stabilization of Non-covalent Bonds| Chapter 9 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 7

 

 The combination of antitumor dynamic builds is a significant focal point of interest in many exploration bunches on the planet. We need to offer not so much poisonous but rather more viable medicines. Today, the consideration of mainstream researchers is centered around specialists, that are more normal. The particle PHCUMN1 (a subordinate of heteroaromatic amino corrosive edifices), shows movement against malignant growth cells. The component of anticancer was explored liable for this medicament in cells of bosom malignant growth (in vitro testing).

PHCUMN is liable for a portion subordinate lessening and unattached development of malignant growth cells MCF-7. We explored the counter proliferative capability of PHCUMN in bosom malignant growth cell lines. It additionally explained the system of activity of PHCUMN in preclinical models of bosom disease. We explored the counter proliferative capacity of PHCUMN against disease cell. We needed to explain the component and strength of PHCUMN in preclinical examinations on malignant growth cell. PHCUMN has been displayed to have a decent impact in killing malignant growth cell. The rate fracture along the side shows the annihilation of disease cell.

PHCUMN showed great viability in killing disease cells. This is managed without a noticeable impact on typical disease cells the level of Fragmentation and atomic shrinkage plainly shows the apoptosis of cancer cells.

As indicated by referenced results, we can make inference that PHCUMN can possibly impact against disease cell. The intermolecular electrostatic cooperation between the side chains of DNA nucleobases with PHCUMN - settled the complex. The complex PHCUMN has been assessed from the accompanying harmony: DNA+ PHCUMN DNA ⇄ PHCUMN , which lies transcendently on the right site.

Author(s) Details:

Seyed Ali Akbar, Sajadi,
Sharif University of Technology, Institute of Energy, Water and Environment, Iran.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V7/article/view/7840

Post-Translational Modification of SUMOylation and Cancer: A Brief Review | Chapter 09 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 3

 SUMOylation is a reversible post-translational modification that plays a role in DNA damage repair, immunological responses, carcinogenesis, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. SUMO1, SUMO2/3, and SUMO4 are the four SUMO isoforms that have been identified. In complicated protein regulatory networks, many levels of regulation or SUMOylation may play a crucial role. SUMOylation dysfunction can lead to the development of illnesses and malignancies. As a result, SUMO could be employed as a cancer treatment target. The small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) pathway is found in all eukaryotes and is involved in gene regulation, cellular signalling, and the preservation of genomic integrity. Maturation, activation, conjugation, ligation, and de-modification are all part of the SUMO catalytic cycle. The SUMO system has been related to a number of disorders, the most prominent of which being cancer. Carcinogenesis, DNA damage response, cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis are all affected by SUMOylation. SUMO has the potential to be a cancer treatment target. To better comprehend the role of SUMO in human disease, we present the basic concepts of the SUMO system and summarise the involvement of SUMO proteins in cancer cells in this review.

Author(S) Details

ZhI-Jian Han
Key Laboratory of the Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R., China.

Yan-Hu Feng
Key Laboratory of the Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R., China.

Bao-Hong Gu
Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R., China.

Yu-Min Li
Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R., China.

Hao Chen
Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R., China.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NHMMR-V3/article/view/6338

Genotoxic Effect of Inorganic Arsenic Compounds Using Comet Assay | Chapter 7 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 2

 Background: Arsenic is a toxicological threat in the environment today since it has been shown to be a human genotoxin and carcinogen.

Aim : The aim of this study was to determine the genotoxic effect of the four arsenic compounds in HepG2 cells by measuring DNA damage, cellular glutathione (GSH) depletion as a measure of oxidative stress and antioxidant agent, as well as apoptotic and necrotic events.

Design of the Study: Arsenic is a toxicological threat in the world today since it has been shown to be a human genotoxin and carcinogen. Arsenate (As+5), sodium arsenite (As+3), arsenic trioxide (As2O3), and dimethyl arsenic acid (DMA+5), a major metabolite of arsenate, were investigated in this project.

Methodology : HepG2 cells (1.5x105/ml) were treated for 24 hours with the four arsenics (10 M). GSH concentration was determined using reverse phase HPLC with fluorescence detection on harvested cells. The Comet assay was used to look for DNA damage in cells. Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis and necrosis in cells at the same time.

Results : The DNA damage in cells given DMA or As2O3 was not significantly different from that in control cells. Cells treated with arsenite and arsenate, on the other hand, showed substantial DNA damage (p0.001, p0.05, respectively). When compared to a control group, arsenic compounds increased glutathione levels. However, only arsenite (p0.001) and arsenate (p0.05) were statistically relevant. However, the findings did not show apoptosis or necrosis in viable adherent cells, despite the fact that this was not statistically significant.

Conclusions: When compared to control, all four arsenicals appeared to increase GSH content and DNA damage, with both arsenite and arsenate being significantly different. More research is required to determine the mechanism(s) of arsenical genotoxicity in GSH depletion.

Author (s) Details

Ghazalla Benhusein
Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tripoli University, P.O.Box 13645, Tripoli, Libya.

Elaine Mutch
Toxicology Unit, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 4th Floor Devonshire Building, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.

Faith Williams
Toxicology Unit, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 4th Floor Devonshire Building, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V2/issue/view/55