Biodiesel Production from Rapeseed Oil | Chapter 3 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 7

Rapeseed oil technology refers to the process of extracting and refining oil from rapeseed, a plant belonging to the Brassicaceae family. It is cultivated in many parts of the world due to its high content of vegetable oils. Rapeseed oil is valued for its nutritional profile, containing a high amount of unsaturated fatty acids, especially omega-3 and omega-6. These are the main steps in the technology of obtaining rapeseed oil: harvesting and preparation, washing and drying rapeseed, grinding or crushing the seeds, pressing the oil (cold or hot pressing), solvent extraction (optional), refining the oil and packaging and storage. Rapeseed oil technology is a well-established process which allows for the production of a versatile and healthy product, used not only in food but also in various industrial and cosmetic applications.

 

Author(s) Details

Ioana Stanciu
Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 4-12 Elisabeta Blvd, 030018, Bucharest, Romania.      

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v7/5830

 

The Phyto-chemical and Lipid Oxidation Quantification of the Aqueous, N-hexane and Petroleum Ether Extracts of Fermented Pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) Seed | Chapter 7 | Current Perspectives in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 9

This research was aimed at evaluating the effect of extracting solvents on the yield, phytochemical compounds and selected chemical properties of fermented pawpaw (Carica papaya) seed. Fruit seeds contain several phytochemical compounds that have been reported to show antiviral, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antioxidant activities. Due to the varied chemical properties of these seeds, different solvents are used in the extraction. However, care must be taken in the choice of solvent used for the extraction because it will determine the yield and the quality of the extract in terms of the phytochemical content.

 

Extracts from fermented T-solo variety of pawpaw seeds were obtained using petroleum ether, n-hexane and hot aqueous solvents using standard method. Analysis was carried out to determine some qualitative and quantitative phyto-chemical and some selected chemical compositions (Peroxide Value PV and Thiobarbituric Acid Value TBA. Extracts’ yield was 26.00, 23.30 and 19.51% for petroleum ether, n-hexane and hot aqueous solvent, respectively. The result of the quantitative analysis shows that all the phytochemicals were more abundant in petroleum ether extract. The PV and TBA of n-hexane, petroleum ether and hot water extract were 5.32, 4.52, 0.00 meq/kg and 0.87, 0.16, 0.09 µg/kg respectively. It is evident that petroleum ether extract contains more phytochemical compounds than the other extracts so it is likely to have more antioxidant activities since antioxidant activities are associated with phytochemicals. The PV and TBA obtained for petroleum ether extract were relatively low and this implied that the extract will undergo little or no autoxidation or oxidative deterioration when used. The peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid value obtained for petroleum ether extract were relatively low and this implied that the extract would undergo little or no autoxidation or oxidative deterioration when used. This indicates that the extract can be a good preservative.

 

Author (s) Details

Adesola M.O
Department of Food Science, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.

 

Akande E.A
Department of Food Science, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria

 

Agboola H.A
Central State University, Wilberforce, Ohio, USA.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cpafs/v9/2433

Estimation of Chromium (III) in Tannery Effluents: A Solvent Extraction Study | chapter 9 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Developments and Innovations Vol. 6

This present study aimed to highlight the extraction of Cr (III) by using different extraction systems. Limited work has been reported on the liquid-liquid extraction of chromium (III) due to its relatively poor extractability and its inertness, unlike other transition metals. The extraction of chromium (III) from hydrochloric, sulphuric, nitric, and perchloric acid solutions with Tributylphosphine Oxide (TBPO) in chloroform has been studied. The extractions from nitric, hydrochloric, and sulphuric acid solutions are nearly quantitative (99%) and are partial from perchloric acid solutions. The optimum conditions were evaluated by varying the experimental conditions such as pH (5.0), shaking period, concentration of metal ion, Tributylphosphine oxide (0.025M), anion, and various diluents (maximum efficiency,99% obtained with chloroform) on the extraction. The extracted species are identified as containing 3 moles of TBPO. The effect of other metal ions both in presence and absence resulted in achieving an expected outcome.

 

Author (s) Details

A. V. L. N. S. H. Hariharan
Department of Chemistry, GSS, GITAM University, Visakhaptnam-530 045, AP, India.

 

D Santhi Priya
Department of Chemistry, Govt. Degree College, Gajapatinagaram, Vizianagaram Dt., AP, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v6/2362

Estimation of Manganese in Ferromanganese Slag | Chapter 7 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 2

Leaching of manganese from ferromanganese slag (Garividi, Vizianagram Dt.) was effectively done by using both hydrochloric and perchloric acid solutions. It was noticed that the rate of leaching is more temperature sensitive and dependent on the nature of the acid solution used in these studies.

 

Solvent extraction of manganese [Mn (II)] by tri-n-octylamine (TOA) dissolved in xylene from hydrochloric and perchloric acid media has been carried out. Extractions are nearly quantitative from both acid solutions. The effect of concentrations of acid, metal, and TOA and diluent on the extraction has been studied. Maximum efficiency is obtained with xylene as diluent. Stripping of manganese from the organic phase was quantitatively achieved with 1.0M HNO₃. The extracted species was also identified as [Mn X₂. (2TOA)], (X=chloride or perchlorate).

 

Attempts made for the estimation of manganese were successful in the presence of other metals and impurities usually associated with ferromanganese slag.

 

Author (s) Details

A.V.L.N.S.H. HARIHARAN
Department of Chemistry, GIS, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam – 530 045, India.

 

K.Y. KARUNA
Department of Chemistry, GIS, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam – 530 045, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v2/5174

Applications and Advances of Ultrasound in Food Processing | Chapter 5 | Food Science and Agriculture: Research Highlights Vol. 1

 Ultrasound is a sound wave that can propagate parallel or perpendicular to the direction of travel through a material. Ultrasound treatment involves transmitting energy at frequencies above 20 kHz. Currently, ultrasound is utilized in food processing for various applications beyond preservation, including degassing, foam control, mixing, emulsification, homogenization, extraction and meat tenderization. At high intensities, ultrasound exhibits antimicrobial properties, making it a potential method for food preservation. However, one of its limitations is that the intensity required for microbial inactivation can also cause physical changes in food. Ultrasound induces cavitation, and localized heating may lead to the formation of free radicals. Nevertheless, low-intensity ultrasound shows promise when integrated into combination preservation strategies. Additionally, high-intensity ultrasound, when combined with other preservation technologies, is effective in inactivating heat-resistant microbial spores. Despite its potential, ultrasound has not yet been widely adopted for monitoring food processing operations due to scalability issues.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Vinay G M
Department of Food Processing Technology, College of Food Processing Technology and Bioenergy, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388110, India.

 

Pathiam Srilatha
Department of Food Processing Technology, College of Food Processing Technology and Bioenergy, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388110, India.

 

Bhanu Kumar
Department of Food Processing Technology, College of Food Processing Technology and Bioenergy, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388110, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/fsarh/v1/4536

Comprehensive Study on Silk Sericin and its Biological Uses | Chapter 11 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 10

Silk fibroin and sericin are the two types of proteins that make up silk. Among these two silk proteins present in the cocoon, sericin contributes 20 to 30 percent. Sericin is a by-product of the silk industry that is organic, environmentally benign, proteinaceous and biodegradable. To give raw silk luster, a degumming process must be used to remove the sticky sericin substance. Its solubility and molecular weight depend on how silk sericin is extracted. It has numerous uses in pharmacy, medicine, and cosmetics, including anti-hypertensive, wound-healing, antioxidant, and anti-aging effects.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Pushpa Yadav
Nova College of Pharmacy, Lucknow, U.P., India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v10/4523

Review on Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Medicinal Natural Products | Chapter 13 | Contemporary Perspective on Science, Technology and Research Vol. 6

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has gained wide acceptance in recent years as an alternative to conventional solvent extraction for the isolation of bioactive from natural resources. Due to increasingly stringent environmental regulations, SFE is adopted as a green technology in the separation of organic compounds in many analytical and industrial processes. This review describes major advances in the extraction of natural products of medicinal and agricultural importance using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2). SC-CO2 extraction has been implemented successfully in the isolation of bioactive compounds from food by-products, plants and marine products possessing diverse biological properties. With increasing public interest in natural medicines and bio-pesticides, the application of SC-CO 2 continues to grow radically and SC-CO2 extraction emerges as an efficient and fast alternative technique for isolating bioactive compounds from natural resources as compared to conventional extraction processes.

Author(s) Details:

Swapnil G. Jaiswal,
Food Engineering Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Maharashtra Institute of Technology Chh. Sambhajinagar, Maharashtra-431010, India and Supercritical Fluid Extraction Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India.

Satyanarayan Naik,
Supercritical Fluid Extraction Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India.

 Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPSTR-V6/article/view/13592

Extraction and Purification of C-Phycocyanin from Spirulina Powder and Evaluating its Anti-oxidant, Anti-coagulant and DNA Damage Prevention Properties | Chapter 2 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 6

C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) is a phycobiliprotein found in blue-green algae, such as Spirulina platensis which is often used as a dietary nutritional supplement and exhibits a variety of pharmacological properties. Cyanobacteria and algae possess a wide range of colored compounds, including chlorophyll, carotenoids and phycobiliproteins. In this regard, extraction, partial purification, antioxidant, anticoagulation and prevention of DNA damage activity of C-PC were investigated. In the present study, a simple and efficient method to extract C-PC from Spirulina platensis dry powder is reported. Spirulina platensis dry powder was obtained from NB Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Nagpur, India. The extractions were carried out using two different methods: cold maceration and sonication method. The extraction using the cold maceration method proved to be the most efficient method. The efficiency of extraction methods was determined by calculating the concentration and purity ratio of isolated C-PC. Obtained crud C-PC was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysis and gel filtration and presented a final extraction yield of 3.27±0.09 mg/ml with a purity ratio of 2.317±0.08. When it was evaluated as an antioxidant in vitro, it was able for scavenging nitric oxide. SDS-PAGE results show that the 40% ammonium sulphate precipitated sample and dialyzed sample show two bands of C-PC i.e. α and β with 17 and 19kDa respectively along with other proteins. C-PC showed significant anticoagulation and prevention of DNA damage activity. C-PC is a significant contributor to DNA damage prevention by scavenging of –OH.

Author(s) Details:

Suresh P. Kamble,
Department of Biochemistry, Moolji Jaitha College (Autonomous), Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V6/article/view/13412

Basics of Extraction and Isolation of Phytoconstituents | Chapter 3 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 3

 The aim of the phase is to shed light on the fundamentals of extraction and isolation of phytoconstituents from curative plants. Approximately 20% of plants have been intentional for medicinal research, producing hopeful results for cancer and other mortal diseases. These medical belongings need well developed extraction and seclusion of plant bioactive component. Infusion, decoction, liquid, doughy, tincture, and powdered extracts are secondhand. To eliminate inert parts and obtain therapeutic belongings, a solvent (menstruum) is needed. Extraction adeptness depends on solvent optimization. Non-warm pulsed energetic field (PEF) extraction is best for thermolabile chemicals.  For hydrogen extraction, enzyme helped extraction (EAE) is recommended. Steam and hydrodistillation are used to extract explosive oils. To get the active component, the extract must be private and purified. Analytical allure requires many ways to distinguish isolated materials. This regimen uses classical and instrumental approaches.  Thus, contingent upon the contents, multiple origin and isolation processes may be improved, and the remove can be recognized utilizing various characterization plans. Therefore, based on the type of constituents expected obtained various designs of extraction and seclusion can be optimized and the got isolate can be labeled via various description technique.

Author(s) Details:

Mohammad Asif,
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lachoo Memorial College of Science and Technology, Shastri Nagar, Sector-A, Jodhpur 342001, Rajasthan, India.

Mohamad Taleuzzman,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Maulana Azad University, Bujhawad, Luni, Jodhpur 342802, Rajasthan, India.

Kaneez Fatima,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Maulana Azad University, Bujhawad, Luni, Jodhpur 342802, Rajasthan, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V3/article/view/11602

Chemistry of Naturally Occurring Saponins | Chapter 8 | Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Chemical Science Vol. 1

 The current review paper goes intensely into the chemistry of saponin, specifically triterpenoid saponin.  Saponin is a instinctively occurring bioorganic fragment with a high microscopic weight that is to say isolated from medicinal plants. It has an aglycone core with 27 to 30 element atoms and one or two sugar moieties accompanying at least 6 or 12 element atoms each. Saponins were considered as a starting forerunner for the semi-combining of steroidal drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. Many physicists and researchers concede possibility regard saponin chemistry's complexities as a break in their understanding of the relationship betwixt the chemical structure and allure medicinal or healing function. The need for saponin applications has lately extended due to a difference of biological, medicinal, and pharmacological benefits. The affairs covered were classifications, synthetic structure, potential classical methods of isolation, subjective and quantitative saponin testing. Examples of hederagenin and oleanolic acid accompanying mono- and bidesmosidic structures are again provided. Triterpenoid, steroid, and alkaloid glycoside structural qualities were established established their atoms, rings, and functional groups.

Author(s) Details:

Maher Mohamed Abed El Aziz,
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTEICS-V1/article/view/11162

Determining the Effect of Extraction Method on Chemical Composition of Lamium amplexicaule L. | Chapter 6 | Cutting Edge Research in Biology Vol. 5

 The aim concerning this study was the investigation of the applicable method for the distillation of phenolic compounds from Lamium amplexicaule -plant of the Lamiaceae kin, widespread in Algeria and North Africa. The usually on insects or electronics parts of the plant were collected all along Mars 2018 from Djemila Wilaya of Setif (Algeria). Ethanolic extracts were obtained by process to make softer and Soxhlet apparatus. Phytochemical arrangement was determined by liquid chromatography bulk spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) plan. Results demonstrate that the big compound in both extracts was chlorogenic acid. However, 18 compounds were recognized in the extract obtained by Soxhlet and 17 on account of obtained by process to make softer. These constituents were restricted, and the Soxhlet extract had greater concentrations than the maceration extract acted. It follows that the Soxhlet extraction is outside limits the maceration ancestry for L. amplexicaule. Further studies are necessary to recognize the biological parts of individual compounds of extracts and different biological possessions of this plant.

Author(s) Details:

Siham Ferdjioui,
Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, University Ferhat Abbas Setif-1, 19000, Setif, Algeria.

Rachid Belhattab,
Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, University Ferhat Abbas Setif-1, 19000, Setif, Algeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CERB-V5/article/view/9797

Determination of Physicochemical Properties, Fatty Acid Profile and Storage Stability of Virgin Coconut Oil| Chapter 4 | Current Perspectives in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 2

 The objective concerning this work was to judge the physicochemical characteristics and storage support of virgin coconut lubricate (VCO) extracted using cold press and new press processes. Virgin coconut lubricate (VCO) was extracted from mature crazy of Cocos nucifera, using the cold and the hot process. Hot process present significantly (P0.05) various. Iodine value was 5.72 g/100 g and 6.09 g/100 g for cold pressed and passionate pressed VCO, individually. Lauric acid was the predominant oily acid in the coconut oil samples, record 49.30% in hot rushed coconut oil and 48.76% in cold rushed coconut lubricate. The melting point was erect to increase while the smoke point decreased considerably (P <0.05) for both cold rushed and hot pressed VCO later three months of storage at range temperature (28±20C). Percentage free greasy acid and peroxide values raised significantly from 0.054% to 0.742% and 1.173 mEq/kg to 2.274mEq/kg, individually, after 3 months of storage at range temperature (28±20C). The overall result accompanied that coconut is a good beginning of vegetable oil, with good consistency quality. More also, skilled isn’t much difference in the physicochemical quality of two together hot press and cold press means of extraction.

Author(s) Details:

C. O. Ajogun,
Department of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University, P. M. B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

S. C. Achinewhu,
Department of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University, P. M. B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

D. B. Kiin-Kabari,
Department of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University, P. M. B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

O. M. Akusu,
Department of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University, P. M. B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPAFS-V2/article/view/9406

Gas Chromatographic–Mass Spectrometric Determination of Azithromycin in Biological Fluids: An Experimental Investigation| Chapter 15 | New Innovations in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol.7

 Antibiotics are now commonly utilised in food-producing animals to stimulate growth and preserve optimal health. The antibiotic azithromycin monohydrate belongs to the macrolide antibiotic class. As an efficient antibiotic, it is used to treat sexually transmitted illnesses, upper and lower respiratory tract infections, and skin structure infections.

Methods: A method for determining azithromycin monohydrate residue in bodily fluids using a gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric (GC–MS) method is described. This approach identifies residual azithromycin (AZM) in biological fluids using single-ion monitoring (SIM). If the residual level in a sample is greater than 5 g/mL, a full-scan electron impact (EI) mass spectrum can be used to corroborate the results. Before partitioning between chloroform and phosphate buffer solution, AZM is extracted from a sample with chloroform and cleaned up with n-hexane washing. The cleaned extract is acetylated in an acetic anhydride–pyridine combination at room temperature (1:2).
Results: The reaction mixture was put into the GC–MS instrument, and SIM at m/z 200 was used to detect it. 2 g/mL is the detection limit.
Conclusions: This proposed method has the potential to be used in both forensic and toxicological laboratories to analyse drugs.

Author(s) Details:

Subbiah Thangadurai,
Post Graduate Studies and Research Department of Chemistry, Raja Doraisingam Government Arts College, Government of Tamil Nadu, 630 561 Sivagangai, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NICB-V7/article/view/5978

A Case Report on Riga-Fede Disease Associated with Natal Teeth in a Premature Female Child | Chapter 6 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 11

 Though not typical tooth development defects, natal and neonatal teeth exist. Frequently, they are a segment of dental abnormalities. The prevalence has been estimated to be between one in 2000 and three thousand live births. The purpose of this research is to describe a case of a ten-day-old kid who had natal teeth in the mandibular anterior region and ulcers on the tongue's ventral side. Riga–Fede illness was discovered in the mandibular anterior region, as well as natal teeth with little movement. Riga- Fede sickness has been treated in a variety of ways over the years. To avoid aspiration, swallowing of teeth, and early resolution of the lesion, the treatment strategy included extraction of the natal teeth followed by surgical operation of the extraction socket. At the ten-day follow-up appointment, the lesion had healed satisfactorily. The major goal was to provide professional knowledge about the appearance and management of a natal tooth.

Author(S) Details

Raghavendr Singh
Purvanchal College of Dental Sciences, India.

Medha Lakhanam
Purvanchal College of Dental Sciences, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V11/article/view/4648

Extraction and Separation of Nano-Sized Zirconia from in High Purity ZrO(NO) Using PC88A, D2EHPA and Determination of Impurities by ICP-MS | Chapter 5 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 5

Many nuclear reactor components, especially the fuel cladding tubes, require high purity zirconium (Zr) elements. Separation from the Zr matrix is required to determine impurities in Zr materials due to the influence of the matrix. Solvent extraction is a typical extraction method that works well in large-scale manufacturing. The capacity of 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono 2-ethylhexyl ester (PC88A) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) to extract Zr(IV) was investigated in this chapter using FT-IR, UV spectra of ZrO(NO3)2 salt, PC88A-toluene solvent, and Zr-PC88A-toluen ZrO2 (from the Institute for Technology of Radioactive and Rare Elements - ITRRE) and ZrCl4 (from Merck) are combined to make ZrO2 (NO3) 2, after being isolated from the Zr matrix, was tested for impurities using a 50 percent PC88A dissolved in toluene internal standard (indium, In). In two phases, impurities were removed from the Zr matrix. The Zr matrix and impurities were removed in 3.0 M HNO3 for one cycle using 50 percent PC88A/toluene. Second, contaminants were removed using 4.0-6.0 M HNO3 in two cycles. Approximately 74% of Zr(IV) was segregated into the organic phase, whereas 26% remained in the aqueous phase, according to the data. ICP-MS recovery of impurities after separation from the Zr matrix using an internal standard revealed a 95–100% recovery of impurities. With the amount of Zr given, the influence of the Zr matrix on ICP-MS element determination is negligible. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 6.9% and recoveries (Revs) of 88.6–98.8% were found in impurity levels. As a result, contamination assessment is exceedingly precise and trustworthy. Back-extraction of Zr(IV) in organic phase with 1.0 - 1.5 M H2SO4 returned 99.5 percent of the Zr matrix to the aqueous phase.

After that, NH3 was added to the Zr-containing solution to produce Zr(OH)4, which was then dehydrated to yield ZrO2. According to X-ray Diffraction (XRD), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) images, the new ZrO2 product has a spherical nanostructure with diameters of less than 25 nm, making it suitable for applications such as colourant treatment, metal ions in wastewater sources, and the manufacture of anti-corrosion steel. Furthermore, an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) study of the new ZrO2 product demonstrated that it is exceptionally pure.

Author (S) Details

Nhuong Chu Manh

Faculty of Chemistry, Thai Nguyen University of Education, Thai Nguyen City 24000, Vietnam

N. T. H. Lan

Faculty of Chemistry, Thai Nguyen University of Education, Thai Nguyen City 24000, Vietnam.

M. X. Truong

Faculty of Chemistry, Thai Nguyen University of Education, Thai Nguyen City 24000, Vietnam.

D. T. Huong

Faculty of Chemistry, Thai Nguyen University of Education, Thai Nguyen City 24000, Vietnam.

N. T. T. Loan

Faculty of Chemistry, Thai Nguyen University of Education, Thai Nguyen City 24000, Vietnam.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACS-V5/article/view/3893

Rubidium Extraction | Chapter 6 | Current Approaches in Science and Technology Research Vol. 15

 Rubidium is a silvery-white alkali metal that belongs to the first group of the periodic table. Because of its unique properties such as softness, ductility, malleability, strong chemical and photo-emissive activity, low melting point, and ease of ionisation, rubidium and its compounds have been widely used in electronics, telecommunications, optical and laser technology, biomedical, space technology, and academic research, particularly quantum mechanics-based computing devices. With fast advancing technology and research, rubidium will receive much more attention in the near future. There is no mineral that is the major component of rubidium, despite it being one of the most prevalent elements in the Earth's crust. In brines, there is a lot of rubidium but it's not very concentrated. It's also made in small amounts from lithium and cesium-rich minerals like lepidolite and pollucite. However, only a small amount of study has been done on extracting rubidium from mining tailings. Rubidium, along with other alkali metals, is present in these minerals in a complicated structure. qualities that are quite comparable As a result, extracting or concentrating rubidium from these sources is difficult. Rubidium separation is time-consuming and expensive due to a variety of physical and chemical processes. Rubidium recovery technologies that are effective, environmentally friendly, and inexpensive are being researched.

Author (S) Details

Dr. Bengü Ertan
Espiye Vocational School, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CASTR-V15/article/view/2968

Wild Grape Fruits Extracted by Different Solvents: Phytochemicals and Biological Activities | Chapter 9 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 2

 The aim of this study was to look into the phytochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of different coloured wild grape fruits extracted with different solvents such as water, methanol, and ethanol. Folin-Ciocalteu and colorimetric aluminium chloride assays were used to assess total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) content, while 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant strength (FRAP) assays were used to determine antioxidant activities. The extracts' antibacterial activity against infective bacteria was also examined using the agar well diffusion process. In comparison to other extracts, methanolic extracts had the highest TPC content, especially in green extract. The highest TFC was found in the ethanolic extracts of red and black fruits, while the highest TFC was found in the green extract using methanol. As compared to other solvents of the same hue, methanolic extracts of all colours had the lowest IC50 values. The methanolic extract of green has the lowest IC₅₀ values, indicating that it has the most strong antioxidant activity. The obtained results showed a strong correlation with the FRAP values. In contrast to the methanolic extract, the ethanolic extract showed comparable antioxidant activity. The antibacterial activity of a methanolic extract of green fruits was strong. All ethanolic extracts inhibited selected bacteria in a similar way, but none of the water extracts displayed any activity. Both extracts had MICs and MBCs in the 250-500 g/mL range. The obtained results showed that the phytochemicals and biological activities of the wild grape were primarily influenced by extraction solvents and different colours of large grape fruits.

Author (s) Details

Boonsod Yardpiroon
Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand.

Sangdee Aphidech
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand.

Srihanam Prasong
Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V2/issue/view/55

Effectiveness of Guava (Psidium guajava) Leaves Extract in Prolonging Shelf-Life of Ripe Strawberries | Chapter 6 | Current Research in Agricultural and Food Science Vol. 4

Background: Artificial preservatives have been associated with many health hazards, including: hyperactivity in children, respiratory problems such as asthma and bronchitis, heart tissue weakening, obesity, as some contain fatty acids, especially in processed foods and gastrointestinal disorders. Food-borne illnesses caused by the absence of steps to protect food have continuously been a threat to human health and have contributed to the use of preservatives.Sulfite has been shown to have the following side effects: headaches, allergies, palpitations and cancer, and is a common preservative in fruits. Another downside to artificial preservation is that it makes it costly to grow and accumulate a lot of time. Therefore, a natural preservative is required.

Objectives: This research was carried out to establish a natural preservative from the extract of guava leaves to help increase the shelf life of strawberries.

Methods: By grinding the dry guava leaves into 100 g of powder and adding 600 ml of boiling water, crude extract was obtained. To facilitate extraction, the mixture was allowed to stand for 1 hr. To assess its inhibition against fungi, the extract was then filtered and used. In order to obtain 5 different concentrations used to assess their efficacy in raising the shelf life of the strawberries, the extract was also serially diluted.

Results: The plates with the highest concentration of extract of guava leaves had the lowest number of colonies of microbials, whereas the lowest concentration had the highest number of colonies of microbials. By far, the control samples had a higher number of microbial colonies than all the various extract concentrations.

Conclusion: Crude guava leaf extracts demonstrated fungal inhibition and improved the shelf life of strawberries. To obtain a distilled preservative from the extract, further studies need to be performed.

Author (s) Details

Dr. L. G. Njue
Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, Kenya.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CRAFS-V4/issue/view/30

Chemical Constituents of Mentha piperata L.(Lamiaceae) Essential Oil from Congo | Chapter 5 | Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 3

 Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the chemical composition of Mentha piperata essential oil from the Congo region. Methodology and Results: essential oil obtained by steam distillation of piperata Mentha L dry leaf stalks. The research was carried out in the northern part of Brazzaville (Poto-poto), Congo. After extraction, the yield achieved is 0.52 percent . The gas chromatography (GC) and gazeusechromatographic mass spectrometry (GC/MS) coupling study indicated the existence of 15 constituents comprising 96.18% of the total essential oil. In this essential oil, oxygenated monoterpenes are predominant (87.54 percent), oxygenated sesquiterpenes are representative (3.91 percent) and hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes are expressed by hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes (3.20 percent ). The key constituents of the essential oil are menthol (41.81 percent), menthyl acetate (36.92 percent), menthone (5.12 percent) and acetate neomenthyl (3.04 percent). Conclusion and Application Results: This essential oil can be beneficial for food needs, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and perfumery, taking into account the proportion of menthol (41.81 percent) and the presence of menthone (5.12 percent).

Author(s) Details

B. Ndzeli Likibi
Unité de Chimie du Végétal et de la Vie (UC2V), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, BP 69, Brazzaville, Congof.

Gouollaly Tsiba
Unité de Chimie du Végétal et de la Vie (UC2V), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, BP 69, Brazzaville, Congo.

A. B. Madiélé Mabika
Unité de Chimie du Végétal et de la Vie (UC2V), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, BP 69, Brazzaville, Congo.

J. M. Moutsamboté
Unité de Chimie du Végétal et de la Vie (UC2V), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, BP 69, Brazzaville, Congo.

S. Nsikabaka
Unité de Chimie du Végétal et de la Vie (UC2V), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, BP 69, Brazzaville, Congo.

J. M. Ouamba
Unité de Chimie du Végétal et de la Vie (UC2V), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, BP 69, Brazzaville, Congo.

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Extraction of Fibres from Ashoka (Polyalthia longifolia) for Development of Yarns from PlantWaste Material | Chapter 11 | Recent Advances in Science and Technology Research Vol. 6

 The present study focused on the development of blended yarns made from pruned ashoka plant-waste material using ashoka bast fibres, the usefulness of which was hardly explored for the purpose. Symmetrical Ashoka (P. longifolia), a perennial herb, exhibits  Pyramidal development of pendulous willowy branches. Via environmental degradation and ultimately, public health, immoral and unthoughtful handling of large quantities of plant waste causes several hazards. Production of plant-waste textile textures can aid in  In addition to providing self-employment through the growth of entrepreneurship in related goods, to address this issue. The Ashoka barks were treated for 2.5 hours at a high temperature ( 100-120 ° C) in 3 percent alkali solution (1:20 MLR). Silicone emulsion (0.5 percent by 0.5%) was used to soften the fibres. Fibre weight) at room temperature. High denier value (76.45) and bundle strength (24.75 g / tex) were observed for ashoka fibres. Ashoka fibre length (59.64 mm) was 9.70 percent greater than wool fibres with moisture content. Two types of yarns-ashoka (100 percent) and ashoka / wool blend (50:50) were hand spun from the extracted ashoka fibres. Compared with 50A:50W blended yarn, higher tenacity (1.09 gf / tex) and breaking force (892.0 gf / denier) of 100 percent ashoka yarn were found. In addition , in the case of 50A:50W, a greater yarn count of 1.77s was observed. Due to the harsh and warm tactile properties that mimic wool, it is concluded that the extracted fibres were ideal for blending with wool. The chemically extracted ashoka fibres were found to be adequate for the production of heavyweight fabrics such as blazers, jackets and stoles for home textiles and clothing applications.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Lalita Rani,
Department of Apparel and Textile Science, College of Home Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, India.

Kanwaljit Brar
Department of Apparel and Textile Science, College of Home Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, India.

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