Evaluating Bioactive Compounds in Medicinal Plants: A Case Study of Trichilia monadelpha (Meliaceae) | Chapter 5 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 6

 

Oxidative stress contributes to numerous degenerative diseases, making plant-derived antioxidants increasingly valuable for therapeutic applications. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition and antioxidant potential of Trichilia monadelpha leaf extracts, a West African tree with reported medicinal properties. Leaves were extracted using maceration with n-hexane and methanol solvents, yielding 2.4% and 3.2% respectively.  Phytochemical screening revealed that the methanolic extract contained alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, and terpenoids, while the n-hexane extract contained alkaloids, terpenoids, and cardiac glycosides. Antioxidant activity was assessed at four concentrations (0.25–2.0 mg/mL) using DPPH radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays, with vitamin C as the standard. The methanolic extract showed clear, concentration-dependent antioxidant activity across all assays. Its DPPH IC₅₀ value was 2.584 mg/L compared with 1.907 mg/L for vitamin C, and similar dose-dependent trends were observed in the reducing and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays, although with lower potency than the standard. Pearson’s correlation indicated a stronger association between phytochemical content and antioxidant activity in the methanolic extract (r = 0.951). The n-hexane extract displayed minimal activity (r = 0.560).

 

T. monadelpha leaves, especially the methanolic extract, contain bioactive constituents with measurable antioxidant effects, supporting their traditional use and highlighting the need for further isolation and characterisation of the active compounds.

 

Author(s) Details

P. D. Clark
Department of Chemistry, Edwin Clark University, Kiagbodo, Delta State, Nigeria.

 

E. Omo-Udoyo
Department of Chemistry, Edwin Clark University, Kiagbodo, Delta State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v6/6791

 

Qualitative Study on the Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activity Determination of the Flower Buds of Bauhinia variegate | Chapter 8 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 7

Bauhinia variegata is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family ‘Fabaceae’, which is native to Southeast Asia, Southern China, Pakistan and India. This is a popular ornamental tree in sub-tropical and tropical climates. Almost all the parts of the tree Bauhinia variegata are used pharmacologically as in obesity, bleeding piles, worms, cough, inflammatory skin diseases, balancing activity of thyroxin production, haematuria, dysuria, anti-ulcer, menorrhagia and goitre and many others.

 

The objective of the present study was to do a qualitative evaluation of phytochemicals present in the flower buds of Bauhinia variegata (BV) which belongs to the family “Fabaceae’ which is well known for its scented flowers. A few of the Bauhinia variegata trees (6 trees) were spotted in Universiti Sains Malaysia (U.S.M.), Penang, near the old building of ‘Subaida Restourant’.

 

The young, premature flower buds of the plant were subjected to analysis for their phytochemical constituents as fresh material. The fresh raw flower buds of the plant were macerated and subjected to hot percolation separately. The maceration was carried out for 72 hours with absolute alcohol. The hot percolation (Soxhlet extraction) was carried out in intervals, approximately for 40 hours. The shade-dried flower buds were also subjected to maceration and hot percolation separately with absolute alcohol. The extracts were dried over a rotary evaporator. After evaporation, the greenish pinkish colour gummy mass was obtained from the fresh flower bud extractions. The evaporated extracts of shade-dried flower buds were of a greenish gummy mass. Some of the extracts were greenish yellow and greenish in colour. All evaporated extracts were dissolved and diluted in the respective solvents for phytochemical analysis. The qualitative screening of analytical results showed the presence of alkaloids, reducing sugars, terpenoids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids and carbohydrates in all the extractions. The tests for saponins revealed that this group was not present in any of the solvent extracts. Anthraquinones showed the presence in Flower A and Bud SA only, while this group was not present in Flower B, Bud A and Bud B samples. Antioxidant activity was also determined, showing highly antioxidant activity.

 

These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of Bauhinia variegata flower buds, and further studies are required to validate these results.

 

Author(s) Details

Kew K. S
Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah D.A., Malaysia.

 

Neivashini M
Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah D.A., Malaysia.

 

Ooi X. C
Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah D.A., Malaysia.

 

Nabila P
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia (U.S.M.), Penang, Malaysia.

 

Naeem H. Khan
Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah D.A., Malaysia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v7/6031

Conventional and Innovative Extraction Methods of Phenolic Compounds from Cornus mas L. | Chapter 2 | Food Science and Agriculture: Research Highlights Vol. 2

Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) fruits are included in the berries group as a rich source of health-promoting bioactive (phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, vitamins, carotenoids and carbohydrates) with a high antioxidant activity. In the present study, an illustrative overview of conventional and emerging extraction techniques of cornelian cherry fruits is presented to investigate the influence of the extraction conditions on the bioactive concentration. Given the importance of the environmental impact, in the last decade, emerging extraction methods have been applied. The main aim of our paper is to give special attention to the mechanism and principle of unconventional extraction methods, especially to ultrasound-assisted extraction and extraction assisted by natural deep eutectic solvents. The chapter reviews the therapeutic potential of Cornus mas derived from a rich composition of phenolic compounds. Different extraction conditions are reported to have revealed the great potential of cornelian cherry fruit extracts in the food industry, pharmaceutics, cosmetics, homoeopathic medicine and nutraceutics.

 

Author (s) Details

Liliana Mihalcea
Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 111 Domneasca Street, 800201, Galati, Romania.

 

Iuliana – Maria Enache
Faculty of Horticulture, Iasi University of Life Sciences, 3 Mihail Sadoveanu, Alley, 700490, Iasi, Romania.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/fsarh/v2/5044

Determining the Effect of Extraction Method on Chemical Composition of Lamium amplexicaule L. | Chapter 6 | Cutting Edge Research in Biology Vol. 5

 The aim concerning this study was the investigation of the applicable method for the distillation of phenolic compounds from Lamium amplexicaule -plant of the Lamiaceae kin, widespread in Algeria and North Africa. The usually on insects or electronics parts of the plant were collected all along Mars 2018 from Djemila Wilaya of Setif (Algeria). Ethanolic extracts were obtained by process to make softer and Soxhlet apparatus. Phytochemical arrangement was determined by liquid chromatography bulk spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) plan. Results demonstrate that the big compound in both extracts was chlorogenic acid. However, 18 compounds were recognized in the extract obtained by Soxhlet and 17 on account of obtained by process to make softer. These constituents were restricted, and the Soxhlet extract had greater concentrations than the maceration extract acted. It follows that the Soxhlet extraction is outside limits the maceration ancestry for L. amplexicaule. Further studies are necessary to recognize the biological parts of individual compounds of extracts and different biological possessions of this plant.

Author(s) Details:

Siham Ferdjioui,
Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, University Ferhat Abbas Setif-1, 19000, Setif, Algeria.

Rachid Belhattab,
Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, University Ferhat Abbas Setif-1, 19000, Setif, Algeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CERB-V5/article/view/9797

Determination of Photochemical Screening, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Citrus Maxima Peel | Chapter 09 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 8

 Citrus maxima (pomelo) was found to have antimicrobial action against many microbe strains, notwithstanding the unfavourable results of this study. Resistance of tested bacterial strains, temperature of preparation conditions, and low concentration of phytochemical present in the plant extract are all factors that can affect their antibacterial efficacy. Malaysia is well-known for growing "Citrus maxima," also known as pomelo. Pomelo is beneficial to the body's immunological system, weight loss prevention, and anti-aging. Pomelo can also help with constipation by promoting digestion and peristalsis. Potassium (an excellent vasodilator) and vitamin C are abundant in pomelo (an antioxidant). With n-hexane, the peel of Citrus maxima was macerated and extracted using the Soxhlet method. Citrus maxima extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity using the "Well Diffusion" method and comparing the clear inhibition zone of a standard antibiotic to the extracts on "Mullen-Hinton agar." Citrus maxima's antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH radical-scavenging activity of total phenol test. All of the extracts passed the alkaloids qualitative test. Terpenoids were found in the filtrate and residue following maceration, however terpenoids were not found in the Soxhlet sample. Flavonoids were only discovered in the residue. The researchers looked at the total phenolic chemicals in the hexane extract and discovered that the higher the sample concentration, the higher the GAE value.

Author(S) Details

Naeem Hasan Khan
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Malaysia.

Chin Jia Qian
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Malaysia.

Nabila Perveen
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Malaysia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPRD-V8/article/view/5650

Screening of Punica granatum Seeds for Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity with Various Extracts: A Brief Analytical Study | Chapter 9 | Current Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 8

 Punica granatum thrives in climates with long, hot, dry summers (90°F) and milder winters. The genus name is derived from the Latin name Punicum malum. A 100-g serving of pomegranate seeds contains 12% of the Daily Value (DV) for vitamin C, 16% of the DV for vitamin K, and 10% of the DV for folate. Pomegranate seeds are high in dietary fiber (20% DV), which is completely contained in the edible seeds. People who choose to throw away the seeds miss out on the nutritional benefits provided by seed fiber and micronutrients [1]. The most abundant phytochemicals in pomegranate are the hydrolyzable tannins known as ellagitannins, which are formed when ellagic acid and/or gallic acid bind with a carbohydrate to form pomegranate ellagitannins [2,3], also known as punicalagins Anthocyanins are responsible for the red color of juice. Generally, as fruit ripens, the pigmentation of the juice increases [4]. Processing and pasteurization techniques reduce the phenolic content of pomegranate juice [5]. The antimicrobial activity of the various extracts (maceration with ethanol and hexane separately, and soxhlet with ethanol) was investigated (using agar well diffusion method). Positive controls included penicillin and ampicillin. Ethanol soxhlet extracts inhibited the growth of all seven strains of bacteria, resulting in the detection of a zone of inhibition. Ethanol maceration extract only had antimicrobial activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, whereas hexane extract did not. Using the equations obtained from the graphs, the IC50, or half maximal (50 percent ) inhibitory concentration for Punica granatum seed extracts, was calculated. The DPPH radical scavenging assay was used to determine antioxidant activity. In this study, the half maximal (50 percent) inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined. Ethanol soxhlet (ES) extract had the lowest IC50 value (1350.27 g/mL), hexane extract (HM) had the highest IC50 value (3005.66 g/mL), and ethanol maceration extract (EM) had the lowest. (4852.26 g/mL) value The following objectives were devised to achieve the goals: Authentication of plant material The antimicrobial potential and antioxidant activity of Punica granatum seed extracts were evaluated.

Author(s) Details

Naeem Hasan Khan
Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Malaysia.

Adriana Lee Tze Ying
Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Malaysia.

Candy Goo Zhi Tian
Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Malaysia.

Ooi Wei Yi
Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Malaysia.

Shantini Vijayabalan
Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Malaysia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACB-V8/article/view/1876

Antifungal, Antiradical and Insecticidal Activities of Some Grass Species | Chapter 10 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 4

 Poaceae is one of the economically important families of plants and includes grass-designated monocotyledonous flowering plants. Grasses are useful as fruit, fodder, essential oil sources, building materials, and medicine. The antifungal, antiradical and insecticidal activity of grass extracts, namely Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius, Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv., Capillipedium huegelii (Hack.) A.Camus and Echinochloa colona (L.) Link, were evaluated in the present study. The extraction of shade-dried plant materials by maceration using methanol was carried out. Antifungal activity against two seed-borne fungi viz. was assessed by Poisoned food technique. A. and Aspergillus niger. Oh, Flavus. In addition to mycelial development, the extracts were successful in causing considerable sporulation suppression. The DPPH free radical scavenging assay calculated the anti-radical operation. The extracts were effective in dose-dependently scavenging radicals. Insecticidal activity against II instar larvae of the genus Aedes has been evaluated. The extracts resulted in 100 percent larval mortality at the tested concentration. For the production of formulations that can be used against phytopathogenic fungi, oxidative damage, and vectors that spread dreadful diseases, grasses appear to be promising tools. The purification of the active principles from crude extracts and the assessment of their bioactivity should be carried out.

Author(s) Details

Dr. T. R. Prashith Kekuda
Department of Microbiology, S.R.N.M.N. College of Applied Sciences, N.E.S. Campus, Balraj Urs Road, Shivamogga-577201, Karnataka, India.

Ms. Fathima Mohammadi
Department of Microbiology, S.R.N.M.N. College of Applied Sciences, N.E.S. Campus, Balraj Urs Road, Shivamogga-577201, Karnataka, India.

Ms. V. Nandini
Department of Microbiology, S.R.N.M.N. College of Applied Sciences, N.E.S. Campus, Balraj Urs Road, Shivamogga-577201, Karnataka, India.

Ms. K. S. Shreya
Department of Microbiology, S.R.N.M.N. College of Applied Sciences, N.E.S. Campus, Balraj Urs Road, Shivamogga-577201, Karnataka, India.

Mr. H. U. Abhijith

P.G. Department of Studies and Research in Botany, Jnana Sahyadri, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta-577451, Karnataka, India.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/359