α-tocopherol: A Ticket to Prevent Antitubercular Drugs Induced Hepatotoxicity | Chapter 11 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 7

 The bacteria that causes tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is notorious for acquiring resistance to monotherapy. Patients are given a combination of antitubercular drugs for months to years to prevent the emergence of resistance, which can cause negative effects. Hepatotoxicity is one of the most common side effects of antitubercular drugs.

The goal of this investigation was to see if -tocopherol could protect albino rabbits' livers from experimentally induced hepatotoxicity.

Methods: Thirty rabbits of either sexe were used in this experiment. They were split into three groups, each with ten animals. Hepatotoxicity is generated in rabbits in an experimental setting using a conventional technique. Normal saline (10 ml/kg bw) was given to Group I. The first-line antitubercular medicines isoniazid (5 mg/kg bw), rifampicin (20 mg/kg bw), and pyrazinamide (25 mg/kg bw) were given to rabbits in group II at the same time. Along with group II medicines, group III received - tocopherol 200 mg/kg bw. For 90 days, all of the medications were taken orally. Blood samples were taken on the last day of the experiment to look into the plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and serum total bilirubin.

After 90 days of oral antitubercular treatment, serum levels of ALT were found to be significantly raised. When -Tocopherol was given in doses of 200mg/kg bw for the same duration as antitubercular medicines, there was a statistically significant drop in ALT levels. Serum ALP and serum total bilirubin yielded similar results.

Conclusions: In albino rabbits, -tocopherol (200 mg/kg bw, oral) had a hepatoprotective effect against antitubercular drug-induced hepatotoxicity.

Author(S) Details

Rajiv Nehra
Department of Biochemistry, LLRM Medical College, Meerut (U.P.), India.

Pinki Vishwakarma
Department of Pharmacology, LLRM Medical College, Meerut (U.P.), India.

Manju Nehra
Dental Surgeon, C.H.C. Siyana, Bulandshahr, (U.P.), India.

Shashank Tyagi
Department of Biochemistry, LLRM Medical College, Meerut (U.P.), India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V7/article/view/4536

Screening of Punica granatum Seeds for Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity with Various Extracts: A Brief Analytical Study | Chapter 9 | Current Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 8

 Punica granatum thrives in climates with long, hot, dry summers (90°F) and milder winters. The genus name is derived from the Latin name Punicum malum. A 100-g serving of pomegranate seeds contains 12% of the Daily Value (DV) for vitamin C, 16% of the DV for vitamin K, and 10% of the DV for folate. Pomegranate seeds are high in dietary fiber (20% DV), which is completely contained in the edible seeds. People who choose to throw away the seeds miss out on the nutritional benefits provided by seed fiber and micronutrients [1]. The most abundant phytochemicals in pomegranate are the hydrolyzable tannins known as ellagitannins, which are formed when ellagic acid and/or gallic acid bind with a carbohydrate to form pomegranate ellagitannins [2,3], also known as punicalagins Anthocyanins are responsible for the red color of juice. Generally, as fruit ripens, the pigmentation of the juice increases [4]. Processing and pasteurization techniques reduce the phenolic content of pomegranate juice [5]. The antimicrobial activity of the various extracts (maceration with ethanol and hexane separately, and soxhlet with ethanol) was investigated (using agar well diffusion method). Positive controls included penicillin and ampicillin. Ethanol soxhlet extracts inhibited the growth of all seven strains of bacteria, resulting in the detection of a zone of inhibition. Ethanol maceration extract only had antimicrobial activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, whereas hexane extract did not. Using the equations obtained from the graphs, the IC50, or half maximal (50 percent ) inhibitory concentration for Punica granatum seed extracts, was calculated. The DPPH radical scavenging assay was used to determine antioxidant activity. In this study, the half maximal (50 percent) inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined. Ethanol soxhlet (ES) extract had the lowest IC50 value (1350.27 g/mL), hexane extract (HM) had the highest IC50 value (3005.66 g/mL), and ethanol maceration extract (EM) had the lowest. (4852.26 g/mL) value The following objectives were devised to achieve the goals: Authentication of plant material The antimicrobial potential and antioxidant activity of Punica granatum seed extracts were evaluated.

Author(s) Details

Naeem Hasan Khan
Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Malaysia.

Adriana Lee Tze Ying
Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Malaysia.

Candy Goo Zhi Tian
Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Malaysia.

Ooi Wei Yi
Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Malaysia.

Shantini Vijayabalan
Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Malaysia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACB-V8/article/view/1876

Enrichment of Organic-Inorganic Se and Vitamin E in Quail Products and Their Effects on Performances and Antioxidant Source in Quail Eggs | Chapter 7 | Cutting-edge Research in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 10

 The goal of this study was to find the best combination of organic selenium, inorganic selenium, and vitamin E for optimal quail production and reproduction, as well as the highest antioxidant level in quail eggs. Seven hundred twenty quails (360 females and 360 males) were used in this study at the age of six weeks. There were nine different treatment diets to choose from: T1 (commercial diet/control), T2 (diet containing 0.46 ppm inorganic Se + 43.50 ppm vitamin E), T3 (diet containing 0.92 ppm inorganic Se + 43.50 ppm vitamin E), T4 (diet containing 0.92 ppm inorganic Se +87.00 ppm vitamin E), T5 (diet containing T6 (diet containing 0.46 ppm organic Se + 43.50 ppm vitamin E), T7 (diet containing 0.92 ppm organic Se + 43.50 ppm vitamin E), and T8 (diet containing 0.92 ppm organic Se 0.92 +87.00 ppm vitamin E). A factorial nested design was used to set up the experiment. Duncan's test was used to see if there were any significant differences between the treatments. This study found that 0.92 ppm organic selenium + 43.50 ppm vitamin E (T7) provided the highest selenium content in meat, egg albumin, and egg yolk, as well as hatchability. The antioxidants represented by vitamin E and glutathione peroxidase enzyme were significantly higher in quail eggs. were significantly higher in quail fed the other treatment diets.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Syahrir Akil,
Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agribusiness & Food Sciences, Djuanda University, Jl. Tol Ciawi Bogor 16720, Indonesia.

Wiranda Gentini Piliang
Department of Nutrition & Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University , Jl.Agatis Kampus IPB Darmaga, IPB Bogor 16680, Indonesia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CRAS-V10/article/view/1564

Study on Antioxidant and Toxicity Evaluation of Xanthone Crude Extract on Hypoxic Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos | Chapter 4 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 1

 

In this study, we evaluated the effects of xanthone crude extract (XCE) and α-mangostin (α-MG) on
normoxic and hypoxic human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells and their toxicity towards
zebrafish embryos. XCE was isolated using a mixture of acetone and water (80:20) and verified via
high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant activities of both XCE and α-MG
compounds were determined where α-MG had the lowest antioxidant activities followed by XCE and
ascorbic acid, (IC50 = >50 μg/mL, 8.25 ± 0.2, and 2.88 ± 0.02 μg/mL, respectively). XCE and α-MG
showed higher anti-proliferation effects on normoxic HepG2 cells compared to the control drug, 5-
fluorouracil (IC50 = 50.23 ± 1.38, 8.39 ± 0.14, and 143.75 ± 15.31 µg/mL, respectively). In hypoxic
conditions, HepG2 cells were two times less sensitive towards XCE compared to normoxic HepG2
cells (IC50 = 109.38 ± 1.80 µg/mL) and three times less sensitive when treated with >500 µg/mL 5-
fluorouracil (5-FU). A similar trend was seen with the α-MG treatment on hypoxic HepG2 cells (IC50 =
10.11 ± 0.05 µg/mL) compared to normoxic HepG2 cells. The effect of XCE and α-MG extracts on
normal cell migration were determined. The highest and lowest percentage of migration ability for
XCE was found to be 66.80% (25 μg/mL) and 15.91% (100 μg/mL), respectively. Similar trend was
also observed with the highest percentage of migration ability for α-MG was found to be 85.73%
(3.13 μg/mL) while the lowest at 12.08% (25 μg/mL). At a concentration of 12.5 µg/mL, the α-MG
treatment caused tail-bend deformities in surviving zebrafish embryos, while no malformation was
observed when embryos were exposed to XCE and 5-FU treatments. Our study suggests that both
XCE and α-MG are capable of inhibiting HepG2 cell proliferation during normoxic and hypoxic
conditions, more effectively than 5-FU. Both XCE and α-MG treatments showed similar reduction in
the percentage of inflammation response towards Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in zebrafish
embryos as compared to ascorbic acid at predetermined dose of 87.42±0.54% for 15.63 μg/mL,
88.12±0.86% for 3.13 μg/mL and 85.57±0.44% for 8μg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, XCE is more
preferable compared to α-MG as it was observed to not caused teratogenicity, while similarly
performed to inhibit cancer cells, promote normal cell migration at lower concentration and reduces
radical molecules.

Author (s) Details

Muhammad Akram Mohd Noordin
Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.

Nur Hidayah Jamar
Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.

Siti Aisyah Sanusi
Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.

Ahmad Azfaralariff
Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.

Mahanem Mat Noor
Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.

Azwan Mat Lazim
Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia and Tasik Chini Research
Centre, Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.

Herryawan Ryadi Eziwar Dyari
Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia and Tasik Chini Research
Centre, Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.

Babul Airianah Othman
Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia and Tasik Chini Research
Centre, Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.


Douglas Law
Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.

Nik Marzuki Sidik
Faculty of Agro Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Locked Bag 100, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Yew Hoong Cheah
ZACH Biotech Depot Private Limited, Cheras 43300, Selangor, Malaysia.

Yi Chieh Lim
Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.


Shazrul Fazry
Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia and Tasik Chini Research
Centre, Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/253

Antioxidant Enzymes in Serum of Patients with Painful Acute Periradicular Abscess: Critical Overview | Chapter 14 | Current Research and Development in Chemistry Vol. 2

The purpose of this study was to compare the pre-treatment and post-treatment serum antioxidants levels in acute periradicular abscess, with pain. Thirty-two patients (18 males, 14 females) with acute and painful endodontic abscesses were included in this study. Before treatment, patients had severe symptoms of inflammation, but at the end of treatment no symptoms of inflammation were observed. Glutathione reductase and catalase activities concentrations were measured in serum of patients with acute periradicular abscess, before and after treatment. There was no statistically significant effect on levels of catalase activity and glutathione reductase concentrations (p > 0.05). 

Author(s) Details

Mehmet Sinan Evcil
Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.

Assoc. Dr. Ismail Uzun
Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.

Prof. Dr. Berna Demircan
 Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.

Ali Keles
Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/173