Examination of Hepatoprotective Activity of Annona squamosa Linn. Leaves against Isoniazid and Rifampin Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats | Chapter 10 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 9

Background: Tuberculosis is a granulomatous, chronic illness causing serious problems in developing countries. The first line of treatments is isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol and streptomycin. The goal of this investigation was to examine if the ethanolic extract of Annona squamosa has any hepatoprotective activity in rats suffering from isoniazid-rifampin-induced hepatotoxicity.

Methodology: The rats were separated into five groups (n=6): group 1, control, group 2 isoniazid treated (100 mg/kg, i.p.) and rifampin (100 mg/kg, i.p..) in sterile water, group 3, control and standard drug silymarin, 2.5 mg/kg, b.w., p.o., groups 4 and 5 are treated with200 and 400 mg/kg, b.w., p.o., of ethanolic extract of AS. All of the treatment procedures were monitored for a total of 21 days after the rats were sacrificed. Biochemical and histological investigations were performed on the blood and liver respectively.

Results: Rats (Group - 2) treated with Rifampin (RIF) & Isoniazid (INH) elevated blood Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transferase (SGOT), Serum Glutamate pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) levels in varying degrees.  Administration of ethanolic extracts of Annona squamosa considerably reduced Rifampin and Isoniazid-induced elevations in serum liver marker enzymes SGOT, SGPT and ALP. Furthermore, the standard drug and extract-treated groups had significantly larger total macromolecule and total albumen levels. The extract’s efficacy was compared with silymarin, a standard medication. The histological profile also supported the results of biochemical studies. The ethanolic extract of Annona squamosa has been found to protect rats from oxidative liver injury caused by rifampin and isoniazid.

Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of AS protected rats from isoniazid and rifampin-induced oxidative liver injury and has potential hepato-protective properties. Furthermore, research of this type creates therapeutically feasible strategies to treat patients with drug-induced hepatotoxicity.

 

Author (s) Details

Samba Siva Raju Derangula
Department of Pharmacology, Sri Balaji Medical College, Hospital & Research Institute, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

N. S. Muthiah
Department of Pharmacology, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chrompet, Chennai, India.

 

Madhav P.
Department of Pharmacology, Sri Balaji Medical College, Hospital & Research Institute, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

E. Sukumar
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v9/3436

Hepatoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Stems Extract of Anisochilus carnosus against Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats” | Chapter 2 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 4

 This stage highlights the Hepatoprotective potential of ethanolic extract from Stems of Anisochilus carnosus against element tetrachloride induced toxicity in informer. An ethanolic extract of stems of Anisochilus carnosus (EEAC) was studied for hepatoprotective endeavor against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) persuaded hepatotoxicity in rats. Fresh stems were composed from Sri Venkateswara University dorm, India. The plant material was dried under shade at range temperature, shortened to moderately rude powder and extracted successively accompanying 95% ethanol utilizing soxhlet apparatus.Hepatotoxicity was inferred in Albino wistar rats of either sexuality by intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 [CCl4 in brownish oil 1:1]. Ethanolic extract of Anisochilus carnosus was executed to the experimental rats at two prescription levels 200 and 400mg/kg body burden. The hepatoprotective effect of the extract was evaluated for one assay of liver function biochemical parameters like Antitoxin Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT), Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT), Soluble Phosphatase (ALP), Total Bilirubin and Total Protein. In ethanolic extract considered animals, the poisonous effect of CCl4 was controlled considerably as compared to the sane and the standard drug silymarin treated group. CCl4 is individual of the most usually used hepatotoxin in the exploratory study of liver diseases. The lipid peroxidative deterioration of bio membranes is individual of the major causes of hepatotoxicity of CCl4. The increase in the levels of serum bilirubin mirrored the depth of jaundice and the increase in transaminases and soluble phosphate were the clear indication of the natural leakage and deficit of functional honor of the cell sheet. Finally, it is decided that the ethanolic extract of stems of Anisochilus carnosus possess hepatoprotective projects more or less contingent upon the dose levels.

Author(s) Details:

P. Venkatesh,
Jagan’s College of Pharmacy, Nellore-524 346, Andhra Pradesh, India.

D. Hepcy Kalarani,
Jagan’s College of Pharmacy, Nellore-524 346, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V4/article/view/12923

Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Activity of an Important Medicinal Plant Clausena dentata (Willd.) Roem: Using Animal Model | Chapter 6 | Novel Research Aspects in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 1

 Evaluation of hepatoprotective exercise in the preclinical level of any herbaceous principle is an main need of style to carry forward the drug to the next level. Clausena is blooming citrus genus of about 23 variety of unarmed wood and plants of Rutaceae family. Clausena dentata is individual of the important gangster and the stem bark of this plant is secondhand in veterinary cure for the treatment of wounds and sprains. The plant C. dentata was calm from Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, India and the dry powder of stem bark (2.5 kg) was first soaked in hexane for 24 hours and physical resistance filtered. The process was frequent and similar extracts were combined together and intense at 40°C. Chloroform and methanol were secondhand in succession to extract the staying plant matter in the same way. Various extracts of C. dentata were assign preliminary phytochemical experiment to determine their talent to protect rats' person living in a particular place from damage caused by element tetrachloride (CCl4). Changes in biochemistry and histopathology were seen. Compared to rats treated accompanying CCl4 alone, skilled was a highly meaningful (p<0.01) decrease in the levels of the blood enzymes glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, salty phosphatase, and bilirubin in the research. CCl4 inferred hepatic damage was counteracted by the extracts of C. dentata. Changes were noticed in enzymatic and histopathological level, when distinguished to CCl4 alone discussed group.

Author(s) Details:

Raju Kamaraj,
Department of Pharmacognosy, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM University, Kancheepuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Annamalai Maduram,
Department of Pharmacology, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Centre, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India.

N. Raaman,
Department of Centre for Advanced Study in Botany, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NRAMMS-V1/article/view/11784

Protective Role of Selenium and Vitamin E against Hexavalent Chromium Induced Hepatotoxicty and Nephrotoxicity in Rats | Chapter 4 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 5

 This affiliate aimed to decide the extent of hepatoxicity and nephrotoxicity caused by a sub-never-ending exposure to a very low environmentally appropriate dose of hexavalent chromium in addition to ameliorative potential of selenium and source of nourishment E in combination against aforementioned chronic uncovering. The protective potential of selenium and source of nourishment E against hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity induced by chronic uncovering to a very low environmentally appropriate dose of hexavalent chromium was evaluated in male albino rats. Animals (six rats in each group) taken solution of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)  at a dosage of 1 mg / Kg b.w./day; sodium selenate (0.25 mg/kg bw) plus source of nourishment E ( 100 mg/kg bw) and supplementation of sodium selenate  plus vitamin E along with K2Cr2O7  answer ;  control group received only water purified by distillation for  ninety consecutive days.  In the rats acted with K2Cr2O7, skilled was a significant decline in body pressure gain and an increase in liver and kidney weight, in addition to an increase in serum organic compound composed of carbon, cholesterol, urea, and creatinine levels and a drop in protein and albumin levels. The endeavors of serum enzymes, SGOT, SGPT, ACP and ALP were again increased in considered animals. The projects of enzymes CAT, SOD, GPx and the levels of GSH reduced significantly and level of MDA raised in K2Cr2O7 treated rats distinguished to control animals. Liver and sort tissues exhibited face of toxicity in chromium treated mammals. All the effects were everted in supplemented group. A significant increase in MDA level and a important decrease in CAT-SOD system and GPx- GSH action is a clear indication of oxidative stress, that might have induced functional and fundamental disruption in two together liver and kidney of chromium exposed mammals. In male albino rats, incessant exposure to K2Cr2O7 at a approximately low ecologically appropriate dose experienced to hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity brought on by oxidative stress; the belongings were mitigated by selenium and vitamin E supplementation.

Author(s) Details:

Soma Choudhuri,
Department of Physiology, Tripura Medical College and Br. B.R. Ambedkar Teaching Hospital, Hapania, Agartala, Tripura – 799014, India.

Dipayan Choudhuri,
Department of Human Physiology, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, Agartala, Tripura – 799022, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V5/article/view/11048

Scientific Investigation of Dyschoriste littoralis nees – A Tamil Traditional Medicinal Plant against Liver Disease | Chapter 11 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 6

 The goal of this study was to see if Dyschoriste littoralis Nees (family Acanthaceae) might protect rats' livers against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. The aerial portions of Dyschoriste littoralis Nees. powder were extracted using a Soxhlet extractor with various solvents (PE, EA, and methanol) and crude varied extracts were used for hepatoprotective activities. All of the extracts were confirmed to be safe up to 2000mg/kg in the acute toxicity investigation, hence one hundredth of this dose was used as the assessment dose. Different extracts of Dyschoriste littoralis (Petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate, and Methanol) were given to rats fed a high fat diet at a dose of 200mg/kg/day to see if they may help lower cholesterol levels. On the 5th day of the research phase, paracetamol (2g/kg b.wt.) was given orally to induce hepatotoxicity. In the blood of paracetamol-induced rats, the activities of liver enzymes such as SGOT, SGPT, ALP, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), creatinine, urea, total bilirubin, total cholesterol, and triglyc were increased. Additionally, when compared to other extracts, oral administration of the ethyl acetate extract of Dyschoriste littoralis (200 mg/ kgb.wt.) to rats significantly decreased the levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), creatinine, urea, total bilirubin, total cholesterol & triglycerides and significantly increased the levels of total protein and According to the findings, the ethyl acetate extract of Dyschoriste littoralis may have superior hepatoprotective action in rats suffering from paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity.

Author(S) Details

P. D. Ravi Teja
Seshachala College of Pharmacy, Puttur, Chittoor, Andra Pradesh, India.

A. Kottai Muthu
Department of Pharmacy, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002, Tamilnadu, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPRD-V6/article/view/5163

α-tocopherol: A Ticket to Prevent Antitubercular Drugs Induced Hepatotoxicity | Chapter 11 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 7

 The bacteria that causes tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is notorious for acquiring resistance to monotherapy. Patients are given a combination of antitubercular drugs for months to years to prevent the emergence of resistance, which can cause negative effects. Hepatotoxicity is one of the most common side effects of antitubercular drugs.

The goal of this investigation was to see if -tocopherol could protect albino rabbits' livers from experimentally induced hepatotoxicity.

Methods: Thirty rabbits of either sexe were used in this experiment. They were split into three groups, each with ten animals. Hepatotoxicity is generated in rabbits in an experimental setting using a conventional technique. Normal saline (10 ml/kg bw) was given to Group I. The first-line antitubercular medicines isoniazid (5 mg/kg bw), rifampicin (20 mg/kg bw), and pyrazinamide (25 mg/kg bw) were given to rabbits in group II at the same time. Along with group II medicines, group III received - tocopherol 200 mg/kg bw. For 90 days, all of the medications were taken orally. Blood samples were taken on the last day of the experiment to look into the plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and serum total bilirubin.

After 90 days of oral antitubercular treatment, serum levels of ALT were found to be significantly raised. When -Tocopherol was given in doses of 200mg/kg bw for the same duration as antitubercular medicines, there was a statistically significant drop in ALT levels. Serum ALP and serum total bilirubin yielded similar results.

Conclusions: In albino rabbits, -tocopherol (200 mg/kg bw, oral) had a hepatoprotective effect against antitubercular drug-induced hepatotoxicity.

Author(S) Details

Rajiv Nehra
Department of Biochemistry, LLRM Medical College, Meerut (U.P.), India.

Pinki Vishwakarma
Department of Pharmacology, LLRM Medical College, Meerut (U.P.), India.

Manju Nehra
Dental Surgeon, C.H.C. Siyana, Bulandshahr, (U.P.), India.

Shashank Tyagi
Department of Biochemistry, LLRM Medical College, Meerut (U.P.), India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V7/article/view/4536

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Extracts Elicit Anti-Hepatotoxic Effects on Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury in Albino Wistar Rat | Chapter 4 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 10

 Introduction: Drug overdose is the largest cause of liver injury in the world today, according to numerous reports. Natural antioxidant-rich diets have been shown to provide significant relief from drug-induced organ damage.

The goal of this investigation was to see if tomato extract could protect rats from acetaminophen-induced acute hepatotoxicity.

Methods: Phytochemical tests were carried out. A total of 24 albino rats weighing 11010 g were divided into four groups (A-D), each with six rats. The usual control group, Group A, received no treatment. The negative control group got only a single dose of acetaminophen (750 mg/kg, i.p) as a single dose. The test group got a single dose of acetaminophen (750 mg/kg, i.p.) before receiving 14 days of therapy with tomato extract (30 mg/kg, oral). For 14 days, Group D was given tomato extract (30 mg/kg, oral) and acetaminophen (750 mg/kg, i.p) at the same time.

When compared to normal (p0.05 or p0.01), a single dosage of Acetaminophen induced liver cell damage and a significant increase in the levels of the liver enzymes: AST (67.6711.41U/L); ALT (46.3310.59U/L); and ALP (223.7023.31U/L) in rats in negative control. On the liver enzyme marker levels, daily injection of tomato extract was able to reduce the acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity: AST (23.00 3.61U/L, P0.01), ALT (17.67 3.48U/L, P0.05), and ALP (121.308.11U/L, P0.01) were all higher in Group C. When compared to the negative control group, AST (26.672.91U/L, P0.01), ALT (18.671.76 U/L, P0.05), and ALP (124.729.33U/L, P0.01) were significantly higher in Group D. In comparison to the normal control group, histological data demonstrated no substantial liver injury in the tomato extract groups.

Tomato extract has hepatoprotective properties against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.

Author (S) Details

I. K. Uchendu
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Division of Clinical Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria.

C. E. Agu
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Division of Clinical Chemistry, University of Calabar, Nigeria.

O. C. Orji
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Division of Clinical Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria.

E. B. Nnedu
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Division of Immunology, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria.

C. Arinze
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Division of Clinical Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria.

A. C. Uchenna
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria.

U. C. Okongwu
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V10/article/view/2841

Study on the effect of Aqueous Extract of Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) Against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Damage in Rats | Chapter 3 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 10

 The goal of this investigation was to see if Vernonia amygdalina aqueous extract could protect abino wistar rats against acetaminophen-induced liver injury.

Methods: Twenty-five (25) albino rats weighing 120–20 g were allocated into five (5) groups, each with five (5) rats. Group A was used as a control group and did not receive any treatment. As a negative control, Group B received only a single dosage of acetaminophen (750 mg/kg, i.p.). Following an acetaminophen challenge, Group C got Vitamin C (200 mg/kg, oral) for 2 weeks, whereas Group D and E received aqueous bitter leaf extract; high dose (500 mg/kg, oral) and low dose (250 mg/kg, oral) separately for 2 weeks.

Results: A single dose of acetaminophen (750 mg/kg, i.p.) caused liver damage, with AST, ALT, and ALP values of 48.3310.14, 60.0013.23, and 229.6723.38U/L, respectively. When compared to acetaminophen alone, bitter leaf treatment reversed acetaminophen-induced liver damage, with AST, ALT, and ALP levels of 20.671.76U/L (P0.05), 16.673.52U/L (P0.01), and 131.677.27U/L (P0.01), respectively. The test groups likewise had mild or non-significant hepatic damage, indicating that Vernonia amygdalina provides hepatoprotection.

Conclusion: Vernonia amygdalina aqueous extract has hepatoprotective effects against acetaminophen-induced liver injury.

Author (S) Details

I. K. Uchendu
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Division of Clinical Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V10/article/view/2840

Protective and Reversal Effects of N-Acetyl-LCysteine on Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract –Induced Sub-Acute Hepatotoxicity in Wistar Albino Rats| Chapter 6 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 8

 Introducing: M. Oleifera is a highly valued medicinal plant that is widely used for the treatment of different ailments. In many tropical & subtropical countries, it is found. The leaves have many medicinal and nutritional values, with the phytochemicals responsible for the medicinal values therein, and when consumed in large quantities, they cause hepatotoxicity. Aim: To decide if N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) has a protective or reversal effect on M. Induced-subacute hepatotoxicity of oleifera leaf aqueous extract in Wistar albino rats. Methods: An experimental laboratory-based study was performed at the University of Makerere, Department of Animal House Physiology. On 48 Wistar Albino rats aged 8-10 weeks, 2 experiments (1) established the protective effects and (2) established the reversal effects of NAC. There were 3 community therapies for the protective effects. The standard saline (1 ml) + toxic dose of M was administered to group I. Group II obtained a toxic dose of acetaminophen (750 mg / kg)+ NAC (50 mg / kg) for oleiferaleaf aqueous extract (8.05 g / kg), and group III received M. (8.05 g / kg), + NAC (50 mg / kg) oleifera. The doses were administered daily for 28 days using an oral intragastric tube. Five treatment groups that produced subacute hepatotoxicity and obtained varying doses of NAC and paracetamol for 7 days had reversal effects. Group 1 received 1 ml of regular saline; Group 2 received 1000 mg / kg of NAC; Group 3 received 1200 mg / kg of NAC; Group 4 received 1,500 mg of NAC; and Group 5 received 1,200 mg / kg of NAC with paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. On days 1, 3 and 7, liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP), bilirubin and total serum protein were determined. Both animals were slaughtered under oreuthanized anaesthesia and their liver was extracted for histopathological analysis. Results: Treated animals with a mixture of NAC and a toxic dose of M. On average, oleifera or paracetamol showed normal liver enzymes and levels of bilirubin. NAC-treated animals after M. Hepatotoxicity-induced oleifera and paracetamol displayed normal liver enzymes and levels of bilirubin. The histopathological examination revealed moderate hepatitis characteristics. Conclusion: NAC protections and overturns M. The aqueous extract-induced sub-acute hepatotoxicity of oleifera leaf in Wistar Albino rats.

Author(s) Details

Josephine N. Kasolo
Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences; P.O.Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.

Agnes Namaganda
Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences; P.O.Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.

Dr. Godfrey S. Bbosa
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Makerere University College of Health Sciences; P.O.Box 7072, Kampala,Uganda.

Haruna Muwonge
Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences; P.O.Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.

Robert Lukande
Department of Pathology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences; P.O.Box7072, Kampala, Uganda.

Dr. Joshua Nfambi
Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences; P.O.Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.

Ivan Kimuli
Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences; P.O.Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.

Katamba Godfrey
Department of Medical Physiology, College of Health Sciences, King Caesar University, Kampala, Uganda.

Isaac Okullo
Department of Dental Surgery, Makerere University College of Health Sciences; P.O.Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/316 

Flupirtine: An Exigency Call for Medication Vigilant | Book Pi International

 

The purpose of this monograph is to provide an extensive review of the drug Flupirtine clinical
applications and its safety-related issues. While existing Non- Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
(NSAIDs) and Opioids which are used in the treatment of pain had some common adverse effects this
drug is devoid of adverse effects exhibited by NSAIDs and Opioids and is routinely used in clinics as
an analgesic particularly in India. Apart from its routine clinical use recently there are growing
concerns related to this drug for its hepatotoxicity hence it is withdrawn from the market of European
unions. Therefore, this monograph helps you to analyze its chemical nature, applications, recent
issues related to hepatotoxicity events that are reported with evidences in both the literature and also
databases. So that readers can gain awareness concerning this drug and also this can pose a
challenge to the regulatory bodies in India whether this drug can be safer to continue in the market or
any still further data can be required to prove its safety and efficacy because of increasing concerns
related to hepatotoxic events in recent days.

Author(s) Details

Lakshmi Narasimha Gunturu
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Annamacharya College of Pharmacy, Rajampet, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Dr. Girirajasekhar Dornadula
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Annamacharya College of Pharmacy, Rajampet, Andhra Pradesh, India.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/242

Effect of Dietary Ingestion of Ca and Mg on Cd and PbCo-induced Liver Damage in Rats | Chapter 5 | Recent Advances in Science and Technology Research Vol.3

This study was designed to determine the hepatoprotective effect of the combined administration of
calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) on cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) co-intoxicated rats. Wistar rats
were obtained from the animal House of Pharmacology Department, University of Jos, allowed to
acclimatized for seven days and then divided into five groups of four rats per group in metabolic
cages. Group one was fed with tap water only, while group two to five were fed with the combination
of 0.327 mg/L Pb and 0.079 mg/L Cd concurrently with graded concentrations of Mg and Ca. Their
food was mashed with the same water meant for each group. All the groups fed and freely drank from
the water for a period of fourteen (14) days. At the termination of the experiments, the rats were
humanely sacrificed under anaesthesia, sample of blood was obtained from each rat by decapitation.
Serum was obtained from clotted blood by centrifugation and kept frozen until required for the
measurement of liver biomarkers, while the liver was identified and fixed in 10% formal saline for
histopathological studies. The animal House of Pharmacology Department, Anatomy and
Biochemistry laboratories, University of Jos, Nigeria, were used for treatments, histochemical and
biochemical analyses respectively. Results showed that liver biomarkers in serum decreased as the
concentrations of Ca and Mg were elevated. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the liver
biomarkers concentrations of all the groups as compared with control. The histochemistry show that
there was mild damage to the liver integrity at the lower concentrations of Ca and Mg but as their
concentrations were elevated, there was no significant difference between the liver integrity of control
and the test groups. This suggests that as the concentrations of Ca and Mg were elevated, so also
the mitigation effect on the hepatotoxicities induced by Cd and Pb in the rats was increased.

Author (s) Details

Jonathan D. Dabak
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Nigeria.

Dr.Samuel Y. Gazuwa
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Nigeria.

Dr.Samuel Y. Gazuwa
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Nigeria

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/218