Hepatoprotective Effects of Lotus Leaf Flavonoids in CCl₄-Induced Liver Injury in Mice | Chapter 9 | Molecular Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways of the Anti-inflammatory Effects of Functional Foods

 

Modern medical studies have revealed that the main active components of lotus leaves are flavonoids and alkaloids. The flavonoids in lotus leaves have been reported to reduce the blood lipid level, to have anti-allergy, anti-cancer, anti-ageing, bacteriostatic, and anti-oxidation functions, and to be helpful in treating cardiovascular diseases. This study examined the protective effects of lotus leaf flavonoids (LLF) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced liver injury in mice. A Kunming mouse model of hepatic injury was established via intraperitoneal injection of CCl₄. The mice were orally administered LLF, after which serum biochemical markers and hepatic mRNA expression levels were analysed. Compared with the model group, LLF treatment significantly lowered the liver index and reduced serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC). Histopathological evaluation further demonstrated that LLF effectively attenuated morphological disruption and hepatocellular necrosis in liver tissues exposed to CCl₄. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis revealed that LLF significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes, including copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), and catalase (CAT), while down-regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, LLF exhibits notable hepatoprotective activity against CCl₄-induced liver injury and holds promise for further development as a natural therapeutic agent. Lotus and its leaves have certain biological activities, in particular, some studies showed that they had good antioxidant activity, and their antioxidant activity also played a protective role in cells, especially in liver cells and the liver. This study also showed that the polyphenols contained in lotus leaves had a good intervention in alcoholic liver injury.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Tongji Liu
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China and College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.

 

Fang Tan
Department of Public Health, Our Lady of Fatima University, Valenzuela 838, Philippines.

 

Xingyao Long
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China and Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.

 

Yanni Pan
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China and Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.

 

Jianfei Mu
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China and Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.

 

Xianrong Zhou
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China and Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.

 

Runkun Yi
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China and Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.

 

Xin Zhao
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China and Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-998509-0-3/CH9

Role of Caspase-12 in Hepatocyte Apoptosis Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride in Mice | Chapter 13 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 10

Toxic liver damage can lead to acute liver failure, hepatic fibrosis, and even carcinogenesis. This study aimed to explore the role of caspase-12 and its downstream targets in hepatocyte apoptosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄). To determine the role of caspase-12, caspase-12 knockout mice were used. Wild-type and caspase-12 knockout mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of either CCl₄ (300 μl/kg BW) or vehicle (corn oil). The animals were sacrificed 24 hours after treatment, and blood samples were collected to assess liver function through alanine aminotransferase activity. Liver samples were analyzed for reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels using plasma malondialdehyde as a biomarker, hepatocyte apoptosis via TUNEL assay and morphological analysis, and cytochrome C release and caspase activation through western blotting.

In wild-type mice, low-dose CCl₄ administration caused hepatocyte apoptosis and acute liver injury, accompanied by increased ROS production and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the liver. These events triggered the activation of caspases-12, -9, and -3, along with the release of small amounts of cytochrome C. However, in CCl₄-treated caspase-12 knockout mice, the activation of caspases-9 and -3 was significantly reduced, while cytochrome C release remained unaffected. Compared to wild-type mice, CCl₄-induced apoptosis and liver damage were substantially attenuated in caspase-12 knockout mice (p < 0.05). Notably, the active form of caspase-8 was not detected in either wild-type or knockout mice. Additionally, there was no significant difference in ROS formation between the two groups following CCl4 treatment.

These findings demonstrate that caspase-12 plays a critical role in CCl₄-induced hepatic apoptosis by directly or indirectly activating effector caspase-3 downstream, with partial involvement of caspase-9 activation. In conclusion, prolonged exposure to even low levels of CCl₄ could cause liver pathology in humans, warranting further clinical and animal studies to investigate the long-term consequences of minimal exposure.

 

Author (s) Details

Hua Liu
Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.

 

Madison Nicole Burton
University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.

 

Neha Dhaliwal
William Carey University, 710 William Carey Pkwy, Hattiesburg, MS 39401, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v10/4801

Hepatoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Stems Extract of Anisochilus carnosus against Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats” | Chapter 2 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 4

 This stage highlights the Hepatoprotective potential of ethanolic extract from Stems of Anisochilus carnosus against element tetrachloride induced toxicity in informer. An ethanolic extract of stems of Anisochilus carnosus (EEAC) was studied for hepatoprotective endeavor against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) persuaded hepatotoxicity in rats. Fresh stems were composed from Sri Venkateswara University dorm, India. The plant material was dried under shade at range temperature, shortened to moderately rude powder and extracted successively accompanying 95% ethanol utilizing soxhlet apparatus.Hepatotoxicity was inferred in Albino wistar rats of either sexuality by intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 [CCl4 in brownish oil 1:1]. Ethanolic extract of Anisochilus carnosus was executed to the experimental rats at two prescription levels 200 and 400mg/kg body burden. The hepatoprotective effect of the extract was evaluated for one assay of liver function biochemical parameters like Antitoxin Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT), Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT), Soluble Phosphatase (ALP), Total Bilirubin and Total Protein. In ethanolic extract considered animals, the poisonous effect of CCl4 was controlled considerably as compared to the sane and the standard drug silymarin treated group. CCl4 is individual of the most usually used hepatotoxin in the exploratory study of liver diseases. The lipid peroxidative deterioration of bio membranes is individual of the major causes of hepatotoxicity of CCl4. The increase in the levels of serum bilirubin mirrored the depth of jaundice and the increase in transaminases and soluble phosphate were the clear indication of the natural leakage and deficit of functional honor of the cell sheet. Finally, it is decided that the ethanolic extract of stems of Anisochilus carnosus possess hepatoprotective projects more or less contingent upon the dose levels.

Author(s) Details:

P. Venkatesh,
Jagan’s College of Pharmacy, Nellore-524 346, Andhra Pradesh, India.

D. Hepcy Kalarani,
Jagan’s College of Pharmacy, Nellore-524 346, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V4/article/view/12923

Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Activity of an Important Medicinal Plant Clausena dentata (Willd.) Roem: Using Animal Model | Chapter 6 | Novel Research Aspects in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 1

 Evaluation of hepatoprotective exercise in the preclinical level of any herbaceous principle is an main need of style to carry forward the drug to the next level. Clausena is blooming citrus genus of about 23 variety of unarmed wood and plants of Rutaceae family. Clausena dentata is individual of the important gangster and the stem bark of this plant is secondhand in veterinary cure for the treatment of wounds and sprains. The plant C. dentata was calm from Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, India and the dry powder of stem bark (2.5 kg) was first soaked in hexane for 24 hours and physical resistance filtered. The process was frequent and similar extracts were combined together and intense at 40°C. Chloroform and methanol were secondhand in succession to extract the staying plant matter in the same way. Various extracts of C. dentata were assign preliminary phytochemical experiment to determine their talent to protect rats' person living in a particular place from damage caused by element tetrachloride (CCl4). Changes in biochemistry and histopathology were seen. Compared to rats treated accompanying CCl4 alone, skilled was a highly meaningful (p<0.01) decrease in the levels of the blood enzymes glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, salty phosphatase, and bilirubin in the research. CCl4 inferred hepatic damage was counteracted by the extracts of C. dentata. Changes were noticed in enzymatic and histopathological level, when distinguished to CCl4 alone discussed group.

Author(s) Details:

Raju Kamaraj,
Department of Pharmacognosy, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM University, Kancheepuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Annamalai Maduram,
Department of Pharmacology, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Centre, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India.

N. Raaman,
Department of Centre for Advanced Study in Botany, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NRAMMS-V1/article/view/11784

Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Activity of Mussaenda erythrophylla Lam. Stem Extracts against Carbon Tetrachloride – Induecd Toxicity in Rats | Chapter 13 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 6

 Mussaenda erythrophylla (Rubiaceae) is a plant native to western equatorial Africa that is sometimes seen in Indian gardens and parks as an ornamental plant. The purpose of this investigation was to see if ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of M. erythrophylla (ME) Stem could protect Wistar albino rats from carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury. Ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of ME (100,200 mg/kg per oral) were supplied as treatment options, with Silymarin (25 mg/kg per oral) serving as a control. The stem extracts were found to be efficient in reducing CCl4-induced liver damage in mice. Serum enzymes, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), and Total bilirubin all showed significant reductions (TB). Pathological changes such as centribular necrosis and vacuolization were observed in CCL4-treated rats, with considerable protective action in ME and silymarin-treated groups. Ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of ME show hepatoprotective effect against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats, according to the findings.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Maram Chinna Eswaraiah
Anurag Pharmacy College, Ananthagiri (V&M), Kodad, Suryapet (Dt), Telangana-508206, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V6/article/view/1713

Recent Study Hepatoprotective Activity of Morus alba (Linn). Leaves Extract against Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats | Chapter 5 | Trends in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol.2

Aim: To investigate the hepatoprotective activity of Morus alba Linn. leaves extracts against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity.  Materials and Methods: Leaves powder of Morus alba was successively extracted with petroleum ether extract (PEE), chloroform extract (CHE), alcoholic extract (ALE) and water extract (AQE) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity and using Standard drug is Liv-52.  Preliminary phytochemical tests were done. Results: The ALE showed presence of alkaloids, flavonoides, carbohydrates, tannins and steroids, while carbohydrates, flavonoides, alkaloids were present with AQE. The PEE, CHE, ALE did not produce any mortality. Carbon tetrachloride produced significant changes in biochemical parameters  (increases in serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), alanine phosphatase (ALP) and serum  bilirubin.), histological (damage to hepatocytes). using Standard drug Liv-52. Pretreatment with ALE and AQE extracts significantly prevented the biochemical and histological changes induced by CCl4 in the liver.  Conclusion: The present study that shows the ALE and AQE extracts possessed hepatoprotective activity.

Author(s) Details

Dr. M. G. Hogade, 
Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, VDF School of Pharmacy, Latur, Maharashtra, India. 

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/192