Pathophysiology and Complications of Portal Hypertension in Liver Cirrhosis | Chapter 7 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 5

Portal hypertension is responsible for most of the complications that mark the transition from compensated to decompensated cirrhosis, namely variceal haemorrhage, ascites and hepatic encephalopathy. Portal hypertension also seems to be pathogenetically closely linked to the development of pulmonary complications seen in liver disease: hepatopulmonary syndrome and porto-pulmonary hypertension.

 

Gastroesophageal varices result almost solely from portal hypertension, although the hyperdynamic circulation contributes to variceal growth and rupture. Ascites results from sinusoidal hypertension (portal hypertension) and sodium retention, which is, in turn, secondary to vasodilatation and activation of neurohumoral systems. The predictive value of noninvasive methods such as fibroscan, spleen size, portal vein diameter, and transient elastography in the diagnosis of oesophagal varices remains to be established. Hepatorenal syndrome results from extreme vasodilatation with extreme decrease in effective blood volume and maximal activation of vasoconstrictive systems, renal vasoconstriction, and renal failure, which is probably an indirect effect of the changes in splanchnic circulation. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, a frequent precipitant of the hepatorenal syndrome, results from deficient immunity and mucosal defences, resulting in pathological gut bacterial translocation. Hepatic encephalopathy results from portosystemic shunting and hepatic insufficiency, leading to the accumulation of neurotoxins, mainly ammonia, in the brain. The development of portal hypertension and its complications has important prognostic value. Management of portal hypertension needs to be individualised to attain maximum benefit and appropriate utilisation of scarce resources.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Harshal Rajekar
Medicover Hospitals, KLE, Bhosari, Pune, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v5/5542

Research on Liver Organoid: Present Situation, Limiting Factors and Future Therapeutical Potential in Pediatric Diseases | Chapter 9 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 10

 Scientists often use organoids to research diseases. Organoids are three-dimensional, organ-like cell assemblies in which different cell types have organized themselves in a way that is approximately typical for the corresponding organ in the body. They show three characteristics: self-organization, multicellularity and functionality. This study concentrates on liver organoid research and its future role in different pediatric diseases. The range of organs that can be studied with organoids is growing rapidly and includes the brain, intestine, kidney, stomach, pancreas, lung, liver, prostate, esophagus, gallbladder, and the female reproductive tract, among others, and also the embryo. Organoids enable the scientific study of human development, physiology and pathology on a scale. Organoids are grown either from pluripotent stem cells or from tissue-specific adult stem cells. Adult stem cells are present in a large number of tissues and are responsible for renewing the cells in these tissues. They can only give rise to the cell types that are present in the particular tissue, the stem cell of the intestinal epithelium only produces cells of the intestinal epithelium, but not muscle cells or nerve cells. They are thus multipotent. Today, it is possible to reconstruct organ-like tissue organoids in the laboratory. Stem cells are thereby induced to differentiate by molecular signals and grown in culture systems that promote their three-dimensional self-organization. Rapidly developing organoid technology makes it possible to phenotypically copy cell structure. To some extent, this is also true for the functions of various human organs (for example, brain, thyroid, thymus, intestine, liver, pancreas, stomach, lung, kidney) and even early-stage embryos. As near-physiological 3D culture systems, organoids open up new possibilities to study the development of healthy and diseased organs and offer great potential for translational research. Further research in the field of paediatrics will show further development of in vivo use of organoids in the future, especially in liver diseases in childhood.

Author(s) Details:

Stefan Bittmann,
Department of Pediatrics, Ped Mind Institute, Medical and Finance Center Epe, Hindenburgring 4, 48599 Gronau, Germany.

Gloria Villalon,
Department of Pediatrics, Ped Mind Institute, Medical and Finance Center Epe, Hindenburgring 4, 48599 Gronau, Germany.

Elena Moschüring-Alieva,
Department of Pediatrics, Ped Mind Institute, Medical and Finance Center Epe, Hindenburgring 4, 48599 Gronau, Germany.

Lara BIttmann,
Department of Pediatrics, Ped Mind Institute, Medical and Finance Center Epe, Hindenburgring 4, 48599 Gronau, Germany.

Elisabeth Luchter,
Department of Pediatrics, Ped Mind Institute, Medical and Finance Center Epe, Hindenburgring 4, 48599 Gronau, Germany.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V10/article/view/13957

Moringa oleifera Seed Extract's Protective Activity against Lead Nanoparticles Induced Histopathological Changes in Rats | Chapter 2 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 8

This study investigated the possibility of using Moringa oleifera seed extract to prevent poisoning caused by commercial lead nanoparticles (CLNP) and induced by pulsed laser ablation (LLNP) in white Wistar rats. The widespread use of lead increases environmental and health challenge. A major exposure to lead affects the central and peripheral nervous systems, leading to neuronal degeneration. The experimental animals were divided into six groups, with seven rats in each group. Moringa and commercial lead were given to the rats in accordance with standard methods. The experimental period was 45 days. At the end of the exposure period, the rats were dissected. Their liver and kidneys were removed and preserved in 10% formalin solution as a fixative solution to prepare them for histological sections. Histological imaging results showed that the CLNP group had prevascular cuffing of inflammatory cells with binucleate hepatocyte and hydronic degeneration. In the LLNP group, blood vessels were dilated, and the central vein and hepatocytes had vascular degeneration. The changes in CLNP. M. and LLNP. M. groups were less severe. In the kidneys, the changes in the LLNP group were indicated by congestion in the blood vessels and inflammatory cell infiltration. Moringa provides protection for liver cells because of its chemical components that have protective properties against lead-induced hepatotoxicity. In the CLNP group, kidney tissue imaging revealed congested blood vessels with the massive dissolution of red blood cells and the proliferation of inflammatory cells.

Author(s) Details:

Abid A. Thaker,
Department of Medical Laboratories Techniques, Maarif University College, Al-Anbar Governorate, Iraq.

Fiham Jassim Al-Obaidi,
Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Anbar, Iraq.

Asmiet Ramziy,
Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Anbar, Iraq.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V8/article/view/13285

Sonography of the Hepatic Spans and Their Correlation to Dyslipidaemia in a Nigerian Population | Chapter 2 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 1

The sample analysis for this investigation was performed in the private laboratory of the HMG Hospital in Rivers State, which is part of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. Technological developments such as solid state circuitry, real time imaging, colour and power Doppler, transvaginal sonography and 3/4D imaging have been seized by clinical researchers to enhance the investigation and management of patients in areas as diverse as assessment of fetal growth and wellbeing, screening for fetal anomalies, prediction of pre-eclampsia and preterm birth, detection of ectopic gestation, evaluation of pelvic masses, screening for ovarian cancer and fertility management. A random sampling technique was employed to select the respondents, while the Taro-Yamene formula was used to calculate the sample size and data analyzed with SPSS version 20. The respondents were mainly aged 30 - 39 years, 12 (40.00%), mainly females, 20 (66.67%) and obese, 16 (53.33%). They were also mainly Christians, 25 (83.33%), of Ijaw descent 20 (66.67%) and civil/public servants, 13 (43.33%). The total cholesterol was the highest, 18 (60.00%), normal for triglyceride, 24 (80.00%), low for high density lipoprotein cholesterol, 22 (73.33%) and high for low density lipoprotein cholesterol, 14 (46.67%). Maximum liver span was statistically significant to triglyceride concentration; p-value (0.001) but not for total cholesterol; p-value (0.084), high density lipoprotein cholesterol; p-value (0.477) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol; p-value (0.317). Hepatic span is a predictive tool for the probable diagnosis of dyslipidaemia.

Author(s) Details:

Precious Belema Ibiabuo,
Akuku-Toru LGA, Abonnema, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V1/article/view/12289

Determining the Effect of Methadone on Lipid Profile, Serum Leptin, and Liver Enzymes Levels in Male and Female Rats| Chapter 6 | Current Topics on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 8

 Background: Methadone support analysis (MMT) isas individual of best choice evidence-located and ultimate persuasive examined opioid replacement situations still, it concede possibility guide few unfavorable belongings. This study proposed to study the effect of Methadone on lipid characterization, antitoxin leptin and liver enzymes levels in male and female rats.Materials and Methods: In this exploratory study 41 Wistar rats measuring 200- 300gr were carelessly designated into four groups, containing two methadone situations and two control groups, male and female. They were verbally doctored accompanying methadonehydrochloride (5mg/kg) or rational salty (1cc) regularly for 8 weeks following (6 days in a period). All mammals were weighed newspaper. Fasting glucose (FBS) was calculated by glucometer, and ancestry samples were captured by cardiac puncture for lipid characterization (triglyceride, reduced-mass lipoprotein (LDL), extreme-mass lipoprotein (HDL), and total cholesterol), liver enzymes of antitoxin glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), antitoxin glutamicoxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), salty phosphatase (ALP) and leptin levels calculation following in position or time 12h abstaining.Results: One-way ANOVA presented no important dissimilarity in mean FBS, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL levels with the four groups (p > 0.05). Moreover, HDL level was considerably lower in male methadone and male control groups than female methadone group (p=0.003), and skilled was a meaningful differencein liver enzymes between the four groups (p<0.05).Conclusion: According to our research, methadone situation can cause alterations in few metabolic variables that are neuter-weak.

Author(s) Details:

Zaligder Amir,
Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Science, Birjand, Iran.

Zarban Asghar,
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.

Sharifzadeh Gholamreza,
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Public Health, School of Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.

Hosseini Mehran,
Department of Anatomical Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.

Tahergorabi Zoya,
Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTCB-V8/article/view/9349

Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Solanum torvum Leaf on Liver of Treated Rats: A recent study approach| Chapter 4 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 5

 

 In conventional medicine, the plant solanum torvum is frequently employed. This study's objective was to assess how treated Wistar rats' livers responded to an ethanol extract of Solanum torvum leaf. S. torvum leaves that had just been collected were shade-dried and milled into a fine powder. ethanol was macerated with 500 g of powdered plant material for 72 hours. Wistar adult male rats weighing between 150 and 200 g were administered the extract. Following the slaughter of the animals, blood and tissue samples were collected, extracted, and analysed in accordance with procedure. The results of this investigation show that administration of an aqueous extract of S. torvum increased levels of total and conjugated bilirubin as well as liver enzyme activity in a dose-dependent manner. However, there was no change in the levels of conjugated and total bilirubin or the enzyme activity between the 100 mg/kg of S. torvum extract and the control (P>0.05). Conclusion: Solanum torvum, which is typically thought to be safe for human ingestion, may actually be hepatotoxic at large quantities.

Author(s) Details:

Nweke Elizabeth Obioma,
Department of Human Anatomy, Chukwuemeka Odumekwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Nigeria.

Nwizu Olive Ogechi,
Department of Human Anatomy, Chukwuemeka Odumekwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V5/article/view/7772

Variant Accessory Lobe of Liver | Chapter 7 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 4

Due to the complexity of liver function and how vital it is to life, many anatomists have investigated the morphological characteristics of the liver in great depth. One of the less common variations is the existence of auxiliary lobes or livers. Accessory lobes are connected to the liver by a peritoneal fold or a hepatic tissue bridge and are often asymptomatic.

The objective is to examine the liver's morphology and identify any accessory lobes.

The Department of Anatomy at K. J. Somaiya Medical College, Sion, Mumbai, acquired 50 adult human livers from donated embalmed cadavers (42 male and 8 female), all of whom ranged in age from 65 to 75. For the investigation, only cadavers without a history of liver disorders were employed.

On the inside of the liver, an auxiliary lobe was seen in 5 specimens.

Since an auxiliary lobe is extremely uncommon, its presence has clinical significance. The abdominal cavity may bleed if the accessory lobe or its vascular pedicle is damaged. When a vascular pedicle is torn or there is metastases there, the accessory lobes require treatment. Surgery is required immediately if the accessory lobes are torn. Radiologists and surgeons can diagnose patients, arrange surgeries, and prevent iatrogenic damage to the auxiliary liver lobe by being aware of its presence.

Author(s) Details:

Sharadkumar Pralhad Sawant,

Department of Anatomy, K. J. Somaiya Medical College, Somaiya Ayurvihar, Eastern Express Highway, Sion, Mumbai-400 022, India.

Shaheen Rizvi,

Department of Anatomy, K. J. Somaiya Medical College, Somaiya Ayurvihar, Eastern Express Highway, Sion, Mumbai-400 022, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V4/article/view/7362

Study on Transduodenal Migration of Pancreatic Duct Stent into Liver | Chapter 14 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) is a procedure that involves dilatation and stent insertion to treat symptomatic pancreatic duct obstruction. There hasn't been any reports of a duodenal perforation induced by pancreatic plastic stent migration into the liver. Perforative peritonitis occurs when the contents of the intestine leak into the peritoneal cavity. Stent migration leading to duodenal perforation, on the other hand, is a sluggish process in which inflammation forces adjacent organs to attach, preventing intestinal contents from leaking into the open peritoneal cavity. A case of duodenal perforation induced by pancreatic stent migration into the liver is presented.

Author(S) Details

D. Samprathi
Department of General Surgery, Grant Government Medical College and JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V9/article/view/5849

Agenesis of Right Lobe of Liver: A Rare Case Report | Chapter 21 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 12

 In the absence of past disease or surgery, agenesis of the right lobe of the liver is described as the absence of liver tissue on the right side with preservation of the main hepatic vein. The right hepatic lobe agenesis is an uncommon congenital abnormality identified by coincidence during a radiologic test. A 22-year-old lady appeared with abdominal distension and was suspected of having liver cirrhosis, which we discuss. She was examined, and imaging tests revealed that the right lobe of her liver was missing. Agenesis of the right lobe of the liver is a very unusual congenital defect.

Author(S) Details

Vasudha Ravindra Nikam
Department of Anatomy, DY Patil Medical College, Kasaba Bawada, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India.

Balkrishna Shankar Kitture
I-LAB Ichalkaranji and Eureka Diagnostic Centre, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V12/article/view/4687

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Extracts Elicit Anti-Hepatotoxic Effects on Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury in Albino Wistar Rat | Chapter 4 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 10

 Introduction: Drug overdose is the largest cause of liver injury in the world today, according to numerous reports. Natural antioxidant-rich diets have been shown to provide significant relief from drug-induced organ damage.

The goal of this investigation was to see if tomato extract could protect rats from acetaminophen-induced acute hepatotoxicity.

Methods: Phytochemical tests were carried out. A total of 24 albino rats weighing 11010 g were divided into four groups (A-D), each with six rats. The usual control group, Group A, received no treatment. The negative control group got only a single dose of acetaminophen (750 mg/kg, i.p) as a single dose. The test group got a single dose of acetaminophen (750 mg/kg, i.p.) before receiving 14 days of therapy with tomato extract (30 mg/kg, oral). For 14 days, Group D was given tomato extract (30 mg/kg, oral) and acetaminophen (750 mg/kg, i.p) at the same time.

When compared to normal (p0.05 or p0.01), a single dosage of Acetaminophen induced liver cell damage and a significant increase in the levels of the liver enzymes: AST (67.6711.41U/L); ALT (46.3310.59U/L); and ALP (223.7023.31U/L) in rats in negative control. On the liver enzyme marker levels, daily injection of tomato extract was able to reduce the acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity: AST (23.00 3.61U/L, P0.01), ALT (17.67 3.48U/L, P0.05), and ALP (121.308.11U/L, P0.01) were all higher in Group C. When compared to the negative control group, AST (26.672.91U/L, P0.01), ALT (18.671.76 U/L, P0.05), and ALP (124.729.33U/L, P0.01) were significantly higher in Group D. In comparison to the normal control group, histological data demonstrated no substantial liver injury in the tomato extract groups.

Tomato extract has hepatoprotective properties against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.

Author (S) Details

I. K. Uchendu
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Division of Clinical Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria.

C. E. Agu
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Division of Clinical Chemistry, University of Calabar, Nigeria.

O. C. Orji
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Division of Clinical Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria.

E. B. Nnedu
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Division of Immunology, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria.

C. Arinze
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Division of Clinical Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria.

A. C. Uchenna
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria.

U. C. Okongwu
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V10/article/view/2841

Study on the effect of Aqueous Extract of Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) Against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Damage in Rats | Chapter 3 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 10

 The goal of this investigation was to see if Vernonia amygdalina aqueous extract could protect abino wistar rats against acetaminophen-induced liver injury.

Methods: Twenty-five (25) albino rats weighing 120–20 g were allocated into five (5) groups, each with five (5) rats. Group A was used as a control group and did not receive any treatment. As a negative control, Group B received only a single dosage of acetaminophen (750 mg/kg, i.p.). Following an acetaminophen challenge, Group C got Vitamin C (200 mg/kg, oral) for 2 weeks, whereas Group D and E received aqueous bitter leaf extract; high dose (500 mg/kg, oral) and low dose (250 mg/kg, oral) separately for 2 weeks.

Results: A single dose of acetaminophen (750 mg/kg, i.p.) caused liver damage, with AST, ALT, and ALP values of 48.3310.14, 60.0013.23, and 229.6723.38U/L, respectively. When compared to acetaminophen alone, bitter leaf treatment reversed acetaminophen-induced liver damage, with AST, ALT, and ALP levels of 20.671.76U/L (P0.05), 16.673.52U/L (P0.01), and 131.677.27U/L (P0.01), respectively. The test groups likewise had mild or non-significant hepatic damage, indicating that Vernonia amygdalina provides hepatoprotection.

Conclusion: Vernonia amygdalina aqueous extract has hepatoprotective effects against acetaminophen-induced liver injury.

Author (S) Details

I. K. Uchendu
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Division of Clinical Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V10/article/view/2840

Differential Diagnosis of Focal Hepatic Lesions Using Ultrasound Confirmed with Histopathology: Recent Advancement | Chapter 3 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 9

 Over the last few decades, advances in imaging technologies have helped to better characterise hepatic abnormalities. The goal of this study was to distinguish localised hepatic lesions based on ultrasound (U/S) features and compare the results to histology. A descriptive retrospective research of 100 patients with localised hepatic lesions was conducted at King Abdul-Aziz Specialist Hospital in Taif, Saudi Arabia, from 2012 to 2019. Adult Saudi patients aged 18 and up met the inclusion criteria. The investigation used LG-9 and Philips ultrasound equipment with 3.5 MHz transducers. The 55 to 80 year old age group accounted for 44% of the total, with a mean age of 49 years and 92 percent of married people. In histology, 86 percent of well-defined lesions margins were benign (p=0.00), 61 percent of ill-defined margin lesions were malignant (p=0.02), and 73 percent of hyperechoic lesions were hemangioma (p=0.02). When it came to the nature of hepatic lesions during U/S, 87 percent of solid lesions (p=0.03) were malignant, while 89 percent of cystic lesions were benign (p=0.03). Sixty-one percent of hypoechoic lesions were cancerous. Under colour Doppler, 80 percent of vascular lesions were benign. The sensitivity and specificity of the U/S test were 93.5 percent and 98 percent, respectively. U/S is a valuable tool for distinguishing cystic hepatic lesions from solid lesions in the liver. (p=0.03). To create a data base for hepatic lesions, comparable studies with large samples must be conducted in the Taif region. With a high degree of sensitivity and specificity, the majority of chosen hepatic lesions with suspicious characteristics were confirmed as malignant in histopathology.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Rania Mohammed Ahmed
Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, KSA.

Ms. Sharifah Alkathiri
Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, KSA.

Ms. Waad Altalhi
Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, KSA.

Ms. Hatun Eid
Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, KSA.

Ms. Manar Alshalawi
Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, KSA.

Ms. Sara Alotaibi
Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, KSA.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V9/article/view/2237

Aluminum Exposure from Parenteral Nutrition: Early Bile Canaliculus Changes of the Hepatocyte with A 2021 Update on the 2019 Technical Report of the American Academy of Pediatrics on Aluminum Effects in Infants and Children | Chapter 15 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 13

 Long-term parenteral nutrition (PN) can cause parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease in newborns (PNALD). Aluminum (Al) is a recognised contaminant in infant PN, and we believe it plays a significant role in PNALD. The aim of this analysis is to see how Al affects hepatocytes in a piglet model.

We used a Yucatan piglet PN model to perform a randomised control study. Piglets between the ages of 3 and 6 days were divided into two classes. PN with 63 g/kg/day of Al was given to the high Al group (n=8), while PN with 24 g/kg/day of Al was given to the low Al group (n=7). Over the course of two weeks, serum samples for total bile acids (TBA) were collected, and liver tissue was obtained at the conclusion of the study. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Image-J software analysis were used to investigate the morphometry of the bile canaliculus. The American Academy of Pediatrics published a primary technical study on Al effects in infants and children in December 2019. This chapter contains revisions and comments on the report.

The canalicular space was smaller in the high Al group, and the microvilli were shorter than in the low Al group. The TBA did not vary between the two parties.

Conclusions: Despite unaltered serum bile acids, Al induces structural changes in hepatocytes. Short microvilli are associated with high Al in PN, which can reduce the functional excretion area of hepatocytes and inhibit bile flow. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) made the decision to enforce new rules based on long-term toxicity studies of Al content in PN components. Large-volume ingredients must minimise the Al concentration, and all small-volume components must be labelled with the Al concentration explicitly. Despite these guidelines, the total Al concentration from some components remains higher than the recommended final concentration, according to both the US FDA and us. The United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) and our concerns about the toxicity of Al in infant PN formulas are well-founded, necessitating additional testing.

Author (s) Details

Amanda R. Hall
Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada

Ha Le
Department of Community Health & Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada

Chris Arnold
College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada

Janet Brunton
Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada

Robert Bertolo
Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada

Grant G. Miller
Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada

Gordon A. Zello
College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada

Consolato Sergi
Department of Lab. Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada and Department of Pediatrics, Stollery Children’s Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CTMMR-V13/article/view/746

Liver Enzymes and HIV-infected Adults on HARRT: Evidence from a Randomised Cross-sectional Study in UPTH | Chapter 4 | Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 5

 This research looked at the levels of liver enzymes in HIV-infected adults who had been on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for at least a year. The study was planned as a randomised cross-sectional study to compare the aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine transaminase [ALT], and alkaline phosphatase [ALP] levels of 129 HIV-infected adult patients (46 males and 83 females). The University of Port Harcourt Ethics Committee issued ethical clearance (Ref: UPH/CEREMAD/REC/19) prior to the report. Clinical Chemistry Analyser (VS10) manufactured by Vitro Scient was used to collect venous blood samples and analyse liver enzyme levels. The findings were then split into two categories: usual and abnormal. The data was analysed using SPSS version 21 (IBM® Armonk, USA) and Graph Pad Prism (Version 8.0.2). The sex differences in mean were compared using the T-test, while the sex differences in categorised data were tested using Chi-square analysis. Males' mean AST (27.6517.93 IU/L) and ALP (135.1310.87 IU/L) values were higher than females' AST (27.2518.93 IU/L) and ALP (132.659.96 IU/L) values, while females' ALT (34.6622.29 IU/L) values were higher than males' (33.7518.14 IU/L); however, the discrepancies were not important. In conclusion, cholestatic abnormalities were found in more than 80% of the patients, while hepatocellular abnormalities were found in less than 35% of the patients. When compared to males with isolated (ALT/AST) abnormalities, more females were found to have mixed abnormalities. As a result, this research proposes that a randomised case-control study be performed to assess the degree of deviation from standard values.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Chinwe F. Anyanwu
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Dr. Eric O. Aigbogun Jr.
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Uganda.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RRAB-V5/issue/view/36

Effects of Formaldehyde on Swiss Albino Mice | Chapter 3 | Current Research in Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Vol. 2

 In a number of concentrations, formaldehyde (FA) is toxic. FA can react with lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids that are cellular components, even at lower concentrations. By harming parenchyma and degradation of functions, FA causes cellular toxic effects in the liver, lungs, kidney and brain. This research was performed to examine serum biochemical changes and the cytotoxic effects of FA toxicity in Swiss albino mice on the liver, lungs, kidneys and brain. To this end, mice were divided into four similar classes, i.e. Regulation, inhalation, intraperitoneal and oral. The exposure groups were further divided into three subgroups that were exposed to FAda daily for 30 days in the case of inhalation and oral groups and 10 days in the case of acute toxic effects in the intraperitoneal group. Samples of blood and tissue were obtained after exposure and examined for biochemical and morphological studies. Following FA exposure, serum biochemical parameters such as Aspartate Transaminase (AST) and Alanine Transaminase (ALT) were significantly increased (P ⁇ 0.05) in mice. Gross morphological changes, i.e. congestion and petechial haemorrhages of the liver, were revealed in the anatomical findings. The research revealed gross irregularities in the lungs, i.e. congestion. But in the kidney and brain, no gross abnormal features were found. Histologically, the liver displayed distributed lymphocytic infiltration, sinusoid dilatation, necrosis and parenchymal cell degeneration in orally exposed mice (10 mg/kg) and diffuse lymphocytic infiltration, and necrosis was seen in 7 and 10 mg/kg body weight in intraperitoneally FA injected mice. Lung tissue showed haemorrhages in the 5 ppm inhaled community treated. In all intraperitoneally exposed groups, Kidney showed reduced Bowman's space in 10 mg/kg treated oral group and congestion, tubular necrosis, increased Bowman's space. In the inhaled groups, brain tissue showed that degenerating neurons with either pycnotic or karyorrhectic nuclei were steadily increased in the highest concentration group. All these results showed that, in a dose-related way, FA has annoying toxic effects on mice.

Author(s) Details

Marya Afrin
Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.

Mohammad Rafiqul Islam
Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.

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Assessment of Heavy Metal Levels in Offal Meats (Kidney and Liver) of Beef Sold at Gwagwalada Market, Abuja, Nigeria: An Overview | Chapter 4 | New Insights into Physical Science Vol. 1

Aims: To determine the concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) in kidney and liver of slaughtered cattle.  Study Design: Analytical method. Place and Duration of Study: Samples obtained from Gwagwalada abattoir in Abuja, Nigeria and transported University of Abuja, Chemistry Laboratory for analysis. The study lasted for four (4) months.  Methodology: Wet digestion of samples followed by metal analysis using Accusys 211 Bulk Scientific Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Results: The empirical results indicated that the mean levels or concentration of these heavy metals in kidney of cattle were 47.75±0.002 g/g Zn, 279.5±0.084 g/g Fe, 10.00±0.00g/g Mn, while Cd and Pb were not detected. The levels or concentration of heavy metals in the liver sample were 0.500=±0.000025 g/g Cd, 57.00±0.0001 g/g Zn, 119.5±0.0016 g/g Fe, 5.75±0.000025 g/g Mn, Pb was not detected. The concentration of Fe and Mn were found to be high in kidney sample than the liver sample.  Conclusion: The evidence from this study revealed the safety of these investigated offal meats as the concentrations of these metals in the kidney and liver samples were within the maximum permissible limit according to the European Commission (EC) and FAO/WHO standards.

Author(s) Details

Adefarati Oloruntoba
State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, PR China.

Isaiah Adukwu Nathaniel
Department of Chemistry, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria.

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