Predator’s Bite Disrupting Child’s Parotid Duct | Chapter 14 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 13

Biting is a normal behavior of animals and about 2% of the population is bitten annually by animals. Being in general more common among males, still animal bits have sex predilection; cat bites are commoner among females, whilst dog bites are abundant among males In spite of being rare in comparison to the incidence of dog bites, wolf bites are seen among the inhabitants of rural and rugged mountainous areas which are the natural shelter areas for such predators. The victims’ age also contributes to the epidemiology of animal facial bites; Children have an increased chance of being bitten on the face due to shorter stature, the disproportionate size of their head relative to their body making it a larger target, a less well-developed motor skills which are needed to defend themselves with their extremities, in addition, children are less likely to be able to recognize the emotional behavior of animals so, they do not probably evaluate the danger and may be more prone to provoking the animal. Therefore, the incidence of animal facial bites is much more common in children in comparison to adults (75%:10%) respectively. Animal facial bites involve mostly the lips, nose and cheeks. Bite wounds are considered complex contaminated injuries requiring an appropriate treatment plan. The most common complication of animal bites is wound contamination by gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms as well as salivary complications; salivary fistula.

 

Author (s) Details

Mekhaeel, Shehata Fakhry Mekhaeel
Department of Operative Surgery and Clinical Anatomy Named after I.D. Kirpatovsky, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia Named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Medical Institute, Moscow, Russia.

 

Salem, Mohamed Ahmed Eissa Sameh
Department of Operative Surgery and Clinical Anatomy Named after I.D. Kirpatovsky, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia Named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Medical Institute, Moscow, Russia.

 

Protasov, Vitalevitch Andrey
Department of Operative Surgery and Clinical Anatomy Named after I.D. Kirpatovsky, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia Named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Medical Institute, Moscow, Russia.

 

Taha, Nada Ahmed Mohamed Elsayed

Department of Operative Surgery and Clinical Anatomy Named after I.D. Kirpatovsky, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia Named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Medical Institute, Moscow, Russia.

 

Omar Kamal Sandouka
Department of Operative Surgery and Clinical Anatomy Named after I.D. Kirpatovsky, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia Named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Medical Institute, Moscow, Russia.

 

Sohaila Mahmoud Said Mahmoud
Department of Operative Surgery and Clinical Anatomy Named after I.D. Kirpatovsky, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia Named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Medical Institute, Moscow, Russia.

 

Atheer Alwan Albulanee
National Research Nuclear University, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (MEPHI), Russia.

 

Ali Hatem Ali Mohamed
National Research Nuclear University, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (MEPHI), Russia.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v13/5255

Research on Liver Organoid: Present Situation, Limiting Factors and Future Therapeutical Potential in Pediatric Diseases | Chapter 9 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 10

 Scientists often use organoids to research diseases. Organoids are three-dimensional, organ-like cell assemblies in which different cell types have organized themselves in a way that is approximately typical for the corresponding organ in the body. They show three characteristics: self-organization, multicellularity and functionality. This study concentrates on liver organoid research and its future role in different pediatric diseases. The range of organs that can be studied with organoids is growing rapidly and includes the brain, intestine, kidney, stomach, pancreas, lung, liver, prostate, esophagus, gallbladder, and the female reproductive tract, among others, and also the embryo. Organoids enable the scientific study of human development, physiology and pathology on a scale. Organoids are grown either from pluripotent stem cells or from tissue-specific adult stem cells. Adult stem cells are present in a large number of tissues and are responsible for renewing the cells in these tissues. They can only give rise to the cell types that are present in the particular tissue, the stem cell of the intestinal epithelium only produces cells of the intestinal epithelium, but not muscle cells or nerve cells. They are thus multipotent. Today, it is possible to reconstruct organ-like tissue organoids in the laboratory. Stem cells are thereby induced to differentiate by molecular signals and grown in culture systems that promote their three-dimensional self-organization. Rapidly developing organoid technology makes it possible to phenotypically copy cell structure. To some extent, this is also true for the functions of various human organs (for example, brain, thyroid, thymus, intestine, liver, pancreas, stomach, lung, kidney) and even early-stage embryos. As near-physiological 3D culture systems, organoids open up new possibilities to study the development of healthy and diseased organs and offer great potential for translational research. Further research in the field of paediatrics will show further development of in vivo use of organoids in the future, especially in liver diseases in childhood.

Author(s) Details:

Stefan Bittmann,
Department of Pediatrics, Ped Mind Institute, Medical and Finance Center Epe, Hindenburgring 4, 48599 Gronau, Germany.

Gloria Villalon,
Department of Pediatrics, Ped Mind Institute, Medical and Finance Center Epe, Hindenburgring 4, 48599 Gronau, Germany.

Elena Moschüring-Alieva,
Department of Pediatrics, Ped Mind Institute, Medical and Finance Center Epe, Hindenburgring 4, 48599 Gronau, Germany.

Lara BIttmann,
Department of Pediatrics, Ped Mind Institute, Medical and Finance Center Epe, Hindenburgring 4, 48599 Gronau, Germany.

Elisabeth Luchter,
Department of Pediatrics, Ped Mind Institute, Medical and Finance Center Epe, Hindenburgring 4, 48599 Gronau, Germany.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V10/article/view/13957

Determination of the Effectiveness of Oral Midazolam as a Pre-medication in Paediatric Patients: A Brief Overview | Chapter 7 | Research Developments in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 1

 This phase aims to assess the productiveness and safety of oral midazolam to defeat the anxiety and upgrade behaviour in children withstanding general anaesthesia. The aim of premedication in the paediatric exclusive informal network is to produce temperance and anxiolysis, reduce passionate trauma and facilitate maternal separation besides quiet and smooth initiation of anaesthesia. In a double-blind randomised clinical trial, 90 toddlers aged 1 to 8 age were randomly filling a place one of three oral premedication groups. Each group had 30 kids. Group I received 0.5 mg/kg spoken midazolam, while Group II received 0.75 mg/kg spoken midazolam in a total volume of 5 ml of 25% dextrose.  A 5 ml measure of 25% dextrose was likely to Group III or the control group. We investigated the attack and depth of sedation, changes in signs of life like heart rate, ancestry pressure, and mental state before and later sedation, as well as some side effects that power have occurred subsequently the procedure. After premedication,1. The difference in signs of life, systolic blood pressure and signs of life between the three groups were not statistically meaningful2. Sedation at 30 minutes after premedication was better in students that study together II as compared to students that study together I3. The emotional state was concluded expected better in study Group II (0.75 mg/ kg) as distinguished to study group I (0.5 mg/kg) concurrently with an activity of separation from parents.4. More post-functioning complications like sickness in stomach, vomiting, dizziness, and headache were seen accompanying a dose of 0.75 mg/kg than accompanying a dose of 0.5 mg/kg.It is decided that premedication with oral midazolam at a dosage of 0.5 mg/kg in paediatric patients results in good to superior sedation inside 30 minutes of separation from persons, with better quality of break-up. Additionally, it offers a steady emotional state during the whole of induction, accompanying less postoperative problems and little hemodynamic alterations.

Author(s) Details:

Jayashree Phaltankar,
Department of Anaesthesia, Maharashtra Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Nashik, India.

Milin Shah,
Department of Anaesthesia, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital, Mumbai, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMS-V1/article/view/9624

Determination of Prescribing Pattern of Drugs in Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Children at Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital, India | Chapter 13 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 2

 Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) are common among people of all ages. Infections of the respiratory system in children cause a lot of morbidity and mortality. It is a major health issue in India as well. Pneumonia kills 2 million children under the age of five, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The majority of ARTIs are caused by viruses. The principal causative agents include rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, parainfluenza and influenza viruses, human metapneumovirus, and adenoviruses. ARTIs are caused by bacteria such as group A streptococci, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilus influenzae, pneumococcus, and Staphylococcus aureus. Drug utilisation studies aid in determining the pattern of prescriptions for distinct illnesses in a given location. Our goal was to investigate medicine prescribing patterns and assess their rationale in children aged 1 to 5 years with acute respiratory tract infection.

We looked at 298 medications that were given to these kids. These prescriptions were analysed, and they were compared to WHO prescription indicators. Cough (96 percent), fever (93 percent), and rhinitis (82.5 percent) were the most prevalent symptoms, but sore throat, earache, and shortness of breath were also seen in these kids. The average number of medicines prescribed per patient was 4.1. Antipyretics were prescribed 98.3% of the time, antimicrobials 91.3 percent of the time, antihistaminics and cough syrups 75.2 percent of the time, Leukotriene antagonists 25.1 percent of the time, Vitamin B complex 11% of the time, and glucocorticoids 4.6 percent of the time. All of the medications were prescribed using brand names rather than generic names. 97.3 percent of the pharmaceuticals prescribed came from the national list of essential medications. In our research, we discovered an over use of antimicrobials. Antimicrobials must be used responsibly, which necessitates educational programmes. At the same time, parents should be made aware of the dangers of antibiotic use.

Author (S) Details

Sujata Jadhav
Department of Pharmacology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad, Maharashtra, India.

Chitra Khanwelkar
Department of Pharmacology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad, Maharashtra, India.

Abhay Jadhav
Department of Pharmacology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad, Maharashtra, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V2/article/view/2686

Chlorpheniramine Maleate Pediatric Oral Strip: Methodology and Characterization | Chapter 14 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 8

 The purpose of this study is to develop an oral strip that is specifically intended for paediatric use and delivers a fast onset of action with ease of swallowing, especially for young people who have difficulties swallowing, as well as maximum therapeutic effectiveness by reducing the first pass effect.

Materials and methods: A solvent casting process was used to create the oral strip, which included a variety of sole polymers (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose [HPMC] 15cp, HPMC 50cp, polyvinyl alcohol, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose). Three different plasticizers (propylene glycol, dibutyl phthalate, and glycerin) were used to improve the film forming polymer properties, and maltodextrin (MD) was used as the secondary polymer in varying ratios to optimise the release parameters and disintegration time (DT).

Results: It is clear from this study that F10, which is made up of HPMC as the main polymer and MD as the secondary polymer in a 2:1 ratio, provides adequate physicochemical characteristics, in-vitro/in-vivo DT (40/36 s), and a satisfactory release parameter of (59.9%) released at 2 min and (80%) released at 14.8 min.

Conclusion: The optimised formula appears to be promising for developing an oral strip that is simple to use, has a quick onset of action, and is well tolerated by children.

Author (s) Details

Sura Zuhair Mahmood
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.

Hiba Sabah Sabry
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.

Nora Zawar Yousif
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.

Zeina D. Salman
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V8/article/view/2217

Behaviour Management Challenges in Pediatric Dentistry | Chapter 6 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 2

 

Behaviour management is fundamental to providing effective and efficient dental care to a child
patient. Disruptive behaviour of a child impedes the quality of treatment while increasing the duration
of treatment and the risk of injury to the child. A child’s behavior on dental visit is influenced by
variables like age, parental anxiety, behavior management and procedural techniques followed by the
dentist. However, the unique personality traits and temperament of children have the most significant
impact and largely govern the perception of information and their conduct in the dental environment.
Studies have shown that temperament, as measured by established psychological tools, can be
significantly associated with behavior at a dental visit [1]. The characteristic of shyness and disruptive
behavior in a pre-surgical setting have been found to be interlinked. Impulsion and negative emotions
have also been more commonly found in children with behavior management problems.
Although, the unique needs and oral health care of individuals with special health care needs (SHCN)
is an integral part of the specialty of pediatric dentistry [2], their specialized oral health care is beyond
the scope of this chapter. The chapter deals with understanding and quantifying the behaviour of child
patient, the novel challenges of pediatric dentistry, evidence of behaviour patterns and specific
behaviour guidance for each personality type in children.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Bhanu Lakhani
Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences & Research, Dantika Dental Clinic, India.


View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/260