The Silent Drivers of Obesity: Pharmaceuticals and Microbes| Chapter 11 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 5

 

Abstract: The present study discusses the role of microbiota in the metabolism of psychotropic drugs as well as the dysbiosis associated with the antimicrobial properties of these agents. Psychotropic drugs are endowed with antimicrobial properties and are known to alter the gut microbiome, selectively depleting the Bacteroidetes phylum, and leading to obesity.

 

It is well-established that obesity has reached epidemic proportions throughout the world, however, it is less known that its rates are two to three times higher in mentally ill patients compared to the general population. Both psychotropic drugs-induced dysmetabolism and high fat diet-related weight gain present with a common enteric microbial pattern, and depletion of the Bacteroidetes phylum, suggesting an overlapping pathology. Others have opined that the loss of Bacteroidetes-generated metabolites is the common denominator of weight gain induced either by an unhealthy diet or psychotropic drugs.

 

Since germ-free animals exposed to psychotropics have not demonstrated weight gain, altered commensal flora composition is believed to be necessary and sufficient to induce dysmetabolism. Conversely, not only do psychotropics disrupt the composition of gut microbiota but the latter alter the metabolism of the former. For example, drug metabolism starts in the gut, rather than the liver as it was construed in the past.

 

The potential biomarkers reflecting the status of the Bacteroidetes phylum have been discussed and a closer look at nutritional interventions, fecal microbiota transplantation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation strategies has been taken that may lower obesity rates in chronic psychiatric patients. Obesity is a modifiable risk factor of general morbidity, therefore restoring the physiological levels of Bacteroidetes phylum by various strategies may attenuate or reverse the excess weight in chronic psychiatric patients. If validated, the biological markers described here may offer the clinician additional feedback to estimate the imminence of weight-related complications.

Author (s) Details

Adonis Sfera
Department of Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States and Department of Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States.

 

Carolina Osorio
Department of Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States.

 

Eddie Lee Diaz
Department of Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States.

 

Gerald Maguire
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.

 

Michael Cummings
Department of Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v5/2250

Antimicrobial Peptides and Chemicals Produced by Animals | Chapter 11 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 5

 The problem of multidrug-resistant pathogens including bacteria, fungi, and yeast, as well as the ban on using antibiotics as growth promoters in feed, has spurred researchers to look for natural antibacterial chemicals as alternatives to standard antibiotics. Natural antimicrobial peptides and compounds derived from animal secretions and some insect venoms have inspired a lot of interest and research because they show antimicrobial activity against pathogens with lesser resistance and higher synergistic effects when administered in conjunction with blends. Antimicrobial peptides produced from honeybee venom will be expressed in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well as antimicrobial compounds isolated from giraffes and their inhibitory effects on liver microsomal enzymes, will be discussed in this chapter. CYP450 activity against microorganisms such as Agrobacterium rhizogenes, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, and E.coli will be described using the optical density analysis method, and their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) as well as ICs 50 to measure the potency to inhibit a biological function will be determined using programmes such as Gene5, graph pad prism, and clone manager, as well as antimicrobial action of compounds found.

Author (s) Details

Mr. Al-Baraa Akram
Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.

Glen McCann
Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V5/article/view/6572

Determination of Prescribing Pattern of Drugs in Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Children at Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital, India | Chapter 13 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 2

 Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) are common among people of all ages. Infections of the respiratory system in children cause a lot of morbidity and mortality. It is a major health issue in India as well. Pneumonia kills 2 million children under the age of five, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The majority of ARTIs are caused by viruses. The principal causative agents include rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, parainfluenza and influenza viruses, human metapneumovirus, and adenoviruses. ARTIs are caused by bacteria such as group A streptococci, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilus influenzae, pneumococcus, and Staphylococcus aureus. Drug utilisation studies aid in determining the pattern of prescriptions for distinct illnesses in a given location. Our goal was to investigate medicine prescribing patterns and assess their rationale in children aged 1 to 5 years with acute respiratory tract infection.

We looked at 298 medications that were given to these kids. These prescriptions were analysed, and they were compared to WHO prescription indicators. Cough (96 percent), fever (93 percent), and rhinitis (82.5 percent) were the most prevalent symptoms, but sore throat, earache, and shortness of breath were also seen in these kids. The average number of medicines prescribed per patient was 4.1. Antipyretics were prescribed 98.3% of the time, antimicrobials 91.3 percent of the time, antihistaminics and cough syrups 75.2 percent of the time, Leukotriene antagonists 25.1 percent of the time, Vitamin B complex 11% of the time, and glucocorticoids 4.6 percent of the time. All of the medications were prescribed using brand names rather than generic names. 97.3 percent of the pharmaceuticals prescribed came from the national list of essential medications. In our research, we discovered an over use of antimicrobials. Antimicrobials must be used responsibly, which necessitates educational programmes. At the same time, parents should be made aware of the dangers of antibiotic use.

Author (S) Details

Sujata Jadhav
Department of Pharmacology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad, Maharashtra, India.

Chitra Khanwelkar
Department of Pharmacology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad, Maharashtra, India.

Abhay Jadhav
Department of Pharmacology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad, Maharashtra, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V2/article/view/2686