Clinical Profile and Management of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumours in HIV-Seropositive Patients | Chapter 5 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 4

 

 

Background: There has been an increased rate of neoplastic diseases in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The survival of patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has improved considerably with modern medical management. However, oral and maxillofacial tumours occurring in these patients have not received adequate treatment attention.

 

Objectives: To assess the clinical features and treatment modalities of oral and maxillofacial tumours in HIV-seropositive patients.

 

Methodology: This was a retrospective study of HIV-seropositive patients who received treatments for oral and maxillofacial tumours at Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria. The study covered the period from January 2015 to December 2024. The information was extracted from case files of patients, the theatre register, and histopathology records and slides were retrieved for the purpose of the study. Data collected include patient demography, location of tumour, clinical features, histopathology diagnosis, treatment, and complications.

 

Results: This study identified 28 HIV-positive patients with various oral and maxillofacial tumours. The age range of the patients was from 26 years to 58 years. Mean age was 42 years, SD ±9.24 years.  The tumours include: Kaposi sarcoma (KS), non-hodgkin lymphoma, squamous carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx, mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland, parotid cyst, who were treated over a period of 10 years with surgery and radiation therapy. Data collected showed that HIV-positive patients with these tumours presented at the third and fourth decades of life, with aggressive disease and worse prognosis. Treatment comprises surgical resection with radiation therapy and chemotherapy. The complications of the treatment include: tumour recurrence, resistance of the tumour to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, rapidity of tumour growth, acute reactions to radiotherapy, distant metastasis, weight loss and death. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has not altered the incidence of these malignancies as observed in this study.

 

Conclusions: Oral and maxillofacial tumours in HIV-positive patients occurred irrespective of the commencement of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Kaposi sarcoma is the most common tumour recorded in this study. The treatment comprises surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy; nevertheless, the response varied with the kind of tumours being treated. Infection with HIV is not a contraindication when aggressive radiation therapy is needed in selected patients.

 

 

Author(s) Details

O.O Omisakin
Division of Dental/Maxillofacial Surgery, Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v4/6837

Preventing Surgical Site Infections in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: Current Challenges and Emerging Solutions | Chapter 6 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 6

Surgical site infections (SSIs) in oral and maxillofacial (O&M) surgery are significant healthcare-associated complications that increase morbidity, healthcare costs, and antibiotic resistance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of SSI preventive measures in O&M surgeries, classified into pre-, intra-, post-, and preoperative stages. Key strategies include antiseptic applications (e.g. chlorhexidine gluconate and povidone-iodine), optimised hand and wound hygiene, hair removal, and maintaining key patient vitals. The review explores the roles of additional measures, such as antimicrobial sutures, Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT), and nutritional optimisation. Although certain measures—such as antibiotic prophylaxis for clean surgeries and preoperative bathing—remain controversial, antiseptic dressings, laminar airflow, incisional wound irrigation, hand preparation, wound guards, gowns, drapes, and gloves, antibiotic sutures, increasing nutritional intake, maintaining normal body temperature, oxygen supplementation, blood glucose control, postoperative NPWT, chlorhexidine and PVD-I as skin preparation, and fluid therapy have shown promise in reducing SSI risk. The review also highlighted the inadequate hand hygiene among dental practitioners raising concerns about the risk of SSIs. In conclusion, this review highlights the need for tailored, evidence-based protocols, adherence to care bundles, and ongoing evaluation of new research to improve patient outcomes and enhance healthcare efficiency in O&M surgery.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Kranti Kiran Reddy Ealla
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu – 600077, India and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Malla Reddy Institute of Dental Sciences, Malla Reddy Vishwavidyapeeth, Suraram X Road, Jeedimetla, Quthbullapur, Hyderabad, Telangana 500055, India.

 

Neema Kumari
Department of Microbiology, Malla Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences, Malla Reddy Vishwavidyapeeth, Suraram X Road, Jeedimetla, Quthbullapur, Hyderabad, Telangana 500055, India.

 

Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu – 600077, India.

 

Pratibha Ramani
Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Vikas Sahu
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Malla Reddy Institute of Dental Sciences, Malla Reddy Vishwavidyapeeth, Suraram X Road, Jeedimetla, Quthbullapur, Hyderabad, Telangana 500055, India.

 

Navya Gangireddygari
Department of Information Science, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Cir, Denton, TX 76205, United States.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v6/3110

Impact of Covid-19 on Ear Nose and Oral Health during Pandemic | Chapter 3 | Pharmaceutical Research - Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 1

 

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-2 is a novel coronavirus belonging to the family Coronaviridae originating in Wuhan, China has created an impact across the globe. The SARS-CoV-2, which started initially as a severe pneumonia outbreak in China, has now quickly spread all throughout the globe, COVID-19 has affected a large number of people being reported in approximately 200 countries and territories. The disease has been declared a pandemic by the WHO on March 11, 2020. In this review, an update on virology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation with a detailed update on oral manifestations. The main suspected mechanism is invasion of the olfactory receptors centrally or damage of the olfactory epithelium which leads to post olfactory loss. Anosmia is usually associated with frontal headache.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Srividhya Srinivasan
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College, Maher, India.

 

K. Saraswathi Gopal
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College, Maher, India.

 

P. Mahesh Kumar
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College, Maher, India.

 

V. Poongodi
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College, Maher, India.

 

R. Anitha
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College, Maher, India.

 

Please see the book here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v1/51

Brush Cytology: A Simple Diagnostic Tool in Oral/Oropharyngeal Lesions with P16 Immunocytochemistry | Chapter 17 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 4

Background: Oral/Oropharyngeal cancers, particularly oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) comprise about 85% of the head and neck cancers. At present, these cancers constitute the sixth leading cause of cancer related deaths around the globe. With the advent of HPV as a causative agent of oral/oropharyngeal cancers associated with good prognosis, the search for adjunctive tests for diagnosis of these lesions have received a great deal of interest.

Aims and Objectives: This study was conducted to study the efficacy of brush cytology in the diagnosis of potentially malignant and malignant oral/ oropharyngeal lesions in adjunct with p16INK4a Immunocytochemistry.

Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study performed in a tertiary care hospital in 50 patients attending the outpatient department of Otorhinolaryngology with suspected oral/oropharyngeal lesions from Jun 2018-January 2020.In all the selected cases, brush cytology material was obtained from the suspicious lesions and subjected to cytological examination. Histopathological examination of the punch biopsy specimens of respective lesions of all the selected cases was done. Cytopathology and histopathology findings were compared. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were calculated Immunocytochemical staining for p16 was performed. Comparison of clinicopathological parameters with the p16 status was done.

Results: In our series of 50 patients, 35(70%) were males and 15(30%) were females. The age range was 31-90 years with a mean age of 51 years. Using the brush cytology technique, the cases detected were 27(54%) of squamous cell carcinomas, 13(26%) of epithelial dysplasia and 4(8%) of verrucous carcinoma, 4 (8%) leukoplakia, 2 cases were inconclusive. The sensitivity of brush cytology method was found to be 94% and the specificity was 94%, false positive rate was 6% and false negative rate was 6% witha diagnostic accuracy of 94%. Considering p16 as the surrogate marker of HPV infection, it was found to be positive in 28(56%) of cases by ICC. Statistically significant relation was found between the detection of p16 expression by ICC and the cytological diagnosis (p< 0.05).

Conclusion: Brush cytology provides a reliable diagnoses that is consistent with the final histopathological diagnosis. It is an efficacious technique that offers a less invasive and cost effective adjunctive assessment and is also appropriate for monitoring of patients with premalignant/malignant oral lesions in the long run.

Author(s) Details:

Srijana Subba,
District Hospital Namchi, South Sikkim, India.

Chhanda Das,
Department of Pathology, Burdwan Medical College, West Bengal, India.

Madhumita Mukhopadhyay,
Department of Pathology, Saroj Gupta Cancer Center & Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V4/article/view/13253

Chlorpheniramine Maleate Pediatric Oral Strip: Methodology and Characterization | Chapter 14 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 8

 The purpose of this study is to develop an oral strip that is specifically intended for paediatric use and delivers a fast onset of action with ease of swallowing, especially for young people who have difficulties swallowing, as well as maximum therapeutic effectiveness by reducing the first pass effect.

Materials and methods: A solvent casting process was used to create the oral strip, which included a variety of sole polymers (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose [HPMC] 15cp, HPMC 50cp, polyvinyl alcohol, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose). Three different plasticizers (propylene glycol, dibutyl phthalate, and glycerin) were used to improve the film forming polymer properties, and maltodextrin (MD) was used as the secondary polymer in varying ratios to optimise the release parameters and disintegration time (DT).

Results: It is clear from this study that F10, which is made up of HPMC as the main polymer and MD as the secondary polymer in a 2:1 ratio, provides adequate physicochemical characteristics, in-vitro/in-vivo DT (40/36 s), and a satisfactory release parameter of (59.9%) released at 2 min and (80%) released at 14.8 min.

Conclusion: The optimised formula appears to be promising for developing an oral strip that is simple to use, has a quick onset of action, and is well tolerated by children.

Author (s) Details

Sura Zuhair Mahmood
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.

Hiba Sabah Sabry
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.

Nora Zawar Yousif
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.

Zeina D. Salman
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V8/article/view/2217