Varying Behavioral Attitudes and Correlates of HPV Infection among Young Adolescents in Benue State, Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study | Chapter 1 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 3

Aim: This study aims to assess the knowledge of HPV infection and the practice of primary prevention, the willingness of HPV uptake, and attitudinal differences and correlates among randomly sampled secondary school students across the three senatorial districts of Benue State, Nigeria.

Background: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a significant public health concern globally, especially in low- and middle-income countries. It is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections (STIs). In Africa, including Nigeria, HPV prevalence is high, contributing to a substantial burden of cervical cancer. Despite challenges, massive HPV vaccination campaigns in Africa show promise for preventing cervical cancer cases. In Benue State, Nigeria, limited research exists on several aspects of HPV knowledge and attitudes towards HPV among secondary school students.                                                                                                                                                   Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted among adolescents aged 10–19 years in six secondary schools in three local government areas (LGAs) in Benue State, Nigeria. Two-stage sampling was used to select the LGAs and schools, with a final sample size of 591 students. Within these schools, students were recruited using simple random sampling, which gives every student an equal chance of being selected, ensuring fair representation. The selected schools represent both junior and senior secondary school levels and span across the three senatorial districts of the state. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire covering sociodemographic characteristics, HPV knowledge, prevention practices, and willingness for HPV vaccination. Statistical analyses included univariate analyses and tests of association, with significance set at p < 0.05 or 0.001 depending on the level of the stringency of the evidence required. Data were analysed using SPSS version 25.       

Results: This study found a statistically significant median difference in the perceived knowledge that HPV infection is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) based on age. Only 35.4% of the participants were males, and 86.8% were between the ages of 10 and 16. Only 24.7% acknowledged that HPV can be transmitted during sexual intercourse, and 36.2% recognized that HPV can be transmitted via skin-to-skin contact. In the survey, 48.1% noted that HPV can cause cervical cancer. Around half (50.9%) acknowledged that early sexual debut increases the risk of acquiring HPV, while only 28.1% recognized vaccination as a preventive strategy against HPV infection. Only 35% correctly stated the best time for the HPV vaccine. In assessing the practice of HPV prevention, 14.9% are in a sexual relationship and 10.3% admitted to not using condoms during sexual intercourse. Also, 11.8% have had STIs, and 27.2% have previously undergone HIV screening. Various bivariate analyses showed some varying behavioural differences and correlates of HPV infection among young adolescents in Benue State, Nigeria.

  Conclusions: This study provides valuable insights into HPV knowledge, prevention practices, and willingness to uptake HPV vaccination among secondary school students in Benue State, Nigeria. The significance of the differences and correlates was discussed using themes. The research has unpacked complex relationships that could have public health implications for researchers and policymakers. Moreover, ten actionable policy recommendations were prescribed. Several interventions and areas for further study were proposed. The study also recommended that public health campaigns can leverage existing infrastructure, and healthcare providers can play a key role in raising HPV awareness.

 

Author (s) Details

Evelyn Erdoo Orya
Sydani Group, Abuja, Nigeria.

 

Kayode Khalid Bello
Federal Medical Centre, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

 

Sidney Sampson
Sydani Group, Abuja, Nigeria.

 

Esther Awazzi Envuladu
Jos University Teaching Hospital, Katon Rikkos, Plateau State, Nigeria.

 

Hilary I. Okagbue
Sydani Institute for Research and Innovation, Sydani Group, Abuja, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v3/2627

Prevention of Iatrogenic Cervical Cancer*: A Critical Review | Chapter 11 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 8

 Cervical carcinogenesis consists of natural occurring spontaneous cellular processes which may lead to self-organized dissipative structures of cervical cancers what was first explained in 1977. All the theories of carcinogenesis have properly described this event from methodologically different point of view. Man should understand the thermodynamic rules underlying each of these approaches. Neoplasms are self-organized from the cells of the patient, who did not provide the necessary conditions for cellular metabolism as defined in the moment of appearance of its zygote. In light of medical thermodynamics all oncogenic factors can divide into sufficient or necessary to events for creating a dissi-pathogenic cellular status. Cervical cancer is a tumor associated with the human papillomavirus as only its pathogenic dissi-pathogenic factors, but the genome of cervical carcinoma cells maybe the original source of many types of HPV from the peeled off cancer cells of the uterine cervix. Many things are known to increase the risk of carcinogenesis which as a natural process is an alternative of cellular or social death. Neoplasm cell is an effect of carcinogenesis, but not a causal point at which it begins its existence. Lastly M. Vopson suggests that information as the fundamental building block of the universe has physical mass and makes up almost a third of the universe, which he calls the mass-energy-information equivalence principle [82].The prolongation of invisible rays of information on the principle of just resonance creates an informational image of the original object without the participation of its atoms, confimed also at: 1. R Klimek (2015) Psychoneurocybernetic Conquest of Carcinogenesis and Cancers, Nova Biomedical., USA; 2. R Klimek (2019) Information Medicine-E=i mc2 WIU, ISBN 978-83- 923871-5-2, Cracow 2018 and BCnA 2019, 9: 369-492; 3.Klimek R, Tadeusiewicz R, Gralek P (2017) Virtual information links Matter and Energy: E=i mc2, in: Hisaki Hashi (ed.) Philosophy of Nature in Cross-Cultural Dimensions. Dr Kovac Publ., Hamburg.4. Klimek R (2016) Life, Cancer and Virtual Information, BCnA 6(2): 255- 272; 5. KS Khroutski, R Klimek (2018) Biocosmological definition of information and its naturalist causal significance. BCnA 8(2): 204-262 [77] - [81].

Author(s) Details:

Rudolf Klimek,
Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V8/article/view/13533

Brush Cytology: A Simple Diagnostic Tool in Oral/Oropharyngeal Lesions with P16 Immunocytochemistry | Chapter 17 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 4

Background: Oral/Oropharyngeal cancers, particularly oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) comprise about 85% of the head and neck cancers. At present, these cancers constitute the sixth leading cause of cancer related deaths around the globe. With the advent of HPV as a causative agent of oral/oropharyngeal cancers associated with good prognosis, the search for adjunctive tests for diagnosis of these lesions have received a great deal of interest.

Aims and Objectives: This study was conducted to study the efficacy of brush cytology in the diagnosis of potentially malignant and malignant oral/ oropharyngeal lesions in adjunct with p16INK4a Immunocytochemistry.

Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study performed in a tertiary care hospital in 50 patients attending the outpatient department of Otorhinolaryngology with suspected oral/oropharyngeal lesions from Jun 2018-January 2020.In all the selected cases, brush cytology material was obtained from the suspicious lesions and subjected to cytological examination. Histopathological examination of the punch biopsy specimens of respective lesions of all the selected cases was done. Cytopathology and histopathology findings were compared. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were calculated Immunocytochemical staining for p16 was performed. Comparison of clinicopathological parameters with the p16 status was done.

Results: In our series of 50 patients, 35(70%) were males and 15(30%) were females. The age range was 31-90 years with a mean age of 51 years. Using the brush cytology technique, the cases detected were 27(54%) of squamous cell carcinomas, 13(26%) of epithelial dysplasia and 4(8%) of verrucous carcinoma, 4 (8%) leukoplakia, 2 cases were inconclusive. The sensitivity of brush cytology method was found to be 94% and the specificity was 94%, false positive rate was 6% and false negative rate was 6% witha diagnostic accuracy of 94%. Considering p16 as the surrogate marker of HPV infection, it was found to be positive in 28(56%) of cases by ICC. Statistically significant relation was found between the detection of p16 expression by ICC and the cytological diagnosis (p< 0.05).

Conclusion: Brush cytology provides a reliable diagnoses that is consistent with the final histopathological diagnosis. It is an efficacious technique that offers a less invasive and cost effective adjunctive assessment and is also appropriate for monitoring of patients with premalignant/malignant oral lesions in the long run.

Author(s) Details:

Srijana Subba,
District Hospital Namchi, South Sikkim, India.

Chhanda Das,
Department of Pathology, Burdwan Medical College, West Bengal, India.

Madhumita Mukhopadhyay,
Department of Pathology, Saroj Gupta Cancer Center & Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V4/article/view/13253

Cervical Lesions Associated with Human Papillomavirus Infection after Post-Vaccination: An Observational, Descriptive Study | Chapter 2 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 2

 This stage aims to examine the development of lesions caused by HPV contamination in patients after immunization in various occasion periods, taking into account the age 2002 to 2006 (prior to the cure's introduction in Spain), 2009 to 2011 (current introduction of the vaccination), and 2020 to 2021 (age when the vaccine was widely acknowledged) at a specific emergency room. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most superior sexually transmitted bug globally. Persistent extreme-risk HPV infection can result in cervical precancerous lesions and cervical tumor, with 70% of cervical tumor cases associated with extreme-risk types HPV16 and 18. HPV infection imposes a meaningful financial and intellectual burden. This is an observational, descriptive, backward-looking research based on the judgment of the results of the biopsies of patients lesions had connection with HPV infection at a big tertiary emergency room, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, in Madrid, Spain. The data were taken from three various time periods: 2002-2006, 2009-2011, 2020-2021 in consideration of understand the potential alternatives in these lesions after cure introduction. The dossier of 946 women were examined. During these three periods, skilled was noted a curtailing trend in the rate of squamous container carcinoma, a strength in the rate of adenocarcinoma remains, and an growing rate of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2 - 3 (CIN 2-3) lesions. Another remarkable change organized was the mean ages of the patients with these lesions, as these had raised in the three lesions caused by HPV following in position or time the instauration of the cure. Our investigation discloses that the recognition of added high risk serotypes, different from simple 16 and 18, as well as those accompanying indeterminate risk, has sustained a progressive increase (from 24.24% and 14.11% individually in 2002-2006 to 40.42% and 28.34% in 2020-2021). The effectiveness of the vaccines grown so far, against the HPV serotypes they contain has happened proved in our case. The data shows that the occurrence of squamous cell malignant growth in the uterine cervix has curtailed in our community. Parallel to this remark, a raise in the mean age of disease for both squamous cell abnormal growth in animate being and its CIN 2-3 forerunner lesions have been settled, as has a shift in the infective current of HPV serotypes not covered in current vaccines.

Author(s) Details:

Montserrat de la Torre Serrano,
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Spain and Hospital Clínico San Carlos Madrid, Spain.

Ana María Colino Gallardo,
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Spain and Hospital Clínico San Carlos Madrid, Spain.

M. Jesús Fernández Aceñero,
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Spain and Hospital Clínico San Carlos Madrid, Spain.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V2/article/view/12263

Non-coding RNAs: Emerging Functions and Implications in Cervical Cancer| Chapter 1 | Cutting Edge Research in Biology Vol. 4

 CC shows ultimate coarse tumour in females everywhere, although the potential for stop through the exercise of recognised cures, such as preventive additional dose of vaccine, inclusive affliction protect, and therapy. The forecast for bodies accompanying progressive or metastatic CC is quite impoverished, and skilled are now very few productive situation approaches. Establishing new therapeutic aims and understanding the machine of change are essential. A inclusive representation of the construction of the human transcriptome has happened fashioned likely by new sequencing sciences. By forming friendships accompanying DNA, RNA, and even proteins, ncRNAs form a off-course range of gifts in transcriptional, translational, and post-translational processes. Emerging studies have revealed that ncRNAs have a important supervisory act in any of biological functions, accompanying the verbalization of these particles rigidly controlled in physiological environments. Extensive work has existed committed to analyzing the pertinence of ncRNAs in a diverse range of human disorders, exceptionally malignant growth, during the whole of current opportunities, primarily all the while the last ten of something. As a result, attracting on the functions of ncRNAs concede possibility aid in our understanding of CC. Throughout this chapter, we proposed to manifest the recently found functions of ncRNAs in CC development, encroachment, situations, chemo-fighting, HPV timbre, biochemical renovation, diagnostics, in addition to a prognostic biomarker.

Author(s) Details:

Pushpendra D. Pratap,
Central Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226003, India.

Syed Tasleem Raza,
Central Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226003, India.

Sharique Ahmad,
Department of Pathology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226003, India.

Saeeda Wasim,
Nova IVF fertility center, Hazratganj, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226001, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CERB-V4/article/view/9264

Human Papilloma Virus: Molecular Study in Congolese Women in the Departments of Niari and Bouenza | Chapter 13 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are responsible for a variety of mucosal, benign, and malignant skin diseases. Cervical cancer is one of the most frequent diseases in women, and several so-called high-risk genotypes, particularly types 16 and 18, have been linked to its development.

The goal of this study was to determine the frequency of HPV infections and to identify carcinogenic genotypes in the Niari and Bouenza regions.

Materials and Methods: Between 2019 and 2020, a total of 207 cervical samples were analysed. All samples were cytologically examined using cervico vaginal smears, and HPV DNA detection and genotyping were performed with GeneXpert.

The women who took part in this study had an average age of 43.6712.31 years in Niari and 38.29 10.52 years in Bouenza, with age ranges spanning from 18 to 80 years.

Normal identified in 89.58 percent (186/207) instances, ASCUS in 5.31 percent (11/207) cases, LSIL in 2.89 percent (6/207) cases, and ICC in 1.93 percent (4/207) cases were discovered by cytological examination of these samples. HPV infection was found in 83.54 percent (66/186) of women without lesions, 6.32 percent (5/11) of women with ASCUS, and 10.12 percent (8/10) of women with cytological abnormalities [5.06% (4/6) LSIL, and 5.06 percent (4/4) ICC].

In total, 79 of the 207 women in our study, or 38.16 percent, tested positive for one or more HPV-HR kinds. 37.5 percent (48/128) of women in the Niari department tested positive for HPV, whereas 39.24 percent (31/79) of women in the Bouenza department tested positive for HPV. The number of HPV strains infected varied between two and three. The connection between sociodemographic characteristics and genotyping was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The prevalence of HPV-HR, on the other hand, varied dramatically depending on cervical cytology (P 0.001).

Conclusion: The findings indicate that HPV 16 is more common among women in these two Congolese departments.

Author(S) Details

Luc Magloire Anicet Boumba
Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université Marien NGOUABI, B.P. 69, Brazzaville, Congo and Laboratoire D'analyses Médicales et Morphologiques, Hôpital Général de Loandjili, P.O. Boîte 8122, Pointe-Noire, Congo and Zone de Recherche de Pointe-Noire, Institut National de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSSA), Brazzaville, Congo.

Parfait Christy Nganga
Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université Marien NGOUABI, B.P. 69, Brazzaville, Congo.

Sidney Frousse Christian Ngatali
Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université Marien NGOUABI, B.P. 69, Brazzaville, Congo and Laboratoire D'analyses Médicales et Morphologiques, Hôpital Général de Loandjili, P.O. Boîte 8122, Pointe-Noire, Congo.

Ghislain Loubano-voumbi
Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université Marien NGOUABI, B.P. 69, Brazzaville, Congo.

Donatien Moukassa
Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université Marien NGOUABI, B.P. 69, Brazzaville, Congo.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NHMMR-V5/article/view/6491

Cervical Cytology Screening Methods for Cervical Lesions Update| Chapter 11 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.11

 According to globocan 2018 estimates, cervical cancer is the fourth most often diagnosed cancer and the fourth greatest cause of cancer mortality in women, with an anticipated 570,000 diagnoses and 311,000 deaths in 2018. Death rates are also higher in low- and middle-income countries due to poverty, ignorance, and a lack of screening programmes in these countries. The purpose of this article is to provide screening procedures, together with their benefits and drawbacks. Conventional pap smear CPS, liquid based cytology (low cost manual liquid based cytology) LBC, HPV Testing, cellblock CB with immunomarker are some of the screening modalities we use and recommend (visual inspection with acetic acid). VIA All of these methods will aid in the early detection of preneoplastic and neoplastic cervix diseases, lowering mortality and morbidity in low-resource nations.

Author(s) Details:

N. M. Nandini,
Department of Pathology, JSSAHER, Mysore, Karnataka, India.


Nandish S. Manoli,
Oxford Medical College, Karnataka, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V11/article/view/6083

An Updated Review on Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis | Chapter 06 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 6

 RRP (Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis) is a disorder characterised by exophytic lesions in the respiratory epithelium and vocal folds, and is a common cause of dysphonia in children. The pathogenesis is due to the Human papillomavirus (HPV), which causes substantial morbidity in the host as well as being a precursor to neoplasms such squamous cell carcinoma. In its juvenile form, the condition is more severe, however in its adult version, the sickness is less common. It is a nonspecific symptom pathology in clinical terms. Because there is no cure at this time, the diagnosis is verified by laryngoscopy, and the therapy focuses on controlling the condition and keeping the patient's airway free. Although surgery is the most common method of disease control, adjuvant therapies such as cidofovir and bevacizumab have demonstrated to improve the disease's prognosis. The HPV vaccine has also been linked to therapeutic and prophylactic effects, resulting in fewer treatments performed each year.

Author(S) Details

Guilherme Simas do Amaral Catani
a Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.

Evaldo Macedo
a Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.

Caroline Rimoli
Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.

Rogerio Hamerschmidt
Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.

Maria Eduarda Carvalho Catani
UNIFEBE Medical School, Brusque, Brazil.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V6/article/view/5598