An Updated Review on Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis | Chapter 06 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 6

 RRP (Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis) is a disorder characterised by exophytic lesions in the respiratory epithelium and vocal folds, and is a common cause of dysphonia in children. The pathogenesis is due to the Human papillomavirus (HPV), which causes substantial morbidity in the host as well as being a precursor to neoplasms such squamous cell carcinoma. In its juvenile form, the condition is more severe, however in its adult version, the sickness is less common. It is a nonspecific symptom pathology in clinical terms. Because there is no cure at this time, the diagnosis is verified by laryngoscopy, and the therapy focuses on controlling the condition and keeping the patient's airway free. Although surgery is the most common method of disease control, adjuvant therapies such as cidofovir and bevacizumab have demonstrated to improve the disease's prognosis. The HPV vaccine has also been linked to therapeutic and prophylactic effects, resulting in fewer treatments performed each year.

Author(S) Details

Guilherme Simas do Amaral Catani
a Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.

Evaldo Macedo
a Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.

Caroline Rimoli
Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.

Rogerio Hamerschmidt
Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.

Maria Eduarda Carvalho Catani
UNIFEBE Medical School, Brusque, Brazil.

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Intravitreal Injections and Secondary Sterile Endophthalmitis | Chapter 3 | Innovations in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 3

Sterile endophthalmitis appears as an infrequent complication of intravitreal injections and seems to develop mainly in the context of the off-label use of drugs that have not been conceived for intravitreous administration. The aetiology of sterile endophthalmitis, independently of the administered drug, remains uncertain and a multi-factorial origin cannot be discarded. Sterile inflammation secondary both to intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide and to intravitreal bevacizumab share many characteristics such as the acute and painless vision loss present in the big majority of the cases. Dense vitreous opacity is a common factor, while anterior segment inflammation appears to be mild to moderate. In eyes with sterile endophthalmitis, visual acuity improves progressively as the intraocular inflammation reduces without any specific treatment. If by any chance the ophthalmologist is not convinced of the sterile origin of the inflammation, this complication must be treated as an acute endophthalmitis because of the devastating visual prognosis of this intraocular infection in the absence of therapy.

Author(s) Details

Joaquín Marticorena
Instituto Oftalmológico La Esperanza, HM La Esperanza, 15703 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.

Vito Romano
Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK.

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