Inflammatory Markers in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) with Special Emphasize on Interleukin-6 (IL-6) | Chapter 9 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 10

 

Chronic low-grade inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Although there is an overwhelming number of studies investigating inflammatory markers in PCOS, inconsistencies and disparities in findings have made it challenging for clinicians and researchers to draw clear conclusions and design future studies. This systematic review aims to synthesise recent evidence on key inflammatory markers in PCOS, with a particular focus on the role of interleukin-6 (IL-6), to provide greater clarity and guidance for clinical decision-making and research directions. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases. Studies published between 2014 and 2024 were screened based on predefined eligibility criteria. Both observational and interventional studies that reported levels of inflammatory markers in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) were included. Data were systematically extracted, and the quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for observational studies, the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for randomised controlled trials (RCTs), and the ROBINS-1 tool for non-randomised controlled trials. A statistical synthesis of IL-6 levels was performed for the meta-analysis using a random-effects model in R. A total of 44 studies met the inclusion criteria for qualitative analysis and identified 94 biomarkers. The most commonly used biomarkers across the majority of studies, listed in descending order, are as follows: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), CRP, adiponectin, IL-18, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), IL-8, IL-1β, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), leptin, and vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1). Additionally, four case-control studies conducted in four countries (Taiwan, Russia, Spain, and Turkey) were included in the quantitative analysis, which involved 689 participants (PCOS group: n = 365; Control group: n = 324). The pooled mean difference (MD), calculated using the random-effects model, was 0.72 (0.47; 0.98) (p < 0.0001), indicating a significant increase in IL-6 levels among PCOS patients compared to the control group.  Compared to hs-CRP, a broad marker of systemic inflammation, VCAM-1 provides a more precise measure of vascular injury, making it a strong predictor of cardiovascular complications in PCOS. Unlike adiponectin, which has anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitising properties and is reduced in PCOS, VCAM-1 is elevated, reflecting an increased risk of vascular inflammation and cardiovascular events. Chronic low-grade inflammation plays a crucial role in PCOS, and IL-6 levels in women with PCOS were elevated. Potential markers that can be investigated to assess inflammatory status in PCOS include hs-CRP, TNFα, CRP, adiponectin, IL-18, VEGF, IL-8, iIL-1β, SHBG, leptin, and VCAM-1. The results of this review suggest that IL-6 may serve as a valuable diagnostic and prognostic marker for assessing inflammation in PCOS.

 

 

Author(s) Details            

 

Bhavit Bansal

Research, Central Council for Research in Yoga and Naturopathy, Delhi, India.

 

Avelyn Thazhuthadath Kishore
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, India.

 

Sasikala Kathiresan
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Madurai, India.

 

Arzina Farook Ghachi
Department of Internal Medicine, Shroff Hospital, Vadodara, India.

 

Swetapadma Pradhan
Medical College, European University Faculty of Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia.

 

Sheuli Paul
Department of Paediatrics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pimpri, India.

 

Khyati Chaturvedi
Department of Naturopathy and Yogic Science, Sant Hirdaram Medical College of Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences for Women, Bhopal, India.

 

Mukul Singh
Department of Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India.

 

Sauvit Patil
Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, GBR, England.

 

Lalitha Soumya Johnson
Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Dr. Janaki Ammal Campus, Kannur, India.

 

Akshay V P
Department of Biomedical Research and Molecular Biology, Mansarovar Global University, Bhopal, India and Department of Biomedical Sciences, BioDeskINDIA Labs, Bhopal, India.

 

Delna N S
Department of Allied Health Sciences, Al-Azhar Medical College and Super Specialty Hospital, Thodupuzha, India.

 

Ajita Pillai
Department of Biomedical Sciences, BioDeskINDIA Labs, Bhopal, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v10/6254

Cervical Lesions Associated with Human Papillomavirus Infection after Post-Vaccination: An Observational, Descriptive Study | Chapter 2 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 2

 This stage aims to examine the development of lesions caused by HPV contamination in patients after immunization in various occasion periods, taking into account the age 2002 to 2006 (prior to the cure's introduction in Spain), 2009 to 2011 (current introduction of the vaccination), and 2020 to 2021 (age when the vaccine was widely acknowledged) at a specific emergency room. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most superior sexually transmitted bug globally. Persistent extreme-risk HPV infection can result in cervical precancerous lesions and cervical tumor, with 70% of cervical tumor cases associated with extreme-risk types HPV16 and 18. HPV infection imposes a meaningful financial and intellectual burden. This is an observational, descriptive, backward-looking research based on the judgment of the results of the biopsies of patients lesions had connection with HPV infection at a big tertiary emergency room, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, in Madrid, Spain. The data were taken from three various time periods: 2002-2006, 2009-2011, 2020-2021 in consideration of understand the potential alternatives in these lesions after cure introduction. The dossier of 946 women were examined. During these three periods, skilled was noted a curtailing trend in the rate of squamous container carcinoma, a strength in the rate of adenocarcinoma remains, and an growing rate of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2 - 3 (CIN 2-3) lesions. Another remarkable change organized was the mean ages of the patients with these lesions, as these had raised in the three lesions caused by HPV following in position or time the instauration of the cure. Our investigation discloses that the recognition of added high risk serotypes, different from simple 16 and 18, as well as those accompanying indeterminate risk, has sustained a progressive increase (from 24.24% and 14.11% individually in 2002-2006 to 40.42% and 28.34% in 2020-2021). The effectiveness of the vaccines grown so far, against the HPV serotypes they contain has happened proved in our case. The data shows that the occurrence of squamous cell malignant growth in the uterine cervix has curtailed in our community. Parallel to this remark, a raise in the mean age of disease for both squamous cell abnormal growth in animate being and its CIN 2-3 forerunner lesions have been settled, as has a shift in the infective current of HPV serotypes not covered in current vaccines.

Author(s) Details:

Montserrat de la Torre Serrano,
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Spain and Hospital Clínico San Carlos Madrid, Spain.

Ana María Colino Gallardo,
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Spain and Hospital Clínico San Carlos Madrid, Spain.

M. Jesús Fernández Aceñero,
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Spain and Hospital Clínico San Carlos Madrid, Spain.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V2/article/view/12263

The High Prevalence of Depression in Climacteric Women and their Most Significant Complaints| Chapter 9 | Current Innovations in Disease and Health Research Vol. 5

 The basic purpose of this study search out observe the predominance of depression in climacteric women and their self-judgment of depression causes. Depression is delineated as a normal human fervor, a clinical syndrome and a group of syndromes or disturbances characterized by a awful or unpleasant concerning feelings and intuition state. The design of this cross-sectional study is asking descriptive. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) inquiry was administered to 48 climacteric wives (aged 45 to 65) fix by the Centers for Psycho and Social Attention (CAPS) of Specialized Mental Medicine in Sorocaba.Checking the mean and repetitiveness distribution, the climacteric girls presented a prevalence of 37.5% of moderate despair (BDIindex = 24.39 ± 3.13), and 47.92% of severe despair (BDIindex = 38.13 ± 6.78). Concerning the symptoms, Spearman rank order equating was found as the chief concerns, hierarchically: in- decision (r = 0.72, p < 0.001), depression (r = 0.66, p < 0.001), guilt (r = 0.63, p < 0.001), weeping (r = 0.62, p < 0.001), self-esteem (r = 0.60, p < 0.001), in- utility (r = 0.59, p < 0.001), self-critique (r = 0.58, p < 0.001) and loss of aggregation (r = 0.57, p < 0.001). In these CAPS climacteric women, the occurrence of depression was deduced quite extreme (86% ranging from temperate to severe), owing generally to hesitation, depression, guilt, cry, and self-esteem, attended by inutility, self-critique, and lack of attention.

Author(s) Details:

J. A. Figueira,
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Brazil.

O. A. Figueira,
Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

H. A. Figueira,
Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

A. A. Figueira,
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Brazil.

L. D. Figueiredo,
Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

V. R. Varejao,
Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

A. P. A. Freitas Junior,
Universidade Evangélica de Goiás, Brazil.

J. L. dos Santos,
Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil.

 

G. Maranhao Neto,
Universidade Salgado de Oliveira, Brazil.

 

E. H. M. Dantas,
Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIDHR-V5/article/view/11614

Indoor Air Pollution and Women’s Health in Rural Areas | Chapter 2 | Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol. 1

Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) refers to the contamination of air inside and around the building. It is an intense issue on the grounds that indoor air is unquestionably more concentrated with pollutants than open air and can unfavorably influence the inhabitants. Health issues as a consequence to indoor air pollutants might be experienced not long after subjection or after some time. Understanding and controlling probable sources of the indoor air pollution can help decrease danger of indoor health concerns. In this paper, various aspects indoor air pollution, their influence on human health and control strategies has been discussed. Special reference is made to the women’s health in rural areas. Utilization of solid fuels (like wood, dung, coal) for cooking and heating purpose is the significant causation of indoor air pollution in the rural areas, to which women are exposed. Efforts should be made to utilize least polluting fuel for cooking, which can reduce pollution level significantly.

Author(s) Details

Mohd. Yunus Khan 
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research (NITTTR), Chandigarh, India.

Dr. P. Sudhakar Rao 
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research (NITTTR), Chandigarh, India.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/181