Inflammatory Markers in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) with Special Emphasize on Interleukin-6 (IL-6) | Chapter 9 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 10

 

Chronic low-grade inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Although there is an overwhelming number of studies investigating inflammatory markers in PCOS, inconsistencies and disparities in findings have made it challenging for clinicians and researchers to draw clear conclusions and design future studies. This systematic review aims to synthesise recent evidence on key inflammatory markers in PCOS, with a particular focus on the role of interleukin-6 (IL-6), to provide greater clarity and guidance for clinical decision-making and research directions. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases. Studies published between 2014 and 2024 were screened based on predefined eligibility criteria. Both observational and interventional studies that reported levels of inflammatory markers in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) were included. Data were systematically extracted, and the quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for observational studies, the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for randomised controlled trials (RCTs), and the ROBINS-1 tool for non-randomised controlled trials. A statistical synthesis of IL-6 levels was performed for the meta-analysis using a random-effects model in R. A total of 44 studies met the inclusion criteria for qualitative analysis and identified 94 biomarkers. The most commonly used biomarkers across the majority of studies, listed in descending order, are as follows: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), CRP, adiponectin, IL-18, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), IL-8, IL-1β, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), leptin, and vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1). Additionally, four case-control studies conducted in four countries (Taiwan, Russia, Spain, and Turkey) were included in the quantitative analysis, which involved 689 participants (PCOS group: n = 365; Control group: n = 324). The pooled mean difference (MD), calculated using the random-effects model, was 0.72 (0.47; 0.98) (p < 0.0001), indicating a significant increase in IL-6 levels among PCOS patients compared to the control group.  Compared to hs-CRP, a broad marker of systemic inflammation, VCAM-1 provides a more precise measure of vascular injury, making it a strong predictor of cardiovascular complications in PCOS. Unlike adiponectin, which has anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitising properties and is reduced in PCOS, VCAM-1 is elevated, reflecting an increased risk of vascular inflammation and cardiovascular events. Chronic low-grade inflammation plays a crucial role in PCOS, and IL-6 levels in women with PCOS were elevated. Potential markers that can be investigated to assess inflammatory status in PCOS include hs-CRP, TNFα, CRP, adiponectin, IL-18, VEGF, IL-8, iIL-1β, SHBG, leptin, and VCAM-1. The results of this review suggest that IL-6 may serve as a valuable diagnostic and prognostic marker for assessing inflammation in PCOS.

 

 

Author(s) Details            

 

Bhavit Bansal

Research, Central Council for Research in Yoga and Naturopathy, Delhi, India.

 

Avelyn Thazhuthadath Kishore
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, India.

 

Sasikala Kathiresan
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Madurai, India.

 

Arzina Farook Ghachi
Department of Internal Medicine, Shroff Hospital, Vadodara, India.

 

Swetapadma Pradhan
Medical College, European University Faculty of Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia.

 

Sheuli Paul
Department of Paediatrics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pimpri, India.

 

Khyati Chaturvedi
Department of Naturopathy and Yogic Science, Sant Hirdaram Medical College of Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences for Women, Bhopal, India.

 

Mukul Singh
Department of Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India.

 

Sauvit Patil
Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, GBR, England.

 

Lalitha Soumya Johnson
Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Dr. Janaki Ammal Campus, Kannur, India.

 

Akshay V P
Department of Biomedical Research and Molecular Biology, Mansarovar Global University, Bhopal, India and Department of Biomedical Sciences, BioDeskINDIA Labs, Bhopal, India.

 

Delna N S
Department of Allied Health Sciences, Al-Azhar Medical College and Super Specialty Hospital, Thodupuzha, India.

 

Ajita Pillai
Department of Biomedical Sciences, BioDeskINDIA Labs, Bhopal, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v10/6254

Influence of Zinc, Vitamin A and Magnesium Supplements on the Thyroid Function in Hypothyroidism Patients | Chapter 1 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 9

Background: An inadequate thyroid hormone synthesis slows down the body's metabolism and causes a host of crippling symptoms, such as weight gain, weariness, cold sensitivity, and cognitive decline. Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine illness. Hormone replacement medication is the usual treatment for hypothyroidism, but new research indicates that shortages in some micronutrients, including zinc, vitamin A, and magnesium, may be important in the development and course of the condition. Supplementing these micronutrients could be an adjuvant approach in the treatment of thyroid dysfunction because they are necessary to produce thyroid hormones, metabolism, and immunological regulation.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to look at the potential therapeutic effects of magnesium, zinc and vitamin A supplements on oxidative stress, inflammatory markers and thyroid function in people with hypothyroidism. The goal of the study is to ascertain whether treating deficits in these micronutrients can boost thyroid hormone production, reduce symptoms, and strengthen the immune system and metabolism in individuals with hypothyroidism.

Methods: A detailed review of peer-reviewed literature, including clinical trials, observational studies, and meta-analyses, was conducted to explore the role of zinc, vitamin A, and magnesium in thyroid health. The studies selected for review included both placebo-controlled interventions and observational data on micronutrient supplementation in hypothyroid patients. Key variables such as serum levels of thyroid hormones (TSH, FT3, FT4), oxidative stress markers (hs-CRP, MDA), and overall clinical outcomes were analysed to assess the effects of supplementation.

Results: The review emphasised a constant positive relationship between better thyroid function and supplementing with zinc, vitamin A, and magnesium. It has been discovered that taking zinc supplements helps boost thyroid hormone synthesis by improving free and total thyroxine (T4) levels and improving TSH regulation. The antioxidant qualities of vitamin A have been found to lower oxidative stress and stabilise thyroid function; on the other hand, magnesium supplementation has improved energy metabolism and decreased inflammatory indicators. Overall, the patients who received these micronutrients showed changes in the balance of thyroid hormones, reduced inflammation, and improved metabolic function, all of which point to important therapeutic advantages.

Conclusion: In summary, the results highlight the possible function of magnesium, zinc, and vitamin A supplements in the treatment of hypothyroidism. These micronutrients assist in reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, which are frequently linked to thyroid diseases, in addition to aiding in the production and control of thyroid hormones. Patients with hypothyroidism who take these supplements as part of their treatment plan, especially if they have known deficits, may experience a better quality of life and more efficient symptom management. It is advised that larger sample sizes and longer trial lengths be used in future clinical studies to confirm the effectiveness of this strategy and provide standardized procedures for micronutrient supplementation in hypothyroid treatment.

 

Author (s) Details

Misbah Arshad
The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

 

Muntaha Jaffar
The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

 

Farah Khanum
The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

 

Noor Fatima
The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

 

Alina Akbar
The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

 

Ghulam Rubab
The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v9/2585

The Clinical Significance of Inflammatory Biomarkers of Atherosclerosis in Carotid Disease | Chapter 9 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 8

 Ischemic stroke is commonly caused by atherosclerotic disease of the carotid arteries. The degree of carotid stenosis is the most important factor in determining the risk of stroke in "carotid disease," although it cannot correctly predict future stroke. Carotid artery stenosis with no symptoms is a well-known risk factor for ischemic stroke. In the context of ulceration and plaque rupture, non-stenotic atherosclerotic carotid artery plaques can produce atheroembolism. The goal of this study was to synthesise the current information on the link between carotid atherosclerosis and serum inflammatory biomarkers. Atherosclerosis is a dynamic process characterised by inflammatory and thrombotic processes, as well as increasing stenosis. The capacity to forecast the course of atherosclerotic stenosis can be helpful in predicting the risk of stroke and preventing it in clinical practise. The goal is to identify a subgroup of patients who have a higher risk of ipsilateral stroke. Inflammatory activity is a critical factor in the pathogenesis, progression, and rupture of atherosclerotic plaque, as well as the development of clinical symptoms in individuals with atherosclerotic carotid stenosis. C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, pentraxin 3, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, adhesion molecules ICAM-1, selectins, and matrix metalloproteinases have all been recommended as tools for risk assessment in patients with carotid atherosclerosis. Even though several cardiovascular biomarkers have been found, their prognostic usefulness is limited. Some well-known indicators for coronary artery disease aren't applicable to carotid artery disease. The clinical importance of a serum inflammatory biomarker in carotid atherosclerosis may be clarified in the future.

Author (S) Details

Olga Dubenko
Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Ukraine.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V8/article/view/3112