Anogenital System and HPV-Related Lesions in Women: Anatomy, Pathophysiology, and Screening | Chapter 5 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 11

 

Aims: This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the anatomy, physiology, and histology of the cervix and anal canal in women. It further explores the role of the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) in the pathogenesis of cervical and anal carcinogenesis, emphasizing the epidemiology, oncogenic mechanisms, and associated lesions.

Study Design: The chapter is structured as a detailed review of current literature, integrating anatomical, physiological, and pathological aspects with epidemiological data on HPV-related cancers. Key areas include the anatomy and histology of the cervix and anal canal, HPV virology, the epidemiology of HPV-related cancers, and the mechanisms of HPV-induced oncogenesis.

Place and Duration of Study: The literature review covers studies published globally, focusing on research from the last two decades, with particular attention to studies from 2000 to 2024.

Results: The findings highlight the significant impact of HPV on cervical and anal cancer development. The chapter outlines the progression from HPV infection to carcinogenesis, identifying the critical role of specific HPV strains. It also discusses the screening and vaccination strategies currently in place to prevent HPV-related lesions and their effectiveness in reducing cancer incidence.

Conclusion: HPV plays a central role in the development of cervical and anal cancers in women. Understanding the anatomical and physiological aspects of the cervix and anal canal, along with the pathophysiology of HPV, is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. The chapter concludes with recommendations for improving screening and vaccination programs to reduce the burden of HPV-related cancers.

 

Author (s) Details

Teymur Bornaun
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul University Health Sciences, Istanbul, Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34200, Turkey.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v11/2514

Cervical Lesions Associated with Human Papillomavirus Infection after Post-Vaccination: An Observational, Descriptive Study | Chapter 2 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 2

 This stage aims to examine the development of lesions caused by HPV contamination in patients after immunization in various occasion periods, taking into account the age 2002 to 2006 (prior to the cure's introduction in Spain), 2009 to 2011 (current introduction of the vaccination), and 2020 to 2021 (age when the vaccine was widely acknowledged) at a specific emergency room. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most superior sexually transmitted bug globally. Persistent extreme-risk HPV infection can result in cervical precancerous lesions and cervical tumor, with 70% of cervical tumor cases associated with extreme-risk types HPV16 and 18. HPV infection imposes a meaningful financial and intellectual burden. This is an observational, descriptive, backward-looking research based on the judgment of the results of the biopsies of patients lesions had connection with HPV infection at a big tertiary emergency room, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, in Madrid, Spain. The data were taken from three various time periods: 2002-2006, 2009-2011, 2020-2021 in consideration of understand the potential alternatives in these lesions after cure introduction. The dossier of 946 women were examined. During these three periods, skilled was noted a curtailing trend in the rate of squamous container carcinoma, a strength in the rate of adenocarcinoma remains, and an growing rate of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2 - 3 (CIN 2-3) lesions. Another remarkable change organized was the mean ages of the patients with these lesions, as these had raised in the three lesions caused by HPV following in position or time the instauration of the cure. Our investigation discloses that the recognition of added high risk serotypes, different from simple 16 and 18, as well as those accompanying indeterminate risk, has sustained a progressive increase (from 24.24% and 14.11% individually in 2002-2006 to 40.42% and 28.34% in 2020-2021). The effectiveness of the vaccines grown so far, against the HPV serotypes they contain has happened proved in our case. The data shows that the occurrence of squamous cell malignant growth in the uterine cervix has curtailed in our community. Parallel to this remark, a raise in the mean age of disease for both squamous cell abnormal growth in animate being and its CIN 2-3 forerunner lesions have been settled, as has a shift in the infective current of HPV serotypes not covered in current vaccines.

Author(s) Details:

Montserrat de la Torre Serrano,
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Spain and Hospital Clínico San Carlos Madrid, Spain.

Ana María Colino Gallardo,
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Spain and Hospital Clínico San Carlos Madrid, Spain.

M. Jesús Fernández Aceñero,
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Spain and Hospital Clínico San Carlos Madrid, Spain.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V2/article/view/12263

Comparison of Physical and Sexual Quality of Life before and After Hysterectomy and Its Effect on Demographic Factors | Chapter 5 | Research Highlights in Disease and Health Research Vol. 9

 The present study proposed to assess the effect of hysterectomy on quality of growth using certified questionnaires which includes tangible, emotional in addition to sexual aspects of growth.This was a prospective practical study in which all women meeting with elective hysterectomies in the area of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital New Delhi from October 2017 to September 2019. All data was recorded on EXCEL spread page and analysis finished by SPSS-21.0 and Wilcoxon-test as appropriate.All aspects of physical and intercourse quality of history was found to have improved following hysterectomy. However, only sentimental wellbeing decayed. No association of demographic determinant on quality of existence. In present study SQOL-F questionnaire was used to assess the intercourse quality of existence. The mean period of beginning of monkey business was 3 months after section in majority of women. Out of that, 65.5% women begun their sexual activity at 12 weeks after section, 24.5% women at 15 weeks afterwards surgery and 10% of women at 10 weeks following in position or time surgery accompanying a mean of 12.3 weeks It might be due to the fear of vault turmoil during communication.Hysterectomy improves both material and sexual value of life after section, but the abdominal route raises sexual quality of history more than the vaginal route.

Author(s) Details:

Archana Kumari,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India.

Sunita Malik,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India.

Jugal Kishore,
Department Community Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHDHR-V9/article/view/10972

A Brief Study about Menopause and Gynaecological Malignancy | Chapter 1 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 7

 

 Untimely menopause can happen because of disease treatment. Cervical disease is the most well-known gynecological malignant growth. Constant HPV disease is more normal in postmenopausal ladies. In postmenopausal ladies, HPV immunization plays no part in essential cervical disease anticipation. Cervical disease side effects in postmenopausal ladies are tragically vague and related with co-morbidities. Thus, each indication of cervical malignant growth in a postmenopausal lady ought to be explored completely. Among every single gynecologic disease, ovarian malignant growth is the main source of death. Most of postmenopausal ladies with ovarian malignant growth present with questionable side effects and are in a high level phase of the illness at the hour of show. In the United States, endometrial disease is the most regular gynecologic danger. Most of endometrial carcinomas are identified early and have a positive visualization. However vulvar and vaginal malignant growths are unprecedented, they are normal in postmenopausal ladies. Any postmenopausal lady who has been tingling for quite a while, has a pervaginal release, or has a vulva or vaginal ulcer ought to be assessed completely. So principal objective of this composing is to mindful the gynecological oncologists about the extraordinary parts of gynecological diseases in menopausal lady.

Author(s) Details:

Sabera Khatun,
Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Jannatul Ferdous,
Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V7/article/view/7832

The Fooling of Homeostasis Hypothesis Explains All What the Human Papillomavirus Infection does to the Cervix in Woman | Chapter 16 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 2

 After Human Papillomavirus infection, the three most prevalent cervix disease states are low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, and cervical cancer. The goal of this research is to identify a viable cure for cervical cancer by pinpointing the origins of the three disease states of the cervix listed above. The Fooling of Homeostasis Hypothesis was used to explain the origins of all three in this chapter. According to this idea, for malignancies originating from stem cells, the would-be cancer cells undergo aggressive growth and aggressive death (at the same rate), deceiving the homeostasis maintained by the surrounding healthy cells and immune cells. This hypothesis claims that the chemicals ethanol-alcohol dehydrogenase and sodium metabisulphite could be used to treat cervical cancer.

Author(S) Details

Pushpam Kumar Sinha
Independent Researcher, 101, Vijayshree Complex, Kankarbagh, Patna- 800020, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NHMMR-V2/article/view/6136

Exploring the Use of Manual Liquid Based Cytology, Cell Block with Immunomarkers p16/ki67, VIA and HPV DNA Testing as a Strategy for Cervical Cancer Screening in LMIC: A Prospective Study | Chapter 12 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 1

 Cervical cancer is the fourth most prevalent cancer in women in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Cervical cancer can be detected using a variety of methods, including the traditional Pap smear (CPS), Liquid Based Cytology, and supplemental techniques including Cell Block with immunocytochemistry. The VIA is another technique that is being advocated as a crucial screening tool. Screening efforts have centred on HPV DNA testing and other molecular diagnostics.

All of the following strategies were employed in this study to investigate if they could be useful in clinical settings using cost-effective in-house procedures. In view of the need for more work and personnel training in order to improve cervical cancer diagnosis, we found them useful. There is a need for a standardised policy for screening women at primary health care centres, as well as increased public awareness of the various approaches.

Author(S) Details

Nandini Nandish Manoli
Department of Pathology, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, 570015, India and Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research,570015, India.

Devananda Devegowda
Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research,570015, India.

Ashoka Varshini
Department of Pathology, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, 570015, India.

Pushkal Sinduvadi Ramesh
Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research,570015, India.

Sherin Susheel Mathew
Department of Pathology, Dr. Somervell Memorial Church of South India Medical College, 695504, India.

Nandish Siddappa Manoli
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, 570015, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V1/article/view/4077

Study of Manual Liquid Based Cytology in Diagnosis of Gynecologic Pathology | Chapter 5 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 2

 In the gynaecology department, abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a common problem. In affluent countries, endometrial cancer is the fourth most prevalent cancer in women and the most common gynaecological cancer. Cervical cancer is the fourth most frequent cancer in women worldwide, following breast, colorectal, and lung cancers, with 5,28, 000 new cases per year. Despite the fact that cytological examination has been the gold standard for early identification of cervical cancer and has been found to be beneficial in the detection of endometrial cancer, its widespread application in underdeveloped countries has been impossible due to a lack of resources. personnel and other resources When there is concealing blood, inflammation, or thick patches of overlapping epithelial cells, its sensitivity drops to less than 50%. Manual Liquid Based Cytology (MLBC) is a low-cost method for suspending cells in a monolayer, which improves the detection of precursor lesions and specimen adequacy. Other tests, such as Cell block and immunocytochemistry, can be performed with the leftover sample.

1. To enhance the diagnosis of gynaecological cancers using a technique known as Manual Liquid Based Cytology (MLBC). 2. To investigate a low-cost strategy of researching both endometrial and cervical cancer using supplementary techniques such as cellblocking and immunocytochemistry. 3To compare the results of conventional pap smear (CPS) and MLBC in detecting endometrial and cervical gynaecological disorders.

Methodology: Ayres spatula was used to collect samples from the transition zone of the cervix, which included outpatients from the gynaecological department. The women were between the ages of 20 and 60, and 82 instances with a history of bleeding were chosen to examine endometrial pathology, while 100 cases of white discharge per vaginal were chosen to study cervix pathology. A total of 60 patients were then subjected to ancillary testing, such as cellblocking and immunocytochemistry. Wherever possible, histopathological correlation was performed on instances.

The endometruim investigation found that MLBC is more sensitive and specific than CPS in detecting malignant lesions. LBC/Histopathology vs CPS/Histopathology had a contingency coefficient of 0.572 vs 0.556. The enhanced detection rate for low grade intraepithelial lesion was found to be 150 percent for cervical lesion. The positive predictive value for diagnosing neoplastic lesions on cell blocks was 75%, and the CB/Histopathology Vs CPS/Histopathology Concordance Rate was 74% vs. 54%.

Conclusion: MLBC is a low-cost approach for detecting malignant endometrial and cervical lesions. It has been found to aid in the detection of infection and neoplastic diseases of the female genital tract in both endometrial and cervical cytology.

Author (S) Details

Nandini N. Manoli
Department of Pathology, Jagadguru Shri Shivarathreswara Medical College, Jagadguru Shri Shivarathreswara University, Mysore Karnataka, India.

Nandish S. Manoli
Department of OBG, JSS Medical College, JSS University, Mysore Karnataka, India.

Lopamudra Kakoti
Department of Pathology, Jagadguru Shri Shivarathreswara Medical College, Jagadguru Shri Shivarathreswara University, Mysore Karnataka, India.

Akshata Kamath
Department of Pathology, Jagadguru Shri Shivarathreswara Medical College, Jagadguru Shri Shivarathreswara University, Mysore Karnataka, India.

Shweta Kulkarni
Department of Pathology, Jagadguru Shri Shivarathreswara Medical College, Jagadguru Shri Shivarathreswara University, Mysore Karnataka, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V2/article/view/2678

A Case Control Study on the Risk Factors of Genital Tract Lacerations at Yaoundé Central Hospital, Cameroon | Chapter 4 | New Insights into Disease and Pathogen Research Vol. 5

Genital tract lacerations are lesions resulting from breakage of continuity of the lower genital tract during birth. The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors for genital tract lacerations.  Once identified, women who had suffered genital tract lacerations were interviewed, after which they underwent physical examination aimed at identifying the laceration site and type. We paired these women to those of same age and parity who did not have genital tract laceration (control group). Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed with Epi info software version 3.5.1 with a significance level of P< 0.05. Out of 1250 deliveries, 150 women had genital tract laceration, giving the prevalence of 12%. But 14 has been excluded and retained 136 women as cases. Perineal tears accounted for 92.6% of genital tract lacerations, cervical tears 8.8% and vaginal tears 7.4%. Maternal risk factors were: past history of perineal tear (OR=5.05; 95% CI :1.9-13.7; p=0.00), length of the perineum < 4 cm (OR=33.72; 95% CI:17.2-66.02; p=0.00), duration of expulsion < 30 minutes (OR=3.16; 95%CI:1.9-5.2; p=0.00) and duration of active phase of labor < 6 hours (OR=5.01; 95% CI:2.8-8.9; p=0.00). Prior to delivery and in order to prevent trauma to the genital tract, the following risk factors should be sought out for: Past history of perineal tears, perineal lengths less than 4 cm, duration of the active phase of labour less than 6 hours, induction and augmentation of labor with newborn birthweights of more than 4000 g and expulsive phases lasting less than 30 minutes.  Also, care providers are advised to perform episiotomies in women presenting these risk factors.  

Author (s) Details

Florent Ymele Fouelifack
Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit of the Yaoundé Central Hospital, Cameroon and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Higher Institute of Medical Technology of Nkolondom, Yaoundé, Cameroon and Research, Education and Health Associative Group GARES-Falaise, Dschang, Cameroon.

Félix Essiben
Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Cameroon and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon.

Lovlyne Tchoutouo Kemadjou
Higher Institute of Medical Technology of Yaoundé, Cameroon.

Jeanne Hortence Fouedjio
Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit of the Yaoundé Central Hospital, Cameroon and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon.

Jovanny Tsuala Fouogue
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon.

Robinson Enow Mbu
Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit of the Yaoundé Central Hospital, Cameroon and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/196