CNN-Based Prediction of Oxygen Supply Needs in under-Actuated HVAC Zones | Chapter 6 | Engineering Research: Perspectives on Recent Advances Vol. 11

 

Aims: This study aims to develop a predictive model for oxygen consumption in under-actuated HVAC zones by integrating occupant-centric parameters such as metabolic rate and activity behaviour with environmental and mechanical variables.

 

Study Design: This is an experimental and computational modelling study utilising a dataset of Variable Air Volume (VAV) damper measurements, fan energy estimation, and occupant metabolic rate calculations.

 

Place and Duration of Study: The dataset was collected and processed at Universitas Trilogi, Jakarta, Indonesia, during 2024–2025.

 

Methodology: A curated dataset comprising 11,696 multivariate records was used, including occupant activity counts, environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, air pressure), HVAC operational metrics (airflow, fan speed, brake horsepower, damper percentage), and physiological measures (metabolic rate, daily and minute-based kilocalorie expenditure). Oxygen consumption (L/min) was computed using metabolic energy equivalence. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model was developed and benchmarked against a Multi-Layer Perceptron Artificial Neural Network (MLP-ANN) and a standard Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) Regressor. Model performance was assessed using RMSE, MAE, and R² metrics.

 

Results: Descriptive statistics indicated significant variability in metabolic rate and oxygen demand, ranging from near zero during sedentary activities to peaks above 0.9 L/min during high-intensity activities. The CNN model achieved the best performance (RMSE = 0.0074, MAE = 0.0038, R² = 0.9923), outperforming MLP-ANN (RMSE = 0.0314, MAE = 0.0151, R² = 0.8733) and other benchmarks. Learning curves demonstrated stable convergence without overfitting, while parity plots confirmed strong alignment between predicted and observed oxygen consumption.

 

Conclusion: The findings confirm that occupant behaviour, particularly metabolic rate, plays a critical role in predicting oxygen demand in under-actuated zones. CNN demonstrated superior predictive accuracy and generalisation by effectively capturing nonlinear and spatio-temporal dependencies. These results suggest that HVAC systems can be optimised through adaptive oxygen control strategies, enhancing both energy efficiency and indoor air quality.

 

Author(s) Details

Yaddarabullah
Department of Informatics, Universitas Trilogi, Indonesia.

 

Erneza Dewi Krishnasari
Department of Visual Communication Design, Universitas Trilogi, Indonesia.

 

Idea Alvira
Department of Tourism, Institute Seni Indonesia Padangpanjang, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/erpra/v11/6530

Indoor Air Pollution and Housing Conditions among Rural Households: A Cross-Sectional Study | Chapter 8| Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 2

 

Background: For many developing countries, Indoor air pollution (IAP) is still one of the largest environmental problems, as many do not have access to clean fuels for cooking. IAP could be from the burning of solid fuels for cooking in households. The objective of the study was to assess Indoor air quality among rural households

 

Methodology: The present study was a community based cross sectional study carried out for a period of 2 years. Rural households using solid fuel were included, and locked houses were excluded from the study. The study setting was Devarayasamudra Primary Health Centre, which had more than 2400 households. The sample size was calculated based on previous research. To assess Indoor air quality, Particulate Matter PM 2.5, PM10 Particles, CO2, HCHO, Temperature and Humidity, Nitric oxide (NO) and Sulphur dioxide (SO2) were measured by validated tools. All data were entered in a Microsoft Office Excel sheet, analysed using SPSS v 22 (IBM Corp, USA), with p-value less than 0.05 defined as statistically significant.

 

Results: 812 residents took part in the study. With respect to the external environment, 632 (77.8%) had independent access to a street from their household, 624 (76.8%) had their households nearer to nuisances such as smoke. With respect to the internal environment, 688 (84.7%) were staying in pucca houses and 716 (88.2%) houses were not plastered. AQI of rural households revealed 192 (23.6%) were of poor standards.

 

Conclusion: The present study shows that indoor air pollution is extensive in the rural population, which could be attributed to solid fuel as a source of energy at household levels.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Aditya Sreedhara
SDUMC, SDUAHER, Kolar, India.

 

Pradeep. T.S.
Department of Community Medicine, SDUMC, SDUAHER Kolar, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v2/6113

A Review of Air Purification by Indoor and Outdoor Plants | Chapter 6 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 6

 

This study focuses on the plants that improve the air quality and purify air. Air pollution can be reduced using phytoremediation by knowing the right plants to remove the pollutants. In the present study, the role of indoor and outdoor plants helps in air purification and compared the pollutants removed by selected indoor plants. The importance of the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) of selected outdoor plants was also analysed. Indoor air pollution, originating from various sources, accumulates and significantly impacts human health. Major pollutants like carbon monoxide, sourced from fuel and tobacco combustion, impair oxygen transport in the body, leading to headaches, fatigue, and reduced reflexes. The literature was retrieved through a search on electronic databases like Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The keywords and phrases used during the search were medicinal plants, mechanism of action, air pollution, indoor plants, and outdoor activity. Plants clean the air through the process of photosynthesis. Oxygenic photosynthesis involves the conversion of water and CO2 into complex organic molecules such as carbohydrates and oxygen.

Author(s) Details:

Manju Madhavan,
Department of Botany, St. Mary’s College, Thrissur, 680 020, India.

Abisha, AV
Department of Botany, Vimala College (Autonomous), Thrissur, 680 009, India.

Leen Babu
Department of Botany, Vimala College (Autonomous), Thrissur, 680 009, India.

Liyana K
Department of Botany, Vimala College (Autonomous), Thrissur, 680 009, India.

Sanjana Chacko
Department of Botany, Vimala College (Autonomous), Thrissur, 680 009, India.

Soniya A
Department of Botany, Vimala College (Autonomous), Thrissur, 680 009, India.

Dr. Sheeja T Tharakan
Department of Botany, St. Mary’s College, Thrissur, 680 020, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IBS-V6/article/view/14928

Indoor Air Pollution and Women’s Health in Rural Areas | Chapter 2 | Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol. 1

Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) refers to the contamination of air inside and around the building. It is an intense issue on the grounds that indoor air is unquestionably more concentrated with pollutants than open air and can unfavorably influence the inhabitants. Health issues as a consequence to indoor air pollutants might be experienced not long after subjection or after some time. Understanding and controlling probable sources of the indoor air pollution can help decrease danger of indoor health concerns. In this paper, various aspects indoor air pollution, their influence on human health and control strategies has been discussed. Special reference is made to the women’s health in rural areas. Utilization of solid fuels (like wood, dung, coal) for cooking and heating purpose is the significant causation of indoor air pollution in the rural areas, to which women are exposed. Efforts should be made to utilize least polluting fuel for cooking, which can reduce pollution level significantly.

Author(s) Details

Mohd. Yunus Khan 
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research (NITTTR), Chandigarh, India.

Dr. P. Sudhakar Rao 
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research (NITTTR), Chandigarh, India.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/181