The Expression of Lipoprotein Receptor Related Protein-1 and C/Enhancer Binding Homologous Protein Genes in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Potential Therapeutic Approach| Chapter 1 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 10

 

Diabetes is a serious chronic condition caused by either insufficient insulin production or the body's inability to effectively use the insulin it produces, leading to a persistent metabolic imbalance. Increased serum glucose can cause altered insulin signalling, and dyslipidaemia leads to several pathological alterations in neurons, glia, and vascular cells, leading to nerve dysfunction and, ultimately, neuropathy, including DNA damage and endoplasmic reticulum stress. The low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein 1 (LRP-1) is a type I transmembrane protein belonging to the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) family. C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) is a major transcription factor in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)stress-mediated apoptosis and has widely documented roles in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and diabetic complications. In this review, we are trying to determine the role of LRP1 and CHOP genes in modulating ER stress and their role in the pathophysiology of diabetes. We conducted a review using the Medline, Scopus, and Cochrane databases to examine the literature regarding the distinctions in neuropathy between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, variations in neuropathies, molecular biomarkers associated with the LRP1 gene, and CHOP expressions, along with their impact on diabetic neuropathies and related complications. This review can help establish novel therapeutic strategies for preventing and managing ER stress and diabetes.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Neha Saboo
Department of Physiology, RUHS College of Medical Sciences, Jaipur, Raj, India.

 

Sudhanshu Kacker
Department of Physiology, RUHS College of Medical Sciences, Pratap Nagar, Jaipur, Raj, India.

 

Gaurav Dalela
Department of Microbiology, RUHS College of Medical Sciences, Jaipur, Raj, India.

 

Ila Joshi
RUHS College of Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India.

 

Ambrin Zenab
Department of Physiology, RUHS-CMS, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v10/6139

 

Tolerance of the Resistant Biotype Monochoria vaginalis against Different Mode of Action Herbicides | Chapter 8 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 5

Native to temperate and tropical Asia, Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) C. Presl is an aquatic herbaceous plant in the Pontederiaceae family. In East Asia and the USA, the species is frequently found in paddy fields as a noxious weed that significantly lowers rice output. The objective of the present research was to evaluate the resistance levels of M. vaginalis against three chemical groups of acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibitor herbicides and two other groups of herbicides. Additionally, we aimed to investigate the mutations in the ALS gene of the resistant biotype of M. vaginalis. Herbicide dose–response experiments showed that the resistant biotype of M. vaginalis was highly resistant to bensulfuron-methyl, moderately resistant to bispyribac-sodium, had low resistance to penoxsulam and 2,4-D dimethyl ammonium, and was susceptible to sulfentrazone. The nucleotide sequences of the ALS gene of resistant and susceptible biotypes showed 14 base substitutions, which caused two amino acid substitutions: Val-143-Ile and Val-148Ile. It is the first report of the substitutions of amino acids Val-143-Ile and Val-148-Ile in ALS protein. Those mutations may give different resistance spectra against three ALS-inhibitor herbicides: bensulfuron-methyl, bispyribac-sodium, and penoxsulam. It is necessary to elucidate the molecular basis of target-site resistance mechanisms such as the transformation of the ALS gene of M. vaginalis. The employment of herbicide mixtures and/or the rotation of herbicide sites of action should be considered in order to control the biotype of M. vaginalis. Further research is needed to elucidate the molecular basis of target-site resistance mechanisms such as the transformation of the ALS gene of M. vaginalis. It is also necessary to evaluate herbicide mixtures and/or the rotation of herbicide sites of action to control the resistant biotype of M. vaginalis.

Author(s) Details:

Denny Kurniadie,
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya, Bandung Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.

Ryan Widianto,
Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya, Bandung Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.

Dedi Widayat,
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya, Bandung Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.

Uum Umiyati,
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya, Bandung Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.

Yayan Sumekar,
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya, Bandung Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.

Ceppy Nasahi,
Department of Pest and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya, Bandung Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.

Santika Sari,
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya, Bandung Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.

Abdul Shukor Juraimi,
Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Hisashi Kato-Noguchi,
Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V5/article/view/13914

Insulin Resistance Contributes to Neuroinflammation, Cognitive Decline and Brain Senescence in Congenic Obese LA/Ntul//-cp Rats | Chapter 9 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 7

Search for a suitable an animal model may prove to be more productive to determine if insulin resistance and its direct metabolic sequelae might be significant co-contributors to the neuronal declines that occur in NIDDM, obesity, and progression of dementia conditions. The burgeoning prevalence of obesity and overweight conditions from the age of adolescence and throughout the lifespan has reached epidemic proportions in industrialized nations throughout the globe. One of the most prevalent findings in obesity is the emergence of insulin resistance, which is linked to both a persistent inflammatory state and systemic hypoxia in adipose tissue. Insulin resistance impacts several aspects of substrate oxidation and oxidative free radical production in brain and somatic tissues, and it is likely that adipose tissue depots are the source of cytokine-linked chronic inflammation. In studies with aging congenic lean and obese rats chronic hyperinsulinemia and brain shrinkage has now been reported, albeit it in the absence of Type 2 diabetes (NIDDM), hypertension (HTN) or other comorbidities, thereby suggesting that aspects of disordered substrate metabolism including insulin resistance as commonly observed in obesity may be a key contributory factor in the development of a neuroinflammatory linked brain shrinkage with accompanying decreases in brain mass, protein and DNA content, and which were further compromised when fed an isocaloric high vs. a low glycemic insulinogenic diet containing sucrose vs. cornstarch respectively. These findings imply that in this strain of obese rats, chronic insulin resistance due to obesity, which is at least partially caused by dietary variables, is a plausible independent risk factor in the development of neuroinflammation, DNA damage, brain shrinkage, and neural senescence.

Author(s) Details:

Orien L. Tulp,
Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, British West Indies, MSR1110 and the Einstein Medical Institute, North Palm Beach, FL 33409, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V7/article/view/13427

G-Quadruplex and Ligand Interactions | Chapter 23 | Socio-Scientific Interaction in Diabetes and Cancer and Its Management

 Designing ligands to interact with G-quadruplex (G4) of DNA is challenging due to the complexity of G4 structures and the lack of efficient experimental methods to characterize G4/ligand interactions. Existing methods can be categorized into structure-based (e.g., CD, NMR, X-ray crystallography), affinity-based (e.g., SPR, ITC, MS), and high-throughput (e.g., FRET, G4-FID, affinity chromatography, microarrays) approaches, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. High-throughput methods are emerging as a promising alternative to traditional methods for screening and designing new G4 ligands, as they are faster and more cost-effective.

G4s are found in both DNA and RNA and play an important role in a variety of physiological processes, including cancer and neurological disorders. Targeting G4s with ligands is a promising therapeutic strategy for these diseases. A significant number of G4 ligands have been developed and investigated, and most of them are deposited in the G4 Ligands Database 2.1 (http://www.g4ldb.com/).

Author(s) Details:

Patnaik Amit,
Department of Biotechnology, NIST Institute of Science and Technology Autonomous, Institute Park, Pallur Hills, Berhampur, Odisha – 761008, India.

Sinha Anita,
Biotechnology, University Department of Botany, Ranchi University Ranchi, Jharkhand-834008, India.

Oraon Vinay,
Biotechnology, University Department of Botany, Ranchi University Ranchi, Jharkhand-834008, India.

Sahu Duryodhan,
Department of Chemistry, NIST Institute of Science and Technology Autonomous, Institute Park, Pallur Hills, Berhampur, Odisha – 761008, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/SSIDCIM/article/view/12741

Non-Invasive Forensic Identification Methods of Neonates from Umbilical Cord and Cord Blood Sample | Chapter 5 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 8

 The most chosen forensic specimen group technique for DNA Profiling injustice delivery system is ancestry sample either in liquid form or in stain forms. But blood accumulations relating to newborn babies are continually very difficult and hard invasive method. To prevent that issue, we have favorably isolated genomic DNA from a new innate in a non-invasive way, by accumulating the dried principal cord and the cord ancestry sample. It has given comparable yield as of liquid or stained blood samples. Autosomal STR classifying of isolated DNA from the rope blood and dried main cord provided satisfactory results in drawing final opinion.

Author(s) Details:

Soma Roy,
Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Street No. 326, DJ Block, Action Area I, New Town, West Bengal 700160, India.

Ishani Mitra,
Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Street No. 326, DJ Block, Action Area I, New Town, West Bengal 700160, India.

Dinesh D.,
Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Street No. 326, DJ Block, Action Area I, New Town, West Bengal 700160, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB-V8/article/view/12490

Determining the Effect of High Carbohydrate Diets on Brain Composition and Senescence in Aging Hyperinsulinemic Obese LA/Ntul//-cp Rats | Chapter 12 | Novel Research Aspects in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 2

 This division determine the effect of corpulent phenotype and the carbohydrate type resulted in alterations in intellect composition in the corpulent phenotype of the congenic LA/Ntul//-cp rat, groups (n= 8 rats/group) of male littermate lean and corpulent rats were fed standardized isocaloric diets holding 54% (w/w) cornstarch (ST diet) or 54% (w/w) sucrose (SUC diet) from 1 just before 10.5 ± 0.5 months of age. Malnutrition is a extensive global public health issue that donates to several able to be consumed-related non-able to be contracted illnesses. In reduced-income nations, adult food is frequently missed. In low- and middle-proceeds nations, both two-fold malnutrition (over and undernutrition) and food transition survive. The current popular emphasis on liquid produced by mammals diets has resulted in an upwards shift in abstinence from food carbohydrate use. The strain's obese phenotype exhibits hypertrophic-hyperplastic obesity all along early postweaning development and early beginning chronic hyperinsulinemia outside NIDDM. The total fat, protein, and DNA of typical aliquots of dissected brain tissues were resolved. When fed the SUC meat as opposed to the ST diet, frame weights of obese >> lean mammals were higher in both genotypes. In rats augment the SUC diet compared to the ST diet, intellect mass was a little smaller in lean individuals distinguished to fat individuals. Brain total Protein and DNA content of lean rats were > corpulent rats and were modestly Lower in SUC than ST augment rats in both phenotypes, but the percent of lipid content was equivalent to brain bulk. The decreased intelligence mass was characterized by balanced decreases in total lipid, brain protein and intellect DNA content and were further impaired when augment the insulinogenic sucrose diet. Total body fat bulk of obese was considerably greater than happen in lean littermates and was only modestly better in SUC than ST fed rats in both phenotypes. These results signify that brain development and cellular growth is impaired in the aging, hyperinsulinemia-likely obese phenotype concerning this strain, were further impaired when augment SUC than ST diets, and the decreased brain limits were likely associated with happening of a chronic neuronal angering syndrome common to overdone fat accretion and corpulence, resulting in impulsive brain senescence.

Author(s) Details:

Orien L. Tulp,
Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, MSR1110, British West Indies and The Einstein Medical Institute, NPB, Florida-34040, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NRAMMS-V2/article/view/11843

Non-coding RNAs: Emerging Functions and Implications in Cervical Cancer| Chapter 1 | Cutting Edge Research in Biology Vol. 4

 CC shows ultimate coarse tumour in females everywhere, although the potential for stop through the exercise of recognised cures, such as preventive additional dose of vaccine, inclusive affliction protect, and therapy. The forecast for bodies accompanying progressive or metastatic CC is quite impoverished, and skilled are now very few productive situation approaches. Establishing new therapeutic aims and understanding the machine of change are essential. A inclusive representation of the construction of the human transcriptome has happened fashioned likely by new sequencing sciences. By forming friendships accompanying DNA, RNA, and even proteins, ncRNAs form a off-course range of gifts in transcriptional, translational, and post-translational processes. Emerging studies have revealed that ncRNAs have a important supervisory act in any of biological functions, accompanying the verbalization of these particles rigidly controlled in physiological environments. Extensive work has existed committed to analyzing the pertinence of ncRNAs in a diverse range of human disorders, exceptionally malignant growth, during the whole of current opportunities, primarily all the while the last ten of something. As a result, attracting on the functions of ncRNAs concede possibility aid in our understanding of CC. Throughout this chapter, we proposed to manifest the recently found functions of ncRNAs in CC development, encroachment, situations, chemo-fighting, HPV timbre, biochemical renovation, diagnostics, in addition to a prognostic biomarker.

Author(s) Details:

Pushpendra D. Pratap,
Central Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226003, India.

Syed Tasleem Raza,
Central Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226003, India.

Sharique Ahmad,
Department of Pathology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226003, India.

Saeeda Wasim,
Nova IVF fertility center, Hazratganj, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226001, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CERB-V4/article/view/9264

Physical Aspects of the Origin and Early Evolution of Life | Chapter 12 | Research Aspects in Biological Science Vol. 5

Since there is no knowledge on the early chemistry of life, this page discusses many physics-related aspects of life's inception and early evolutionary steps. In addition, the ancient environment in which life first appeared and to which it responded had a very different chemistry from the modern one. The physics of the first possible stages life could have made allows for a bottom-up, first-principles approach.

 

Author (s) Details

Rob Hengeveld

Extraordinarius Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

 

View Book :-  https://stm.bookpi.org/RABS-V5/article/view/7713

Assessment of Human Genome Sequencing on the New-World Order | Chapter 6 | Research Aspects in Biological Science Vol. 4

 

In this essay, Galileo Galilei, Gordano Bruno, and Nicholas Copernicus are three such rebels whose stories are discussed. The Catholic Church's beliefs on the geocentric world system underwent a seismic change as a result of their discoveries and observations of the nature of the heliocentric world system. The development of Life in the Lab is also covered in this paper. When we learned that the molecule that codes for life, RNA, can self-replicate, self-organize, and self-evolve, in addition to having the capacity to store information like DNA and catalyse chemical reactions like protein, we knew we had begun a New World Order in which we would be able to create life in a laboratory. The foundation of the New World Order would be the truth, experimental proof, facts, and repeatable and verifiable outcomes. Without any supporting facts or verifiable proofs, our ancestors concocted the Old World Order of the seven-day genesis of life on Earth using fiction, magic, and mystery. Adenine, Thiamine, Guanine, and Cytosine are the four chemical compounds collectively known as nucleotides, and they are the building blocks of life, according to the New World Order. All living organisms, including humans, mice, monkeys, and microbes, as well as a single blade of grass and an enormous elephant, have them in their nucleus. The biggest accomplishment is that we were able to synthesise these molecules in our labs and also organise them into a codon, which is a sequence of three letters that codes for an amino acid. The twenty amino acids required to make the proteins that carry out all of our biological processes can be encoded by the four nucleotides in 64 distinct ways. Thousands of proteins interact to form a cell. Millions of cells make up a tissue, organs are made up of hundreds of tissues, and a human is made up of numerous organs. Once we synthesize RNA molecule in the Lab, we can create novel microbial life forms, a series of biological machines which carry instructions to produce new food, new fuel, and new medicine to treat every disease known to mankind.

Author(s) Details:

A. Hameed Khan,
Department of Genetics & Robotics, Senior Scientist, NCMRR (National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Adjunct Professor NYLF, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RABS-V4/article/view/7589

An Advanced Approuch: One Holistic Vision of the Future Energy Systems | Chapter 11 | New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 15

 The power industry has been forced to examine the status and health of its electrical systems due to ageing energy infrastructure, politically controlled fossil resources, the rise of renewable technologies, the geographical distribution feature of renewable energy, climate change imperatives, and an increase in domestic electricity consumption. The breakthroughs in real-time processing and computing power have made it possible to look for innovative approaches to energy systems. Smart grid, enernet, and microgrid are examples of previous solutions that are incomplete, overused, or ambiguous. In turn, we presented a different perspective on energy systems, as well as a holistic picture and a comparison to the independent functioning of biological cells. To achieve safety and efficiency, energy systems, in our opinion, must first be thought of as a part of nature; second, the system must be conceived as a whole, which includes consumers, generators, storage facilities, metering infrastructures, grids, and rules; and third, it must be modular/cellular and capable of performing well both as part of an ensemble and as a stand-alone system. To meet this requirement, we used the DNA of a real cell as a model, and the outcome is what are known as Intelligent Energy Cells/Systems. Because the enormous use of solar energy will be required to achieve carbon-free energy in the future, the advantages of this intermittent and fluctuating energy are also discussed.

Author(S) Details

Capatina Octavian
Renewable Energy Department, NEGOIU, Romania.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NAER-V15/article/view/4035

Study on DNA Binary Programming is Key to Understanding Evolutionary Biology | Chapter 9 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 1

 Each DNA molecule is made up of a base pair of nucleotides: guanine (G) and cytosine (C) or adenine (A) and thymine (T) (T). Long chains of GC and AT base molecules are akin to binary computer coding, in which each molecule is either a "GC" or a "AT" (rather than a "1" or a "0"). In comparison to primitive animals, advanced species have much less DNA encoding. The frog that developed from a fish no longer need the fish-specific components of its DNA and hence loses them. Similarly, the lizard loses the bits of its DNA that amphibians require, and so on up the evolutionary ladder. Every species possesses a disproportionately large amount of dormant DNA that it cannot potentially use. This is solely for the purpose of storing biological codes as a backup plan in the event of global extinctions. Every organism is thus preprogrammed with a binary encoded genetic template for what it could evolve into as a species, as well as limitless possibilities for new species evolution. Natural selection according to Darwin is only a minor part of this evolutionary process.

Author (S) Details

D. Rowland
Independent Researcher registered with ORCID, Canada.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V1/article/view/3177

Deductive Approach to Biogenesis: A Review | Chapter 5 | Current Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 6

 This article examines the main arguments concerning the nature of life's early beginnings. It first places biogenetic processes in a physical and systems-theoretical context. In this case, biogenesis would not involve the chemical construction of individual molecules, but rather the creation of an energetically self-sustaining, dynamically organized chemical system from the ground up. This system would have initially separated from the general operating physicochemical processes, gradually becoming more independent of them. As a system, it had to build its structure step by step, with each stage becoming more complex and stable than the previous one. Changing its basic structure too much; as long as a system's structure remains intact, it will continue to operate in the same way even if its chemical constituents change. This property of a system was especially useful when the systems, which had already evolved and operated for approximately 1.3 billion years, had to adapt to new environmental conditions during the Great Oxygen Event, or GOE, which occurred approximately 2.5 billion years ago. As energy processing systems, their constituent molecules carry the energy and can thus be replaced by other, more efficient ones as needed or as external chemical conditions change. It is the energy flow that began and has continued to exist. continued to change chemically, but for this to occur, the general physical conditions of the environment must have remained more or less constant. This automatically transforms the general problem from one of chemistry to one of thermodynamics and physical inorganic chemistry. It also implies that biogenesis does not concern the origin and evolution of individual chemical components, but rather the splitting off of processes of intense interactions that gradually diverge from those in the early oceans to form an increasingly distinct system governed by an energy flow.

Author(S) Details

Rob Hengeveld
Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACB-V6/article/view/1437

DNA and RNA in the Context of the ‘Colloid-Coherence’ Paradigm of Cell Physiology | Chapter 11 | Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 7

 Direct observations of complex colloid properties and cell phase-transition behaviour, as well as observations of coherent behaviour, are now available. Since it is based on the untenable physics of diluted solutions with a ‘steady state non-equilibrium' bioenergetics as a result, the still-dominant ‘membrane-pump-theory' must be abandoned entirely, with all its repercussions. It should be replaced by a modern physiology based on colloidal physics that allows for coherent behaviour, a new "colloid-coherence" perspective with a "low-entropy driven equilibrium thermodynamic." Fortunately, such a viewpoint already exists: G.N. Ling's "association-induction theory" thoroughly elucidates it. This theory quantifies protoplasmic processes by gaining a better understanding of how protein, water, ions, and regulating ligand ensembles work together as functionally coherent 'nano-protoplasmic units.' This analysis is the first attempt to see whether this broad, well-formulated hypothesis holds true for DNA and RNA as well.

Author (s) Details

Laurent Jaeken
Department of Applied Engineering, Karel de Grote University College, Antwerp University Association, Antwerp, Belgium.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RRAB-V7/article/view/843