Mathematical Modeling of CTLs Dynamics in HIV Antiretro Viral Therapy Interms of Lotka-Volterra Model | Chapter 13 | Science and Technology: Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 11

 

The CTLs dynamics associated with antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection is mathematically modeled as Lotka-Volteterra two species food chain model. Using Painleve property analysis confirmed the stable deterministic nonlinear oscillation dynamics of CTLs. The analogy of Lotka-Volterra system and LCR electrical network system is used to confirm the stability of CTLs oscillation dynamics and found mathematical expression for the radial frequency of that oscillation and its depends on proliferation rate of CD4+T cells. Results are compared with earlier studies. It is found that Antiretroviral therapy with a combination drugs and IL-7 has very little chance of stopping the oscillation of CTL dynamics due to very high nonlinear stability of the dynamics.

 

 

Author(s) Details

B. V. Baby
3/88, Jadkal Post, Udupi District, Karnataka State, 576 233, India.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v11/1669

Speciation: An Analysis of Diversity in Australia in Context of Darwin’s Theories of Evolution | Chapter 5 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 1

The purpose concerning this chapter search out examine the elements that Charles Darwin conferred in his book On the Origin of Species concerning the distinctive vegetation and fauna present on the Australian continent. Natural selection is the process by which populations of living animals adapt and change. Individuals in a state are naturally variable, signification that they are all different not completely. It is admirable and has a forceful scientific establishment how natural selection is used to support the favorable development of new child. The various law analysed in this study are artificially made acquainted species, adaptive evolution in isolation, the impact of miscellaneous geographical factors on adaptive evolution and its rate, and the effect of explosive periods in the planet’s history, in the way that glaciation. Furthermore, specific adaptive evolution in island environments has played an main role in the diversification of creatures in Australia.

Author(s) Details:

Shivangi Barik,
Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be) University, Bengaluru, India.

K. B. Arun,
Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be) University, Bengaluru, India.

Majesh Tomson,
Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be) University, Bengaluru, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V1/article/view/11467

Iron Levels in Amaranthus Varieties | Chapter 5 | Newest Updates in Agriculture and Veterinary Science Vol. 4

 Beef has enhance high quality livestock brand and its demand is steadily increasing in developed countries with its own government. Use of innovative forage result techniques is need of period to cater the increasing demand of animals raised on a farm products. A study was designed in Republic of Korea to judge the influence of intercropping triticale with legumes under various manure levels for optimum scour yield and carrying capacity of Hanwoo complaint cattle in a split plot design accompanying 3 main and 4 sub-plots. Triticale was cultivated as monocrop, assorted cropped with dangerous vetch and winter emerald in color under 3 main plots. Four manure levels were also judged under 4 sub-plots: 0 kg N (nitrogen)/ha (control), 50, 100 & 150 kg N/ha. The collected dossier were analyzed utilizing general linear model process through Statistical Analysis Software. Findings showed that intercropping blueprint with little manure use is an innovative approach for higher rummage yield under limited land money. The optimum yield of triticale-hairy vetch and triticale-cold pea could be endure application of fertilizer at 50 kg N/ha level, whereas optimum coarse protein yield and Hanwoo carrying capacity maybe achieved even outside manure application. Possible reason behind best forage yield might be effective rhizobial symbiosis betwixt two cereal and leguminous intercropped species. Additionally, fertilizer application might play meaningful role in upholding nutrient balance and soil physical possessions. It was concluded based on verdicts that adequate rummage yield can be achieved for complaint cattle through intercropping cereal crops; triticale accompanying legumes (hairy vetch and cold pea) under 50 kg N/ha cattle fertilizer level.

Author(s) Details:

Donald Mandani Chisowa,
Department of Animal Science, Southern University, P. O. Box-60293, Livingstone, Zambia.

Gladys Kambalami,
Department of Science, Batoka Secondary School, P. O. Box-630121, Choma, Zambia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NUAVS-V4/article/view/10111

Human-Wildlife Conflicts: A Case of Local Communities in Kieni West Sub-County, Kenya| Chapter 2 | Research Aspects in Biological Science Vol. 6

 Human-natural life clashes (HWC) have expanded in recurrence and seriousness overall because of human populace development, extension of horticultural and modern exercises. Clashes are more extreme in regions where both human populaces and untamed life reside and share environment administrations, particularly around safeguarded regions. This study zeroed in on various types of human natural life clashes experienced by neighborhood networks in Kieni West Sub-County, Kenya. This study utilized a clear review plan. 2340 families were the review's objective populace, and they came from the towns of Amboni, Bondeni, and Njeng'u. Assortment of information was through surveys, interview plans, member perceptions and center gathering conversations. Information investigation was finished utilizing clear measurements, Chi-squared tests (X2) and pearson's connection coefficient (r) . Data from key witnesses was examined specifically. Information was introduced by recurrence tables, figures and pie-diagrams. The consequences of this examination showed that neighborhood networks in Kieni County experienced different sorts of human-untamed life clashes including human wounds and dangers (3%), crop harm (53%), animals predation (23%), sickness transmission to animals (16%) and property harm (5%). This study inferred that human-untamed life clashes were huge among neighborhood networks of Kieni West Sub-County, Kenya. Subsequently, ranchers couldn't understand the maximum capacity benefits from crop and the domesticated animals creation because of yield harm and animals predation from various wild animals species.

Author(s) Details:

Godhard Muiruri Kariuki,
Department of Environmental Studies and Community Development, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100 Nairobi, Kenya.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RABS-V6/article/view/7908

The Importance of Measuring Mechanical Features of Red Blood Cells in their Natural Environment | Chapter 6 | Current Topics on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 3

Little is known about the parameters apparent Young's modulus (Ea) or adhesion of animal RBCs with specific biological properties, except from human red blood cells (RBCs), which are a frequent model in single cell force spectroscopy (SCFS). We looked at RBCs from chicken, horses, camels, and human foetuses in order to close this knowledge gap, comparing the findings to information from human adults. The discovered species-specific values might be used as a database for additional study. The initial goal of the study was to examine the biomechanical properties of specific animal RBCs that were employed as representative models for various phenotypical traits using a comparative methodology. The second study's goal was to acquire these qualities primarily under physiological circumstances (at body temperature in autologous plasma) and to contrast the results with measurements in aqueous NaCl solution at 25°C under streamlined circumstances. We were curious to see if the pattern of change in biomechanical qualities was the same across all of the RBC phenotypes we evaluated or if other, species-specific inferences had to be made. Results: No matter the suspension medium, all RBC types had a drop in Ea as temperature rose. In mammalian RBCs, adhesion increased as the temperature rose and scaled with the amount of reported membrane sialic acid. Only in chicken did adhesion decline with rising temperature, which we attribute to a lower AE-1 concentration that allowed for more membrane undulations. Ea decreased in plasma at each test temperature, and adhesion disappeared entirely, showing functional cell expansion due to plasma component adsorption on the surface of the RBC. This elastic (solid-like) surface layer affected RBC interaction with the flowing plasma as well as increasing RBC size by hundreds of nanometers. It is stated how crucial the surface layer is for horse RBCs. We also discovered that the shape, rather than the Ea of RBCs, has a stronger effect on the shear-thinning tendency of bulk blood samples in shear flow. The study proves that an RBC surface layer exists and investigates the key distinctions between probing RBCs in physiological circumstances and evaluating cells in basic buffer.

Author(s) Details:

Dina Baier,
Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria and Decentralized Biomedical Facilities, Core Unit Laboratory Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Medical University Vienna, Austria.

Ursula Windberger,
bDecentralized Biomedical Facilities, Core Unit Laboratory Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Medical University Vienna, Austria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTCB-V3/article/view/7500

The Latitudinal Gradient in Dalodesmidae Cook, 1896a Species Richness | Chapter 12 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol.9

 The Tropical Conservativism Hypothesis proposes that processes of speciation, extinction, and dispersal resulted in higher species richness in the tropics and decreased away from the equator, implying that species richness increased in the tropics and fell away from the equator. The Biogeographical Conservativism Hypothesis proposes that the processes in question are not unique to the tropics, but rather rely on historical biogeography to determine species richness distribution. With the goal of testing the two theories, 117 genuine species belonging to the Dalodesmidae family were found. The number of species and latitudinal degrees distant from the equator had a significant relationship (R=-0.79, R2=0.62, n=116, p0.01). It was suggested that an evolutionary predilection for temperate habitats led to climatic dispersal restrictions based on precipitation/temperature seasonality gradients and predation.

Author(s) Details:

Mark Cooper,
School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V9/article/view/5881

The Inverse Latitudinal Gradient in Species Richness of Forest Millipedes: Centrobolus Cook, 1897| Chapter 11 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol.9

 The goal of this study was to see if forest millipedes could test the Tropical Conservativism Hypothesis and the Biogeographical Conservativism Hypothesis. To discriminate between the two ideas, the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) was evaluated in the Centrobolus genus. The number of species and latitudinal degrees distant from the equator had a significant relationship (r=-0.91, r2=0.83, n=35, p0.01). It was suggested that an evolutionary predilection for temperate habitats led to climatic dispersal restrictions based on precipitation seasonality gradients and predation.

Author(s) Details:

Mark Cooper,
School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V9/article/view/5880

Assessment of Latitudinal Gradient in Species Richness of Sphaerotherium| Chapter 3 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol.9

 Forest millipedes were used to test the Tropical Conservativism Hypothesis and the Biogeographical Conservativism Hypothesis. The Biogeographical Conservativism Hypothesis proposes that the processes involved are not unique to the tropics, but rather rely on historical biogeography to determine species richness distribution. To discriminate between the two ideas, the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) was assessed in the genus Sphaerotherium. The number of species and latitudinal degrees away from the equator had a significant connection (r=0.8701, r2=0.7571, =46, 0.00001). It was suggested that an evolutionary predilection for temperate habitats resulted in climatic restrictions on dispersal based mostly on precipitation seasonality gradients.

Author(s) Details:

Mark Cooper,
School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V9/article/view/5864

Study on Reproductive Characters of Two Species Acacia ehrenbergiana and Acacia raddiana, Al-Jummum District, Western Area, K.S.A. | Chapter 08 | Current Topics in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 2

 The purpose of this study was to look into some reproductive characteristics of Acacia ehrenbergiana and Acacia tortilis subsp raddiana in Al-Jummum District, Western K.S.A. The precise objectives are to explore and measure the sizes and weights of the fruit and seeds, as well as the number of seeds per fruit. The results of the investigation revealed that the pod and seed characteristics of the two species under examination differed significantly. Pod length (PL cm), Pod width (PW cm), Seed number/pod (SNP-1), Seed length (SL mm), and Seed width (SW mm) were among the metrics measured (SW mm). Acacia ehrenbergiana, on the other hand, had a much longer mean pod length (6.4 cm) than Acacia tortilis subsp.raddian (4.5 cm). Acacia tortilis subsp raddiana had the highest mean seed number/pod of 9.8 seeds/pod, compared to 5.3 seeds/pod for Acacia ehrenbergiana. Acacia tortilis subsp raddiana had a mean pod width of 5mm, which was higher than Acacia ehernbergiana's 3,8mm. The study also discovered significant differences in pod and seed weights between the two species under investigation. Acacia raddiana had the maximum weight of 240 gm per 100 pods, while Acacia ehrenbergiana had the lowest weight of 18 gm per 100 pods. Acacia raddiana yielded 31 gm of 30 pods and 15 gm of 30 pod seeds, compared to 3 gm and 1 gm for Acacia erhrenbergian, respectively. Acacia tortilis susp. raddiana had the maximum weights of empty pod 0.53 gm, pod 1.03 gm, seed/pod 0.5 gm, and 5 gm of 100 seeds, while Acacia ehrenbergiana had the smallest weights of 0.03 gm, o.1 gm, 0.07 gm, and 1 gm. This could be attributed to the ecological adaptation of Acacia tortilis susp. radiana pods. The pod and seed features of the two species under study differed significantly, according to the research.

Author(S) Details

K. Elsafori
Department of Arid land Agriculture Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid land Agriculture, King Abdul- Aziz University, K. S. A.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CTAS-V2/article/view/4411

Study on DNA Binary Programming is Key to Understanding Evolutionary Biology | Chapter 9 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 1

 Each DNA molecule is made up of a base pair of nucleotides: guanine (G) and cytosine (C) or adenine (A) and thymine (T) (T). Long chains of GC and AT base molecules are akin to binary computer coding, in which each molecule is either a "GC" or a "AT" (rather than a "1" or a "0"). In comparison to primitive animals, advanced species have much less DNA encoding. The frog that developed from a fish no longer need the fish-specific components of its DNA and hence loses them. Similarly, the lizard loses the bits of its DNA that amphibians require, and so on up the evolutionary ladder. Every species possesses a disproportionately large amount of dormant DNA that it cannot potentially use. This is solely for the purpose of storing biological codes as a backup plan in the event of global extinctions. Every organism is thus preprogrammed with a binary encoded genetic template for what it could evolve into as a species, as well as limitless possibilities for new species evolution. Natural selection according to Darwin is only a minor part of this evolutionary process.

Author (S) Details

D. Rowland
Independent Researcher registered with ORCID, Canada.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V1/article/view/3177

Study on Staphylococcal Species Detected in Digestive Tract of Beavers (Castor fiber) and Their Variability with Properties | Chapter 9 | Research Aspects in Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Vol. 1

 Staphylococci from the intestines of a beaver (Castor fibre) were studied as a contribution to fundamental microbiology and as part of a beaver microbiome investigation.

Methodology: In the north-east portion of Poland, Województwo (Provincie) Podlaskie Gmina-Wizajny, GPS:22o 52E:54o22N, free-living beavers (12), both male and female (aged 4-5 years) were collected using a net and placed in wire cages. In Poland, sampling was made available. The ethical norms for animal handling were observed for sampling the jejunum (12), colon (12), and caecum (6).

The average number of staphylococci discovered in the jejunum was 2.73 1.16 cfu/g (log 10); the average number of staphylococci in the caecum was 1.87 0.37 cfu/g; and the average number of staphylococci in the colon was 2.89 1.70 cfu/g. Following a score analysis using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, a high degree of variability in staphylococcal species distribution in the gut of beavers was discovered; in total, nine species were identified, belonging to five clusters, and the strains were assigned to the coagulase-negative staphylococcal species. S. hominis and S. haemolyticus were the most commonly found species (five strains for each). Two strains each of S. epidermidis and S. lentus, S. pasteuri, S. cohnii, S. vitulinus, S. warneri, and S. xylosus, S. pasteuri, S. cohnii, S. vitulinus, S. warneri, and S. xylosus Deoxyribonuclease and nearly haemolysis negative strains were found in fifteen of the strains. Ten isolates (not all of which were from the same species) showed low-grade biofilm forming potential. The majority of the germs were methicillin-resistant and produced a lot of lactic acid.

Conclusion: This study adds to the body of knowledge about the staphylococcal microbiome of beavers and allows for a more in-depth examination of specific strain species.

Author (s) Details

Andrea Lauková
Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia.

Jana Šcerbová
Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia.

Anna Kandricáková
Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia.

Renata Miltko
The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, Jablonna 051 10, Poland.

Grzegorz Belzecki
The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, Jablonna 051 10, Poland.

Monika Pogány Simonová
Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RAAVS-V1/article/view/2423

Game Ranching: A Proven Sustainable Land Use Option and Economic Incentive for Biodiversity Conservation in Zambia | Chapter 4 | International Research in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 9

 Up until the end of 2012/early 2013, the ten provinces of Zambia were surveyed to determine the number and size of game ranches located in these areas. There are three types of game ranches: 1) 500 hectares as a game ranch proper, 2) 50 - 500 hectares as a game farm, and 3) 50 hectares as an ornamental. For the period 1980-2012, a total of 200 game ranches housing large mammals ranging in size from common duiker to eland were recorded, with a growth rate of 6 per year. The number of ornamental 98 (49%) ranches was the highest; large game ranches were 75 (38%) and game farms were the lowest (27%). (14 percent ). Thirty-seven large mammal species were identified, with the impala topping the list with 21,000 individuals (34 percent ). It was discovered that, with the exception of Luapula, none of the ten provinces had any game ranches, despite being largely rural with low population densities. The provinces with the most were Lusaka and Kabwe. 71 percent (36 percent), Southern 59 percent (30 percent), Central 31 percent (16 percent), Copperbelt 19 percent (10 percent), Eastern and Northwestern 9 percent (4.5 percent each), and Muchinga was the least with 2 percent (1 percent ). The rapid increase in the number of ornamental categories is primarily due to the increased development of tourist lodging facilities and high-end residential properties. This expansion provides an opportunity to convert abandoned farmlands that are no longer useful for agriculture due to loss of fertility and other factors to game ranching schemes. a variety of other types of land degradation Likewise, parcels of land with natural ecological constraints should be considered for such schemes. Because human population density in Zambia is still low (17/km2 in 2012), the game ranching sector has the potential to grow. To achieve good growth rates in each province, technical information and services should be made available. Ranching could improve carbon sequestration, which is important in reducing carbon emissions and other greenhouse gases.

Author (s) Details

Chansa Chomba
School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Disaster Management Training Centre, Mulungushi University, Kabwe, Zambia.

Chimbola Obias
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mulungushi University, Kabwe, Zambia.

Vincent Nyirenda
School of Natural Resources, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/IREGES-V9/article/view/1508

A Brief Overview of the South African Legal Framework for Marine Pollution with Reference to Land-Based Marine Pollution | Chapter 5 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 1

In the Republic of South Africa, there are numerous legal instruments that provide guidelines and legislative procedures for processes and issues relevant to marine pollution. The aim of this analysis is to briefly review and synthesise the legislative structure literature. It also becomes unclear from a collection of documents looked at, which one is relevant to whom, under what conditions and to what degree. In this regard, some light is shed here, showing, most importantly, the irreplaceable and authoritative text that holds sway over others. In addition, the analysis quickly mentions classification of laws and regulations based on common law, doctrines of general application statutes of the equity band. Four primary sources are used by the South African Legal System: laws, court rulings, common law, customary law and indigenous law. While case laws and indigenous laws have not been discussed in any way, as environmentalism is a relatively new field of social practise, the explanation for this is not farfetched. In dispute resolution and arbitration, the question of dominance is addressed, citing a noteworthy international case that is applicable to any signatory to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas. Light is shed on the root basis of the legal system of marine pollution, citing main parts of the Republics, Constitution, statutes of the environment, policy papers, and bye laws. As the synchronous use of bye laws is disclosed, the characteristics enshrined in the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Seas are unpacked in both objects. There is also an attempt to list four wide areas around which cases of marine pollution could require adjudication. In addition, the report looks at liability problems with the state itself, which seems to be the e perpetrator (or not). A case from the Pace International Law Review exemplifies this. Using a theory unpacked in the Corfu Channel Case of 1949 and the Declarations that followed, customary law and general international principles of law are brought into review. The prominence of the National Environment al Management Act (NEMA) is identified in the light of the presence of the other bye laws by looking at the South African general legislative structure. Before wrapping up the threats, opportunities, and conclusions, procedural steps taken in the management of marine pollution are highlighted.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Cliff Sibusiso Dlamini
Center for Coordination of Agricultural Research and Development for Southern Africa (CCARDESA), Plot 4701, Station Exit Road Private Bag 00357, Gaborone, Botswana.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CIEES-V1/issue/view/33