Seasonal Abundance and Diversity of Arthropod Communities in Bt Cotton Agro-ecosystem of Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India | Chapter 8 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 7

 

Cotton is one of the important and leading prime cash crops in the Indian economy. Cultivation of genetically modified Bt cotton resulted in an increase in yield, and the adoption of Bt cotton has decreased the use of chemical pesticides, which are much hazardous for the environment and human health. The cotton ecosystem is a shelter for many pests and predatory arthropod communities. The aim of the study is to investigate the diversity and seasonal patterns of arthropod populations in Bt cotton fields in Kalaburagi, Karnataka, to understand their occurrence, abundance, and impact on the Bt cotton ecosystem. The Present study was conducted at the Bt-cotton fields of the opted study area of Kalaburagi. Various sampling techniques were used to collect arthropod samples, namely, the sweep net technique, pit-fall technique and the light-trap technique. The results clearly suggest that a total of 21 arthropod species were recorded, among them 13 insects were categorised as pests and 8 were natural enemies. Apart from that, 3 species of predatory spiders were recorded. In the Bt cotton agro-ecosystem, leafhoppers, whiteflies, aphids, thrips, mites, and red cotton bugs were abundant during the 35th, 36th, 40th, 38th, 39th and 46th SMW. On the other hand, natural enemies, viz, spiders, ladybird beetles, lace wings, hover flies and ants, were found predominantly for the duration of 34th to 36th SMW. A correlation study shows that rainfall had a negative correlation with semilooper, whitefly, leafhopper, hoverfly fly and green lacewings. Significantly positive correlation was observed between maximum temperature and mealy bug, green stink bug, pink bollworm and green lacewing, hoverfly, white flies, and chafer beetle and spider population. Diversity of arthropod fauna was moderate to rich in the Bt cotton agro-ecosystem of the selected study area (H'=2.09) with higher abundance of aphids followed by whiteflies, leaf hoppers, mites, thrips and red cotton bugs. The findings highlight the dynamic interaction between pest and natural enemy populations under varying climatic conditions, providing useful insights for integrated pest management strategies in Bt-cotton cultivation.

 

 

Author(s) Details

AMBRISHA VENKATESHWAR
Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Zoology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi, 585106, India.

 

K. VIJAYKUMAR
Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Zoology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi, 585106, India.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v7/6225

 

Microstructural and Functional Characterisation of Indian Silk Varieties: A Review on Their Industrial and Biomedical Potential | Chapter 1 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 5

 

Silk is one of the most prized natural fibres due to its exceptional tensile strength, elasticity, and thermal insulation, which go beyond its aesthetic appeal. India is the world's second-largest producer of silk. This review looks at the various kinds of Indian silk, focusing on their microstructural characteristics and industrial potential. India, a major producer of silk, offers a wide variety of silk, including mulberry (bivoltine and crossbreed) and non-mulberry (tasar, muga, and eri) varieties. The study explores important microstructural characteristics that show the biochemical and mechanical distinctions between mulberry and non-mulberry silks, including filament length, degumming loss, denier, cross-sectional structure, and moisture regain. The different amino acid compositions of non-mulberry silks are responsible for their higher moisture regain, inherent viscosity, and distinctive structural characteristics such as microvoids. Additionally, the review places the historical and evolutionary development of silk in India in context, highlighting the conservation issues with non-mulberry silks. Examining the mechanical characteristics and biochemical taxonomy of silk fibres, this study highlights the value of Indian silk in both conventional textile applications and new industrial fields like advanced materials and biomedical engineering.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Janhiphula Kanhar
Kalinga institute of Social Sciences –Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar-751024, India.

 

Priyoneel Basu
Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh-470003, India.

 

Sweta Arora
Kalinga institute of Social Sciences –Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar-751024, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v5/6102

 

Floral Resource Availability of Key Afromontane Trees as Predictors of Sunbird Distribution and Abundance in Ngel Nyaki Forest, Nigeria | Chapter 8 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 6

 

Background: Species diversity is an important indicator of ecosystem productivity and trophic structure. The distribution of birds in different habitats depends largely on the availability of critical resources. Birds contribute substantially to the overall species richness of West African forests, currently recognised as biodiversity hotspots of global importance. Birds mirror changes in other biodiversity (for example, other animals and plants) and are highly responsive and sensitive to environmental change, making them very useful in studies designed to address the effects of human and other environmental disturbances on community stability and productivity.

 

Aim: The study assessed the abundance and diversity of sunbird species at Ngel Nyaki forest reserve, Taraba State, Nigeria. during and after peak periods of flowering of key bird-visited tree species.

 

Methods: The study was conducted at Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve. The line transect method was used to assess sunbird species abundance and distribution. A pair of Nikon binoculars (8 x 10) was used to confirm the identity of birds located by eye. Mist-nets placed strategically in places of high abundance and diversity of floral resources were used to capture and identify sunbird species that eluded observers during focal observations. Nineteen (19) transects cutting across two distinct habitat classes were used to record the abundance and diversity of sunbird species. Data were analysed using SPSS version 15.0 (2013) and Excel. Specific analyses include: An Independent sample T-test was used to compare the differences in diversity between the two habitat classes.

 

Results: A total of 3,035 individuals from 11 species, drawn from 8 genera in the Nectrinidae family, were sighted and recorded during 1680 minutes (28 hrs) of focal observation. Sixteen (16) Afro-tropical tree species were sampled for interactions between sunbird species and their floral resources. Ninety-nine (99) individuals of 8 sunbird species were captured after about 209 hours and 4 minutes of trapping. Bird traps revealed three species that were not seen during focal observations. Results indicated that the reserve accounts for about 46.2 % of the total species of sunbirds in Nigeria and about 36.4% in the West African sub-region. The distribution and relative abundance of C. venustrus at the edge compared to the fragment may also be an indication of its sensitivity and vulnerability to fragmented landscapes such as the riparian fragments of Ngel Nyaki.

 

Conclusion: Although a greater total number of individual sunbirds of various species were sighted in the Core forest than in the riparian fragments, sunbird species diversity did not differ significantly between the two habitat classes.  Floral resources and flowering phenology appear to be major drivers in the distribution and abundance of sunbird species at Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Charles Ayuk Nsor
Department of Biological Sciences, Gombe State University, Gombe, Nigeria.

 

Hazel M. Chapman
School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.

 

William Godsoe
Bio-Protection Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand.

 

Amina Haruna Aliyu
Department of Biological Sciences, Gombe State University, Gombe, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v6/5936

Exploring the Endophytic Fungal Species Associated with the Medicinal Plant Chromolaena odorata from Manipur, India | Chapter 1 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 8

 

Natural products are the major sources of bioactive compounds with vast applications in medicine, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, food industry, textile industry, and cosmetic industry. Chromolaena odorata is a medicinal plant that possesses several therapeutic properties, including antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antioxidant, and has been used in traditional medicine by different ethnic groups in various parts of the world. Study on distribution, diversity, antifungal activity and biochemical analysis of endophytic fungi is the primary focus of this chapter. In this study, endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves, stems, roots, and inflorescence of C. odorata and identified based on morphological properties. Nineteen sporulating endophytic fungi belonging to 9 genera were obtained. The highest Isolation rate was found in the stem part (34.75%); the highest overall Colonization frequency (%) was shown by Chaetomium globosum (8.51%); the maximum Infection rate was found in root segments (77.86%); and the maximum number of isolates belong to Sordariomycetes, showing 43.50%. The highest degree of diversity was recorded in the leaf part having Simpson’s diversity value of 0.99. Petri plate dual culture antifungal activity has shown that all the sporulating isolates possess antifungal properties. The qualitative biochemical analysis reveals that all the endophytic fungi produce flavonoids and phenols. This indicates that endophytic fungi are a storehouse of natural compounds. Exploring the diverse potential of endophytic fungi through research on their biological activities and secondary metabolites using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and Nuclear magnetic resonance are promising areas for future scientific investigation.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Kistu Singh Nongthombam
Department of Life Sciences (Botany), Manipur University, Canchipur-795003, Manipur, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v8/11929F

Fundamentals of Floristic Studies and Quantitative Analysis of Plant Diversity | Book Publisher International

 

The present investigation deals with the floristic richness of the area the area along the National Highway (NH-2). The National Highways form a very important part of the economic backbone of the country. All over the world, especially in developing countries, roads are continuously increasing at a flat rate, and roadsides occupy a very broad area in most countries. Floristic investigation on national highway sides enables the identification of many types of vegetation, like tree species, shrub species, herb species, climber species, and grass species. Many types of medicinal plants are found along the national highways. Floristic survey analysis of busy NH-2 (National Highway-2), Dhanbad district, Jharkhand, India. It is located around 12 kilometres from the main city of Dhanbad. Dhanbad city is the coal capital of India, very rich in various types of natural resources. The diversity of plant life is an essential underpinning of most of our terrestrial ecosystems. Humans and most other animals are almost totally dependent on plants, directly or indirectly. Floristic inventory of floral diversity along the National Highway 2 (National Highway-2), Dhanbad, Jharkhand state, India, has revealed a total of 139 angiosperm taxa under 121 genera and 50 families, 2 gymnosperm taxa under 2 genera and 2 families, and 2 pteridophyte taxa under 2 genera and 2 families. Overall, among the angiosperms, the Fabaceae family was recorded as the dominant family. All thirty recorded families were monotypic (a family represented by a single species). Among genera, Solanum (5 spp.); Cassia (4 spp.); Euphorbia, Ficus, and Ipomoea (3 spp., each); Acacia, Cleome, Calotropis, Murraya, and Ocimum (2 spp., each) were dominant along the national highway, and other genera represented single species. Among the total flora, the tree was reported by 45 (33% of the total floral diversity), (S) Shrub 17 (11%), (H) Herb 51 (36%), (ST) Small Tree 7 (5%), (F) Fern 2 (1%), (CT) Cactus Tree 1 (1%), (SS) Small Shrub 8 (5%), (CS) Cactus Shrub 1 (1%), (C) Climber 7 (5%), (B) Bulb 1 (1%), and (SP) Stem Parasite 1 (1%). A total of 122 plant species under 104 genera belonging to 46 families were recorded in aspect A (42 tree species, 14 shrub species, 42 herb species, small tree species 6, small shrub species 7, climber species 6, bulb species 1, stem parasite 1, fern 1, cactus tree 1, and cactus shrub 1), and in aspect B, a total of 126 plant species under 111 genera under 48 families were recorded (42 tree species, 16 shrub species, 48 herb species, small tree species 5, small shrub species 7, climber species 4, bulb species 1, stem parasite was not recorded in aspect B, fern 1, cactus tree 1, and cactus shrub 1), during the floral diversity and quantitative analysis. Floristic inventory and diversity assessments are necessary to understand the present diversity status of National Highway side vegetation. National highways, state highways, highways, and roadside vegetation can be managed and used to reduce road impacts not only along the roadside but also on adjoining landscapes by acting as a barrier to pollutant movement and by reducing the spread of invasive species. Quantitative analysis of plant diversity is important to understand in relation to environmental health. The proposed methods for the field survey are very simple and easy to understand. This floristic analysis investigation can help focus conservation efforts and provide a framework for research, protection, and policy applications for the road, highway, and national highway side flora, especially for endemic and threatened plants.

 

Author(s) Details

Jitin Rahul
Department of Environmental Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences & Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh-201310, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48006-42-4

 

Spider Diversity (Arachnida: Araneae) at Sree Krishna College Campus, Thrissur (Dist), Kerala, India | Chapter 9 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 9

 

Spiders are the most diverse groups of censoriously analysed biological species in diversity on the planet. The present study surveyed and listed out the spider fauna inside the campus of Sree Krishna College, Kerala, India to reveal the distribution and diversity of spider fauna. There were 51 species of spiders belonging to 37 genera of 14 families collected from different locales of Sree Krishna college campus. For the study the entire campus has been surveyed, by dividing the area into four sites, Site A (main block of the campus), Site B (south region of the campus), Site C (botanical garden) and Site D (the women’s hostel and its premises). Site C showed the highest species richness and the lowest species richness was recorded from Site B. Salticidae was the dominant family with twelve species followed by Araneidae (10 sps.), Oxyopidae (5 sps.), Theridiidae (4 sps.), Lycosidae, (3 sps.), Tetragnathidae (3 sps.) and Sparassidae (3 sps.), Thomisidae (2 sps.), Pholcidae (2 sps.). But, a single species of spider has been identified within the families Hersilidae, Linyphiidae, Uloboridae, Cheiracanthiidae, and Sicariidae. Diversity indices, including evenness, richness, and diversity, were calculated. The evaluated values for the Shannon, Simpson, Margalef Richness, Berger-Parker, and Menhinick's indices were 3.423, 0.9580, 9.540, 0.9101, and 3.709, respectively. It is concluded that the study site had a good abundance and evenness index (e = 0.871). There was variation in the distribution of the various spider species, as indicated by their abundance and % occurrence. Seven functional groups were identified by analysing the guild structure of the spiders that were collected: stalkers (32.28%), orb-web builders (31.75%), space-web builders (15.87%), foliage runners (13.76), ground runners (3.70%), ambushers (1.59%), and wandering sheet-web builders (1.06%). This work establishes a biodiversity database to support future investigations into the spider fauna and provides useful data on the predominance of the spider population in the study area.

 

Author(s) Details

Raji R.
Department of Zoology, Sree Krishna College, Ariyannur, 680102, Thrissur, Kerala, India.

 

Aja M.
Department of Zoology, Sree Krishna College, Ariyannur, 680102, Thrissur, Kerala, India.

 

Jaya M.
Department of Zoology, Sree Kerala Varma College, Thrissur, Kerala, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v9/1447

Meaningful Strategies that can Reform the Lives of Street Children | Chapter 3 | New Ideas Concerning Arts and Social Studies Vol. 3

Street children are habitually depicted in a purely negative manner, often described as indigent, penurious, and impecunious individuals who roam the streets in search of a livelihood. Many street children are denied basic human rights, including proper access to social and health services, the need for education, and protection against exploitation. Their world is demoralising, disheartening, disenchanting, and their future appears formidable and arduous as they are frequently rejected, scorned and despised by society. However, it's important to recognise that they are normal human beings who, due to challenging circumstances, find themselves homeless. Identifying a singular reason for their homelessness is complex. On the other hand, the majority of educators firmly believe that fostering inclusive education is obligatory. This review mainly focuses on analysing the strategies that can reform the lives of Street Children. This paper does not cast aspersions but seeks to ascertain whether some of these children can be rehabilitated through inclusive education. Inclusion entails all children studying in the same classrooms and being provided with learning opportunities to enhance their abilities. All the information was obtained through current studies, methodical review, and meta-analysis, supplemented by secondary sources from the internet spanning from September 2023 to January 2024. This non-empirical research employed careful investigation and analysis techniques, including text criticism, critical examination of biographical studies, and narrative analysis. Street children are often stigmatized, labelled, and discriminated against, which severely hinders the rehabilitation process. Although inclusion is a lifelong and challenging process, it is instructional and edifying, and it may potentially rehabilitate street children. This research reveals that rehabilitating street children is extremely complex and seemingly impossible. Nevertheless, some children may desire a different lifestyle, offering hope and optimism for rehabilitation efforts. Therefore, concrete, holistic, and meaningful efforts must be made to properly confront homelessness, affording these children ample care, protection, education, and opportunities          for a better future. Government institutions, stakeholders, non-governmental organisations, and all individuals committed to the well-being of children should actively engage in meaningful and consistent dialogue to promote collaborative, effective, and sustainable support systems.

 

 

Author (s) Details

 

Gabriel Julien

Department of Educational Leadership and Management, Faculty of Education, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Global Campus, Trinidad and Tobago.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nicass/v3/5367

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Advancing Inclusive Education: Opportunities and Challenges | Chapter 3 | Language, Literature and Education: Research Updates Vol. 5

It is an undisputed fact that artificial intelligence (AI) is extensively used in the field of education and offers numerous opportunities in teaching and learning. For example, it is used to impart knowledge, stimulate comprehension, and heighten intelligence. Moreover, it is treasured as a substantial support in teaching and learning. It is also instrumental in empowering and inspiring students. Artificial Intelligence allows computer systems and machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence. Some of these include problem-solving and decision-making. Hence, it can learn from data and augment its performance over time and is instrumental in addressing complex scenarios by identifying patterns and making predictions. It can also make decisions based on available data and pre-programmed logic. The emergence of AI also has a positive impact on inclusive education. The general concept of inclusive education ensures that all students, regardless of background, learning abilities, or disabilities, have equal access to quality educational opportunities. It is basically concerned about creating proper learning environments where everyone feels welcome, valued, and supported, allowing them to participate and thrive in their own unique ways. Since these technologies can potentially transform teaching and learning, it is important to understand how they can be used to further advance inclusive education. Some of the challenges with AI are the lack of diversity and representation in the development and deployment of AI systems. This can lead to biased AI models that perpetuate existing social inequalities and exclude certain groups of people from benefits and opportunities. This literature-based research analysed some advantages and challenges of incorporating AI in teaching and learning and highlighted how it influences inclusion. Based on the literature, some of the advantages of AI are improved performance of students, motivation, and encouragement of students. This review also identified some challenges associated with the use of AI for inclusive education, such as technological difficulties, poor connectivity, pedagogical issues, and limitations of the database. Some recommendations are proposed to address these challenges. This research can assist educators, parents, students, government officials, and policymakers in making proper decisions on the effective use of AI and inclusion.

 

Author (s) Details

Gabriel Julie
University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Global Campus, Trinidad and Tobago.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/lleru/v5/5366

 

Allelic Diversity at MHC-DQA Region in Indian Mithun (Bos Frontalis) | Chapter 3 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 8

Background: Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are known to have a major role in immune response in all vertebrates. The genes encoding these MHC molecules are highly polymorphic and have always remained prime candidates for the investigation of genetic variation in the host resistance to infection in animals and humans. The genetic variation within this region also explains a substantial proportion of differential immune responsiveness between individuals. Aim: The present work was intended to identify new alleles of MHC-DQA genes and their diversity analysis in Mithun populations. This work is important for assessing genetic diversity in MHC DQA genes and is also helpful in generating an MHC allele database in mithun populations. Methodology: A Descriptive study was done at the Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding in ICAR–National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, India. between January 2015-April 2016. 79 Mithun blood samples were collected from different field areas of Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh states of India. PCR-RFLP analysis was done by Hae III restriction enzyme further validation was done by sequencing. Results: In 79 mithuns from two Mithun populations (47 Nagami and 32 Arunachali type), a 776 nucleotide long genomic region comprising hyper variable exon 2 of Bofr-DQA was amplified. The area was then digested using the Hae III restriction enzyme for PCR-RFLP analysis. Few restriction patterns that carried the entire fragment size of the alleles aggregating more than a heterozygous state were found by the analysis. Conclusion: It was discovered that about half of the mithun population has a high polymorphism. Like other bovines, mithun may have a significant role in producing more diverse and abundant MHC class II molecules, which would give it the ability to connect with a greater number of pathogenic antigens. This will assist in creating haplo-groups and an MHC Allele database for Mithun populations.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Dimpee Singh Gonge
College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Mhow (Indore), NDVSU Jabalpur, 482001, India.

 

S.K. Niranjan

ICAR–National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India.

 

A. Upadhyay
Animal Husbandry and Dairy, College of Agriculture, Indore, 452001, India.

 

A. Suman
College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Mhow (Indore), NDVSU Jabalpur, 482001, India.

 

K. Govil
College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Rewa, NDVSU Jabalpur, 482001, India.

 

J. Yadav
College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Mhow (Indore), NDVSU Jabalpur, 482001, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v8/3532

Exploring the Diversity and Infestation of Mistletoes in Cultivation of Sengon (Falcataria falcata (L.) Greuter & R.Rankin) in Malang East Java Indonesia | Chapter 5 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 3

Aims: To invent the diversity and infestation of mistletoes and their hosts in several planting patterns of sengon (Falcataria falcata (Miq.) (L.) Greuter & R. Rankin).

Study Design: Explorative and descriptive.

Place and Duration of Study: Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia at an altitude of about 100 - 900 m asl from September until December 2021.

Methodology: Data on mistletoes and their hosts was collected by exploratory and descriptive methods in ten districts and twenty villages. Purposive sampling was used and determined along tracks in line transects where sengon cultivation was found. Sample plots of 10x10 m were determined and made in each planting pattern to enumerate the number of mistletoes, hosts, and infested hosts. They are used to determine the severity infestation of mistletoes on the hosts.

Results: There were two species of mistletoe discovered in sixteen planting patterns of sengon, i.e., Scurrula atropurpurea (Blume) Danser and Viscum ovalifolium L. S. atropurpurea was the most dominant mistletoe with parasite number of 906 individuals. The highest number of trees, infested trees, and mistletoes were obtained in the monoculture pattern of sengon. The severity index of mistletoes infestation varied between the planting patterns. The average value of the severity index in all cultivation patterns of sengon was categorized as low.

Conclusion: Scurrula atropurpurea (Blume) Danser and Viscum ovalifolium L. are the two species of mistletoe discovered in the cultivation of sengon in Malang Regency. The most dominant mistletoe was S. atropurpurea with a parasite number of 906 individuals. The highest number of trees, infested trees, and mistletoes were obtained in the monoculture pattern of sengon. The heaviest severity index of mistletoes infestation was found in tangerine citrus + sengon i.e., 15. The average value of the severity index in all cultivation patterns of sengon was categorized as low, i.e., 5.28.

 

Author (s) Details

Solikin Solikin
Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Jakarta Bogor Km 46, Cibinong, Bogor West Java 16911, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v3/3689

Anura of Jebel Al Dayer Biosphere Reserve, Sudan | Chapter 5 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 5

 

5,423 anuran specimens falling into nine species, seven genera and six families were collected from Jebel Al Dayer Biosphere Reserve. Sclerophrys pentoni, Sclerophrys xeros, Hemisus marmoratus, Tomopterna milletihorsini, Hildebrantia ornata and Kassina senegalensis were found throughout autumn. Higher numbers were recorded by S. pentoni during autumn, for T. milletihorsini during early winter. Juveniles outnumbered adults during early winter. Sclerophrys pentoni and S. xeros were observed in all habitats. Leptopelis bocagii was found only in the mountain-forest/slope and from 5 to 1200m; Hildebrantia ornata was found in residential areas; Ptycadena schillukorum and Hemisus marmoratus were found in swampy habitats. Sclerophrys xeros was found from 0-500m elevation, and Ptychadena schillukorum, T. milletihorsini, S. regularis and H. ornata from 0-5 m. The Least Significant Differences test showed significant (p>0.05) to insignificant (p<0.05) differences in the number of anurans between seasons, habitats and elevations. Tomopterna milletihorsini from Jebel Al Dayer Biosphere Reserve is a new record for Sudan.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Mohmed A. Abd El Rahman
Natural History Museum, Faculty of Science, University of Khordofan, Sudan.

 

Zuheir N. Mahmoud
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Sudan.

 

Mohamed A. Salih
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Khordofan, Sudan.

 

Please See the book here :-   https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v5/160

Determination of Plants Diversity and Similarity in Selected three Communities of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl | Chapter 3 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 7

 

Aims: to know and determine plants diversity and similarity in three communities of S. jamaicensis habitat.

Study Design: Explorative and descriptive.

Place and Duration of Study: Research in Gajahrejo Village, Pasuruan, East Java Province was conducted in August 2012; in Kepala Jeri Islands Batam, Riau Island Province in October 2014; and in Bissoloro Village, South Sulawesi Province conducted in October 2016.

Methodology: The study used exploratory and descriptive methods. Sample plots of 1m x 1m were determined and put around S. jamaicensis, which was found along the edge of village roads during exploration (purposive random sampling). Vegetation analysis was carried out to determine the composition, dominance, diversity, evenness and similarity of the species in each S. jamaicensis growing place by counting the Important Value Index, Similarity Index, Shannon Diversity Index, Domination Index, and Evenness Index.

Results: Assosiant plant species found in the three sites growing area of S. jamaicensis were 84 species, 74 genera and 28 families. There were six plant species obtained in the three sites growing area of S. jamaicensis, i.e., Ageratum conyzoides L., Axonopus compressus (Swartz) Beauv., Centrosema pubescens Bth., Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H. Rob., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers and Mimosa pudica L. Axonoppus compressus was the most dominance species in Kepala Jeri Island and Bissoloro Village, whereas Panicum brevifolium L. was the most dominant species in Gajahrejo Village. The difference in floristic composition between the sites may be caused by environmental factors, human activity, land use systems and disturbance on fields where S. jamaicensis obtained.

Conclusion: The plants' diversity and similarity in the three sites growing area of S. jamaicensis habitat were different. There were 84 species, 74 genera and 28 Families found in three sites growing area of S.jamaicensis. There were six plant species obtained in the three sites growing area of S. jamaicensis, i.e., Ageratum conyzoides L., Axonopus compressus (Swartz) Beauv., Centrosema pubescens Bth., Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H. Rob., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers and Mimosa pudica L. Axonoppus compressus (Swartz.) Beauv. was the most dominant species in Kepala Jeri Island and Bissoloro Village, whereas Panicum brevifolium L. was the most dominant species in Gajahrejo Village.

 

Author (s) Details

Solikin
Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency Jl. Raya Jakarta Bogor Km 46, Cibinong, Bogor West Java 16911, Indonesia.

 

Please see the link :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v7/775

Pteridophyte Flora of Western Ghats- A Review | Chapter 1 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 6

 

The Western Ghats is a mountain range that runs parallel to India's western coast, covering 160,000 square kilometers in 1,600 kilometers. Older than the Himalayan mountains, the mountain chain of the Western Ghats represents geomorphic features of immense importance with unique biophysical and ecological processes. Pteridophytes are vascular cryptogams that dominated the earth 250 million years ago. Currently, there are 13,600 species of pteridophytes around the world, and is the second most dominant plant group. In India, there are 1200 pteridophyte species with 70 families and 192 genera. The pteridophyte hotspots in India are the Himalayas, Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, Central India, and Andaman and the Nicobar Islands. The Western Ghats occupies only 6% of the Indian landmass and still holds a pteridophyte diversity of 384 species. Fern and fern allies are highly sensitive to changes in their natural habitat, thus habitat destruction, anthropogenic influences, climate change, etc., are causing a fast decline in their population. Epiphytic species are easily destroyed due to the felling of trees and because of this at present 41- 43% of epiphytic pteridophytes in India are reported to be threatened. Frequent analysis of the pteridophyte flora of a region is necessary to ensure the existence of its species diversity. Understanding the flora of a region always helps in understanding the change in the ecosystem. The current study presents a review of the pteridophyte flora of the Western Ghats with the intention of assessing the extent of changes in the diversity of fern flora in this mountain range.

Author(s) Details:

Athira Krishnan,
Department of Botany, Sree Narayana College, Nattika, Thrissur, Kerala, 680566, India.

Dr. Rekha K (Associate Professor),
Department of Botany, Vimala College (Autonomous), Thrissur, Kerala, 680009, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IBS-V6/article/view/14923

Determining the Impact of Enclosure on some Indicators of Ecosystem in El-Bayadh Region, North-West Algerian Steppe, Algeria | Chapter 2 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 8

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of enclosure as a technique for the restoration of degraded rangelands on plant community structure in El-Bayadh (North West Algerian steppe). Protection of degraded rangelands is widely considered to be the most effective and practical way to conserve plant diversity and maintain ecosystem composition and structure. The ecology of restoration and rehabilitation is part of the possible actions more to limit the extansion of the degradation of this ecosystem and erase or mitigate the consequences but, it is necessary to know the performance of the steppe ecosystem. The quadrat point method was used. A total of 10 surveys were carried out in each stations, several indicators of ecosystem attributes such as diversity, richness, total plant cover, perennial plant cover, annual plant cover, soil surface elements cover and pastoral value were compared between enclosure and grazed areas. The findings revealed considerable positive effects of protection on the scored parameters (Increase in floristic richness and diversity, increased in plant cover and litter, decrease in stones elements and wind veil, increase in pastoral value). However, the result semphasized a negative effect of enclosure on vegetation dynamics. For the soil surface elements, the enclosure (protection) decreases the cover stones and wind veil due to the cessation of the degradation of the bedrock by wind erosion and a good fixation of the sand by the vegetation, also the fencing has allowed the increase of the litter cover which is vital for the environment, because when it is not consumed, litter favors infiltration and germination of seeds and its presence can provide "islands" of fertility where sediment and nutrients are trapped contributing to increased floristic richness and diversity in these environments. This was observed by the occurrence of the bare silty crust on the soil surface which may constitute an obstacle to water infiltration and seeds germination, for this we suggest that this parameter be retained for the opening of these aminaged rangelands (enclosure) for grazing.

Author(s) Details:

Salemkour Nora,
Centre of Scientific and Technical Research in the Arid Areas (CRSTRA), Biskra, Algeria.

Chaib Warda,
Centre of Scientific and Technical Research in the Arid Areas (CRSTRA), Biskra, Algeria.

Bettiche Farida,
Centre of Scientific and Technical Research in the Arid Areas (CRSTRA), Biskra, Algeria.

Fadlaoui Haroun,
Centre of Scientific and Technical Research in the Arid Areas (CRSTRA), Biskra, Algeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIEGES-V8/article/view/13614

Racial Diversity and Residential Segregation: A Complex Relationship | Chapter 9 | Recent Trends in Arts and Social Studies Vol. 7

I review the plans of transfer pricing adjustment secondhand by the IRS for transfers of real and intangible property 'tween related parties. These means include the corresponding uncontrolled price method, the resale price arrangement, the cost-plus method, the comparable profits methods, the profit split method, and the corresponding uncontrolled transaction order. An example, using the corresponding profits methodology, is too shown.

Author(s) Details:

Robert William Pendergrass,
TallgrassGIS, Broken Arrow, OK 74012, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RTASS-V7/article/view/11794 

Corticolous Lichen Diversity on Trees in Urban and Suburban Settings in New Amsterdam, Berbice, Guyana | Chapter 3 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 1

 Given the insufficiency of information on corticolous lichens in city and suburban areas in Guyana, this study was conducted to label, document and compare corticolous lichen variety on the barks of trees in city and suburban surroundings in New Amsterdam, Guyana. Within each of four study sites a 50m by 20m plot was delineated and healthful mature trees were sampled for the occupancy of corticolous lichens. Forty-one athletic trees from five species were intentional using (10cm by 50cm) graduated system quadrats on the tree core (N, S, E, W) at 150cm height. This study written 14978 individual lichens belonging to 10 classifications, 13 genera and 18 class. Species richness, smoothness and diversity of corticolous lichens communities were driven and Shannon Diversity Index, Simpson’s Diversity Index, Pielou’s Index, Menhinick’s Index and Whittaker’s diversity index were secondhand as the basis for equating lichen difference. The results revealed that the city sites studied were more various and had a higher variety richness and species smoothness than the suburban sites. The overall variety (0.8902) of New Amsterdam was indicative of a very various lichen society. Pairwise comparison of Whittaker’s suspect diversity index for all four sites was 0.5. Menhinick’s Index for copiousness for New Amsterdam was 0.1471. Cladonia parasitica, Hypotrachyna laevigata and Usnea cornuta were restricted to Swietenia mahagoni trunks and Dirinaria applanate was restricted to Cocos nucifera. Corticolous flowerless plant diversity arose to have been affected by the difference of host trees because the species copiousness of corticolous lichens decreased as host forest specificity decreased.

Author(s) Details:

Bebe Raazia Bacchus,
Division of Natural Sciences, University of Guyana, Berbice Campus, Tain, Corentyne, Guyana.

Phillip N. B. Da Silva,
Division of Natural Sciences, University of Guyana, Berbice Campus, Tain, Corentyne, Guyana.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V1/article/view/11465

Genomic Characterization of Indian Mithun (Bos frontalis), Wild Gaur (Bos gaurus) and Tho-Tho Cattle (Bos indicus) – Population Diversity, Unique Phylogenetic and Chromosomal Status | Chapter 6 | Cutting Edge Research in Biology Vol. 6

 Mithun (Bos frontalis) or gayal and Indian Bison or untamed gaur (Bos gaurus) are listed among India's precious and endangered bovine variety. The remote neighborhood of mithun in four North Eastern Hill states (Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, and Mizoram), scattered population size, and lack of hereditary diversity status are main constraints to developing an appropriate development and conservation policy for these variety. Tho-tho cattle are inborn to Nagaland, sharing similar terrestrial locations with mithun. Genomic flags (bovine microsatellites) and complete sequence dossier of mitochondrial transmembrane protein coding cytochrome B (CYTB) gene were took advantage of for the assessment of differing population parameters and ancestral diversity of mithun, gaur, and Tho-tho cattle. Molecular cytogenetic reasoning using FISH revealed familial proximity of mithun with gaur, alternatively cattle class. This study represents the first comprehensive genomic and cytogenetic description showing the population construction, genetic diversity, and singular phylogenetic status of exceptional Indian bovines: Mithun, wild gaur, and Tho-tho herd.

Author(s) Details:

Sabyasachi Mukherjee,
Animal Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, National Research Centre on Mithun, Nagaland-797106, India.

Anupama Mukherjee,
ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana-132001, India.

Sanjeev Kumar,
Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh-243122, India.

Harendra Verma,
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre-797106, India.

Shivam Bhardwaj,
ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana-132001, India.

Oshin Togla,
ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana-132001, India.

Siddhartha Narayan Joardar,
West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal-700037, India.

Imsusosang Longkumer,
Animal Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, National Research Centre on Mithun, Nagaland-797106, India.

Moonmoon Mech,
Animal Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, National Research Centre on Mithun, Nagaland-797106, India.

Kobu Khate,
Animal Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, National Research Centre on Mithun, Nagaland-797106, India.

Kezhavituo Vupru,
Animal Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, National Research Centre on Mithun, Nagaland-797106, India.

Suresh Kumar,
Shri Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens, Mysore, Karnataka – 570004, India.

M. H. Khan,
Animal Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, National Research Centre on Mithun, Nagaland-797106, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CERB-V6/article/view/10221

Variation of Density and Biomass of the Ichthyofauna Associated to Soft Bottoms of a Western Coastal Lagoon of B.C.S., Mexico: A Recent Study | Chapter 6 | Research Aspects in Biological Science Vol. 3

From November 2016 to September 2017, a study of the variance in density and biomass of fish populations in the lagoon of La Paz, Mexico, was done. A total of 2763 organisms were gathered in an area of 5022 m2 with a total biomass of 211,422.93 g, a density and biomass of 0.550 lnd/m2 and 44.091 g/m2, respectively. The highest biomass was found in Zacatecas (11.179 g/m2), which is located north of the lagoon, while the lowest biomass was found in Grand Plaza (2.732 g/m2). The highest density was found in Yate Hundido, located northwest of the lagoon (0.129 lnd/m2), while the lowest was found at Las Palmas, located north of the lagoon (0.036 lnd/m2). The most common species was Diapterus peruvianus. with 683 individuals and 37,507.57 g of biomass The physicochemical parameters indicated two seasons with substantial variation, with higher summer temperatures (average of 27.45°C.) and lower winter temperatures (average of 22.49°C.). The Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H' = 2.133 bits/ind) showed a month-to-month difference (p = 0.050), with the highest value (H' = 2.133 bits/ind) in April and the lowest value (H' = 1.041 bits/ind) in June. The overall goal was to determine the biomass and density of resident and transitory fish species in the La Paz lagoon, and it was discovered that the biomass and density values recorded in the lagoon were linked to the spatio-temporal variation of the lagoon's temperature, as well as the resident and transient species found there the research field.

Author(s) Details:

Bruma R. Castillo-Rosas,
Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, CP 23080, La Paz, B.C.S. México.

Emelio Barjau-González,
Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, CP 23080, La Paz, B.C.S. México.

Juan Manuel López-Viva,
Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, CP 23080, La Paz, B.C.S. México.

José Ángel Armenta-Quintana,
Departamento Académico de Ciencia Animal y Conservación del Hábitat, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, CP 23080, La Paz, B.C.S, Mexico.

Javier Aguilar-Parra,
Departamento Academico de Sistemas Computacionales, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur, CP 23080, La Paz, B.C.S, Mexico.

Elvia E. Aispuro-Felix,
Departamento Academico de Sistemas Computacionales, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur, CP 23080, La Paz, B.C.S, Mexico.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RABS-V3/article/view/7048

Bio-Ecological Status of Fresh Water Streams and Conservation Status of Fishes in Palani Hills of Southern Tamil Nadu, India | Chapter 11 | Research Aspects in Biological Science Vol. 1

 In the Western Ghats, different climate changes can be found in Palani highlands of fresh water streams. Physiochemical parameter determinations for the Palani hills' streams in South India will be useful in pandemic situations. The water quality assessment was carried out to better understand the living bio-ecological condition of freshwater stream fishes and their struggle for polluted stream water in the aftermath of the pandemic, as well as variations in physiochemical parameters throughout Tamilnadu's seasonally. Palani hills freshwater streams will be harmed, the bio ecological condition of Palani hills and living endemic freshwater fishes and biodiversity will be influenced, and physiochemical parameters of Palani hills streams in South India are scarce and have attracted increasing attention during the Pandemic situation, the analytical study will be useful to understand the conservation status of Palani hills freshwater streams and endemic freshwater fishes.

Author(S) Details

S. Kalaimani
Department of Zoology, A.P.A College of Arts and Culture, Palani-624601, Dindigul (D.t), Tamil Nadu, India.

C. Kandeepan
Department of Zoology, A.P.A College of Arts and Culture, Palani-624601, Dindigul (D.t), Tamil Nadu, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RABS-V1/article/view/6313

Diversity of Surface Karst Features of Zonal Karst Types | Chapter 3 | Current Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol.2

The diversity of surface features of karst types, as well as the causes of diversity change, are presented and discussed in this work. In the case of small, medium, and big features of various carbonate karsts, it was taken into account how variety varies with distance from the Equator, and how it varies with distance from height in the case of karren features (small features) of high mountain karsts. It can be demonstrated that the diversity of karst features diminishes with distance from the Equator (regardless of feature size), whereas the diversity of karren features increases with altitude and then decreases in high mountains. Moving farther from the Equator, the decrease in the diversity of medium and large features can be explained by a drop in dissolution intensity. The variation in karren characteristics is related to the variation in the inclination of the bearing slope. Since bare slopes with significant expansion and variable slope inclination exist on tropical karsts and in the middle elevated parts of high mountains (1600-2100 m), the diversity of karren is great. Slopes of varying inclination were generated by karstification in tropical karsts and glacial erosion in high mountains.

Author(s) Details:

Márton Veress,
Department of Geography, Eötvös Lóránd University, Szombathely, Hungary.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAGEES-V2/article/view/5947