Mathematical Modelling of Forestry Biomass Conservation and Wildlife Population Dynamics| Chapter 6 | Mathematics and Computer Science: Contemporary Developments Vol. 5

Researchers have proposed various mathematical models to study forest depletion caused by resource-independent industrialization (population) by considering the spatial distribution of both forest biomass and the density of industrialization within a single homogeneous habitat. In this study, a non-linear mathematical model for the conservation of forestry biomass and wildlife population is developed and examined. The model assumes that the growth rate of wildlife conservation is directly proportional to the reduction of forestry biomass caused by the wildlife population. Additionally, in modelling process, the study investigate the impact of illegal trade on both forestry biomass and wildlife populations. The model equations are studied to understand the nature and stability of equilibrium points using the theory of nonlinear ordinary differential equations and numerical simulations. Moreover, sufficient conditions for the persistence of the system are derived through differential inequalities. The analysis reveals that the depletion of forestry biomass and wildlife populations can be mitigated through effective wildlife conservation. To achieve optimal results in wildlife conservation, it is crucial to minimize the rate of governance failure.

 

Author (s) Details

Rachana Pathak
Department of Applied Science and Humanities (Mathematics), Faculty of Engineering & Technology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, U.P, India.

 

Manju Agarwal
Department of Mathematics and Astronomy, University of Lucknow, Lucknow-226007, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mcscd/v5/2340

Carbon Sequestration Potential of Salt-Tolerant Species in the Coastal Ecosystems of Sagar Island, Hugli Estuary, India | Chapter 6 | Surviving Sundarbans: Tragedy and Hope, Edition 1

This study examines the key biota and their biologically zoned distribution on the tidal flats of Sagar Island. It explores the zonation and succession of salt marsh and mangrove ecosystems and ecological factors. The research includes biomass estimation and assesses the response to sea-level changes. Notable biota include mangroves, salt marshes, polychaetes, molluscs, and avifauna. Biogeography, climate, and substrate influence species distribution, while physiochemical and biological conditions affect species abundance and zonation. Data from 47 villages on Sagar Island, covering 234.35 sq km, identify 21 species, with Harcachkata, Excoecaria Agallocha, and Avicennia Marina dominating. The study reports a total carbon stock of 4549 tons/ha, with significant contributions from Avicennia Marina and Casuarina. The findings highlight Avicennia Marina's carbon sequestration potential, suggesting non-destructive methods for estimating carbon stock in Sagar Island's tree species.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Tuli Sen
Department of Geography, Sagar Mahavidyalaya, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48859-73-0/CH6

Improved Biomass Stove on Health of Rural Families | Chapter 4 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 2

Inefficient combustion of solid fuels emits high concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and other harmful emissions. A strong association has been shown between household air pollution (HAP) and acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) in children, and chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) and lung cancer in adults. The magnitude of these adverse health impacts, household air pollution from burning solid fuels in primitive cook stoves is the primary environmental cause of death. The 2014 Global Burden of Disease Report (GBDR) found household air pollution to be the third most deadly global risk factor, accounting for about 4.3 million deaths annually (mainly due to cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses), and the second greatest risk factor in India (Improved biomass cook stove, 2014). Exploratory and experimentalStudy was conducted during the year 2016-17 Dharwad and Vijayapur districts of Karnataka state. Keeping this in view a study was conducted in two villages namely Timmapur Village of Dharwad district and Bhaganager village of Vijayapur district. 60 households were randomly selected from each village. Interview schedule was used. More than 90 percent of the respondents in both the villages were illiterate and majority of the respondents had breathing problems. A highly significant difference was found between improved biomass stove and traditional stove and also among women of both villages. This indicates that the benefits were more effective while using improved biomass stove as compared to traditional stove.

Author(s) Details:

Renuka S. Salunke,
Department of Family Resource Management, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad-580005, India.

Swati Vannur,
Department of Family Resource Management, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad-580005, India.

S. S. Dolli,
Department of Family Resource Management, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad-580005, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAEGES-V2/article/view/14209

Seasonal Fluctuations of Pigments and Biomass of Phytoplankton in Lentic Water Bodies of Bhadravathi Taluk, Karnataka, India | Chapter 9 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 8

The present investigation revealed that biomass of phytoplankton by chlorophyll estimation method shows that Chl.a, Chl.b and Chl.c distributions were unequal. The pigment diversity and quantity of phytoplankton in lentic water bodies are critical to the general health and function of aquatic ecosystems. Quantification   of phytoplankton biomass and community composition is important for understanding the structure and dynamics of fresh water ecosystems. The minimum concentration of Chl.a was 0.112mg/L during November at BVTS3 and maximum .077 mg/L was recorded same station in the month of December. The Chl.b concentration was 0.0023mg/L minimum during October at BVTS1 and maximum 0.6118mg/L during August at BVTS3 and 0.0083 mg/L Chl.c was minimum during October at BVTS3 and maximum 3.894 in October at BVTS4.The correlation coefficient of six physico-chemical parameters show fluctuating the positive and negative correlation with different chlorophyll pigments. The Chl.c shows positive correlation with magnesium but others not. In BVTS1 of Chl.a, b and c show positive correlation with water temperature, pH bicarbonate and other stations were not showed the positive correlation. A wide variety of pigments are present in phytoplankton, which helps them to absorb light energy for photosynthesis. Effective management, conservation, and resolution of environmental issues depend on an understanding of the pigment diversity and biomass of phytoplankton in lentic water bodies. The study help determine the variables impacting phytoplankton growth, comprehend the health of ecosystems, and develop efficient management plans for the preservation and sustainable use of aquatic resources.

Author(s) Details:

Ajayan K. V.,
Department of Botany, Karnataka State Akkamahadevi Women University, Vijayapura, India.

Parameswara Naik T.,
Department of Botany and Environmental Science, Sahyadri Science College (Autonomous), Kuvempu University, Shivamogga, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIEGES-V8/article/view/13748

Computational Fluid Dynamics Studies on the Impact of Viscosity and flow rate of Dope Solution in Hollow Fiber Ultra Filtration Membrane Formation | Chapter 6 | Theory and Applications of Engineering Research Vol. 4

The performance of the polymeric membranes depends on morphology and its strength. The pressure-driven membrane separation process required good structural strength and desired flux. But these parameters depend on the formation of the right size pores, the number of pores & their distribution, and even wall thickness in surface and cross-sectional morphologies of the membrane. The desired values of the above decide the structural stability and permeate flux of hollow fibre membrane(HFM). Obtaining the desired membrane morphology yields the preferred strength and performance. In general, the characteristics of membranes derived from the flow rate of the dope solution, the shear rate, the composition of dope solutions, and the mass flux rate between solvent and non-solvent at the coagulant bath during the spinning process. So, a steady state simulation performed using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool to understand the fluid flow behavior inside the angular spinneret and the results correlated with the physio-structural parameters such as strength, morphology, burst pressure of the hollow fiber Ultra Filtration (UF) membrane and its formation. The study on the flow behavior of dope solution inside the spinneret carried by various the power-law index value (0.3 < n <0.7) and the dope solution flow rate (0.1< Q <1.2 mL/min). The flow profiles at the exit of 75o angular spinneret gave the delightful result of why the fiber membrane unable to withstand the high-pressure application. Also, it is exbound that the shear induced flow rate is struggle to drive some power-law index fluids and resulted in bulk flow at some spot of exit of the spinneret and leaves the hollow fiber membrane to form uneven wall thickness. The dope flow rate and the power-law index values need to be optimized to understand the formation of UF membrane morphology.

Author(s) Details:

Suresh K.,
Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Selvam K.,
Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Karunanithi B.,
Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAER-V4/article/view/13100

Conversion of Biomass to Activated Carbon: A Synthesis Approach | Chapter 13 | Current Innovations in Chemical and Materials Sciences Vol. 3

 The different and versatile nature of mobilized carbon as an adsorbent lies in allure extensive surface area and beautifully pored structure, leading to a unusual adsorption capacity and responsiveness to stimuli. It can incorporate a variety of wealthes, with commonly applyied precursors for commercial result, including coconut structures and coal types like peat and lignite, each accompanying its own structural and carbonic differentiations. Pinewood, owing to its plentiful carbon content, is particularly cherished as a source for produce highly porous mobilized carbon. Ongoing research into cost-effective and effective adsorbents will contribute to environmental staying power and offer advantageous outcomes for marketing interests in future scenarios. Through pyrolysis transported under vacuum and without oxygen, the surface district is maximized, yielding an interlinked porosity. Waste biomass, being an business-related resource, is effectively altered into activated carbon accompanying an impressive surface district of 969.075 m2/g.

Author(s) Details:

Ashish Baldania,
Chemical Engineering Department, Lukhdhirji Engineering College, Morbi, India.
Bhalchandra Vibhute,
College of Agriculture and Applied Research (CASAR), Best Innovation University, Gownivaripalli, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Sachin Parikh,
Directorate of Technical Education, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CICMS-V3/article/view/12602

A Consideration of Forest Residues in Biomass for Bioenergy | Chapter 1 | Advances and Challenges in Science and Technology Vol. 8

 With the big destruction of natural wood resources and increasing interest in the atmosphere in recent age, there is an increasing interest in accumulating and evaluating secondary thicket residues and waste (biomass). In this context, woody residues/wastes that happen during harvesting enhanced an interesting point of energy result. Forest residues are biomass feedstock that can be secondhand for bioenergy production. They are the byproducts of forest gathering and wood product production, including branches, tops, and different woody debris. After woodland harvesting practices, those inferior sources (i.e., barks, cones, thin width wood materials, arms) mainly stayed on the woodland floors. Those low quality sources that accrue on the forest floor, can lead to the growth and acceleration of thicket fires. There have been numerous studies attended to utilize those sources for advantage-added products, chiefly energy production. Those biomass beginnings could be secondhand in energy production as a economical benefit for them.

Author(s) Details:

Halil Turgut Sahin,
Department of Forest Products Engineering, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Isparta, Turkiye.

Ismail Dutkuner,
Department of Forest Engineering, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Isparta, Turkiye.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACST-V8/article/view/12355

Ecological Principles | Book Publisher International

 Ecological Principles | Book Publisher International

Ecology is the scientific study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. These relationships are complex, varied and hierarchical. The word ‘ecology’ was first used by German biologist Ernst Haeckel in 1869. The word is derived from the Greek words, oikos (meaning ‘house’ or ‘dwelling place’) and logos (meaning the study of). Ecologists defined ecology as ‘the study of the natural environment including the relations of organisms to one another and to their surroundings’. Ecology describes the relationships between living organisms and their environments. The community interaction of organisms with each other. The environment includes everything (biotic as well as abiotic factors) that surrounds an organism. Thus, it is science that attempts to answer how nature works and the life sustaining process on the earth. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the lead area of study. In its early stage, the field was dominated as botanist and zoologist. Today, the topic of interest, in this science include the biodiversity, distribution, biomass and population of organism, primary production, nutrient cycle, niche construction, regulate the flux of energy and matter through environment as well as cooperation and competition within and between species. For instance, climatic conditions depends on the interactions among living organisms like human beings and their nonliving atmosphere, all of which regulate each other constantly.

Author(s) Details:

Nayan K. Prasad,
Department of Zoology, R.R.M. Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal.

Kumari Shachi,
Department of Zoology, K.S. College, Laheriasarai, L.N. Mithila University, Darbhanga -846004, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ECOPRIN/article/view/10516

The Role of Alkaloids as Plant Based Alternative Nematicide for Enhanced Yield | Chapter 2 | Emerging Issues in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 3

 The nemacidal efficiency of Jatropha curcas alkaloids was evaluated in artificial and screen house studies to control the occurrence and severity of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). The use of plant extract as alternative nematicides should widespread and gaining eminence, the lack of scientific confirmation of the active compounds of aforementioned plants has hampered the growth of its use. Alkaloids was first proven against nematode juveniles (J2s) after 24, 48 and 72 hours of process of early development at 0, 5 and 10 ml in in vitro conditions. Results presented that although, nematode death was highest (99.3 %) afterwards 72 h incubation ending at 10 ml rate of application, skilled was no statistical dissimilarity with mortality (98.9 %) got at 5 ml. However, under screen house environments Alkaloids at 0,1,2,3,4 and 5 ml were applied to drunk okra plants inoculated accompanying 1,200 infective (J2) larvae of M. incognita. The noticed increases in plant heights and leaf regions in the treated than prepared in both years of study maybe attributed to alkaloids inferred favourable conditions for optimum plant growth and leaf field. The Alkaloids extracts inhibited the endeavors of the nematodes thereby admitting the plants to make optimal use of the soil vitamins for growth and incident. Results also granted that alkaloids applied at 5 ml /cauldron significantly (P=0.05) discounted root-galls and increased plant tumor parameters on application of root and source alkaloids than the untreated control in 2019 and 2020 age of study respectively. Root and beginning alkaloids also raised Okra pod weight by 71 % (4.02 g) and 67 % (4.26 g) in two together years. Leaf alkaloids present least depiction in growth and yield of Okra. These findings elucidated the potential of J. curcas alkaloids as attainable good plant based alternative for the control of root-knot nematode on okra. The labeling of new classes of pesticides from natural plants to take over the hazardous artificial nematicides now common looks promising taking everything in mind the crude alkaloids extracts discovered expected active in this place study.

Author(s) Details:

E. Ogwudire Vincent,
ICAR- Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, 321303, Rajasthan, India.

C. M. Agu,
ICAR- Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, 321303, Rajasthan, India.

Nicholas C. Ewelike,
ICAR- Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, 321303, Rajasthan, India.

Ephraim Maduako Nwokeji,
Department of Crop Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria.

Christopher Oche Eche,
Department of Crop and Environmental Protection. Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIAS-V3/article/view/10271

Unraveling the Nitrogen Fertilization Puzzle: Impact on Carbon Flux to Seed Storage Compounds in Indian Mustard Genotypes | Chapter 1 | Emerging Issues in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 3

 Unlocking the confidential information of C-flux difference among genotypes under nitrogen fertilization can specify valuable insights into strength storage mechanisms and colorless odorless gas fixation. This study examined the influence of N application on oil and vigor accumulation in sources of Indian mustard. Results showed that most genotypes shown low lubricate content under N fertilization, signifying a negative correlation between lubricate and starch content. The rude answer of N influenced metabolites by enhancing photosynthesis and the element supply, leading to changes in vigor, protein, and oil content. The study also demonstrated that sugar content performed a regulatory role in lipid combining, and a reduction in carbohydrate levels during the blooming stage could be due to allure utilization in greasy acid biosynthesis. The findings of this study have main implications for optimizing land practices and improving crop yields in the future. Understanding the partitioning of element is crucial for peeling light on the regulatory points affected by nitrogen, and more research is needed to accept the underlying mechanisms.

Author(s) Details:

Ibandalin Mawlong,
ICAR- Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, 321303, Rajasthan, India.

M. S. Sujith Kumar,
ICAR- Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, 321303, Rajasthan, India.

Reema Rani,
ICAR- Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, 321303, Rajasthan, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIAS-V3/article/view/10271

The Production of Biogas from Cow Dung | Book Publisher International

Energy is defined as capacity for doing work.It exists in many forms mechanical, electrical, light, heat/thermal among others. Heat can do work, as when the expanding steam in a steam engine or  the expanding gases in an automobile engine  move the piston. Heat energy is also indispensable in our homes, industries, laboratories for many purposes.

At home cooking is an important activities all engaged in. we achieve this from different means including electicity and fossil fuel – use of charcoal, gas, kerosene. If we look critically of the fossil fuesl sources of the energy generated, they have been having negative effect on the environment copled with the the fact that the rise in the price of these fossil fuel is becoming worrisome.

The recent quest for alternatie sources of energy for domestic and industrial use, using the vast biomass, especially plant and animal waste needs serious attention. It is imperative that these organic waste are utilized to meet energy demand in devoid of negative environmental consequenses and at cheaper rate.  This is what motivated the coming up with fabrication of digester that under the influence of anaerobic bacteria degrade abundant cow dung that is constituting pollution in our environment into constituent molecules, methane gas, as iconstucted close to a laboratory of Science Laboratory Technology deparment of the Polytechnic Bali, Taraba state Nigeria.

This book is simply presenting basic ideas of how construction of biogas system was made for the use of the laboratory and which can also be used as domestic iogas as a sorce of energy for heating, cooking when the gas cylinder was connected to  bursen burner to produce flame accompanied with heat based on the prevailing weather.

This is the preliminary work and it is hoped that further study and activities woud be conducted on the biogas system as recommended in this book to enhance knowledge and skills needed for its improvement for the benefits of students, Scientists, Technologists and humanity generally.

Author(s) Details:

Lamidi, Tajudeen Babatunde,
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic Bali, Taraba State, Nigeria.

Ishaya, Ishaku Tilli,
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic Bali, Taraba State, Nigeria.

Oliver, Peace Mbini,
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic Bali, Taraba State, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TPBCD/issue/view/884

Study on a Potassium Recovery Method for the KCl Form in Biomass Incineration Ash Utilizing Different Extraction and Recovery Methods | Chapter 10 | Research Aspects in Chemical and Materials Sciences Vol. 1

 The goal of this research was to separate potassium ion from calcium ion, which affects potassium purity when extracted and recovered from incineration ash, as well as to lessen the environmental burden of the final waste liquid. Potassium tartrate is made by extracting calcium as calcium tartrate using acetic acid, a weak acid, then adding tartaric acid to the filtrate to separate calcium as calcium tartrate, then concentrating and evaporating the solution. All of the experiments were carried out in a batch mode. When the solid–liquid ratio was 1:20, an acetic acid solution of 0.5 mol/L was utilised for extraction, and the extraction extent was 95.4 percent. Following the filtration of the extract, 10 mL of 10% tartaric acid was added to 20 mL of extract, resulting in solid precipitation. When the solids were separated and potassium was dissolved in the acid, 72 percent of the extract was recovered. The syngenite technique works best when a magnesium dosage of 5 mmol/L is added, and the Ca:K ratio is 1:2.1 with 42mol percent K at pH 11. This might be a suggestion as to which way of recovering K is most successful and efficient.

Author(s) Details:

Hiroyuki Harada,
Graduate School of Comprehensive Academic Studies, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Japan.

Endar Hidatat,
Graduate School of Comprehensive Academic Studies, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Japan.

Afan Bagus Mananda,
Graduate School of Comprehensive Academic Studies, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Japan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACMS-V1/article/view/7107

Variation of Density and Biomass of the Ichthyofauna Associated to Soft Bottoms of a Western Coastal Lagoon of B.C.S., Mexico: A Recent Study | Chapter 6 | Research Aspects in Biological Science Vol. 3

From November 2016 to September 2017, a study of the variance in density and biomass of fish populations in the lagoon of La Paz, Mexico, was done. A total of 2763 organisms were gathered in an area of 5022 m2 with a total biomass of 211,422.93 g, a density and biomass of 0.550 lnd/m2 and 44.091 g/m2, respectively. The highest biomass was found in Zacatecas (11.179 g/m2), which is located north of the lagoon, while the lowest biomass was found in Grand Plaza (2.732 g/m2). The highest density was found in Yate Hundido, located northwest of the lagoon (0.129 lnd/m2), while the lowest was found at Las Palmas, located north of the lagoon (0.036 lnd/m2). The most common species was Diapterus peruvianus. with 683 individuals and 37,507.57 g of biomass The physicochemical parameters indicated two seasons with substantial variation, with higher summer temperatures (average of 27.45°C.) and lower winter temperatures (average of 22.49°C.). The Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H' = 2.133 bits/ind) showed a month-to-month difference (p = 0.050), with the highest value (H' = 2.133 bits/ind) in April and the lowest value (H' = 1.041 bits/ind) in June. The overall goal was to determine the biomass and density of resident and transitory fish species in the La Paz lagoon, and it was discovered that the biomass and density values recorded in the lagoon were linked to the spatio-temporal variation of the lagoon's temperature, as well as the resident and transient species found there the research field.

Author(s) Details:

Bruma R. Castillo-Rosas,
Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, CP 23080, La Paz, B.C.S. México.

Emelio Barjau-González,
Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, CP 23080, La Paz, B.C.S. México.

Juan Manuel López-Viva,
Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, CP 23080, La Paz, B.C.S. México.

José Ángel Armenta-Quintana,
Departamento Académico de Ciencia Animal y Conservación del Hábitat, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, CP 23080, La Paz, B.C.S, Mexico.

Javier Aguilar-Parra,
Departamento Academico de Sistemas Computacionales, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur, CP 23080, La Paz, B.C.S, Mexico.

Elvia E. Aispuro-Felix,
Departamento Academico de Sistemas Computacionales, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur, CP 23080, La Paz, B.C.S, Mexico.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RABS-V3/article/view/7048

Production of Biogas from Organic Waste and Biotech Culture: An Advanced Study| Chapter 7 | Innovations in Science and Technology Vol. 6

 The study's goals were to convert organic waste into biogas as a source of alternative renewable energy and to produce bio-fertilizer (inorganic fertilizer). The digestion of solid waste by anaerobic bacteria (methanogenic bacteria) in an air-tied environment or closed system such as a biodigester or bioreactor has resulted in the creation of biogas (biomethane). Biogas is made up of of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and hydrogen sulphide (H2S). All gases that can be combusted or oxidised with oxygen include methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide (CO2). Biogas can be utilised as a fuel because of the energy emitted. The first biodigester is filled with cow dung and water (1dm3 + 1 dm3), the second is filled with solid waste and water (1,5 dm3 + 0,5 dm3), and the third is filled with cow dung and biotech culture (2dm3) and is dubbed Control-K. After a time of homogeneity and stabilisation (4-12 days), each biodigester's biogas production was recorded, and the slurry (liquid component) was collected and used as liquid fertiliser. To summarise, biogas (biomethane) and liquid fertiliser were created from organic waste (biofertilizer).

Author(s) Details:

B. A. Jinjiri,
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Mai Idris Alooma polytechnic, Geidam, Yobe State, Nigeria.


R. Sabo,
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Mai Idris Alooma polytechnic, Geidam, Yobe State, Nigeria.


M. M. Mahmud,
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Mai Idris Alooma polytechnic, Geidam, Yobe State, Nigeria.


M. Grandawa,
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Mai Idris Alooma polytechnic, Geidam, Yobe State, Nigeria.


A. Haruna,
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Mai Idris Alooma polytechnic, Geidam, Yobe State, Nigeria.


A. U. Mustpha,
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Mai Idris Alooma polytechnic, Geidam, Yobe State, Nigeria.

I. B. Gashu’a
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal polytechnic, Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria.


Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IST-V6/article/view/6037

Cellulose from Agricultural and Industrial Waste: Extraction and Characterization | Chapter 03 | New Innovations in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 6

 Agricultural and industrial wastes are produced in massive quantities all over the world, and because they are rarely reused or recycled, they are among the most polluting substances. Nowadays, there is a greater focus on exploiting these agricultural and industrial wastes as appealing sources and among the most promising accessible stocks for the manufacture of a variety of valuable compounds. As a result, the goal of this study was to extract cellulose from various agricultural biomass and industrial waste using a rapid and easy technique due to their carbohydrate content as sources for such valuable molecules, in particular cellulose. Simply put, eco-friendly technologies were used to separate cellulose from various waste sources. The employed procedure is particularly efficient for extracting good yields of cellulose from rice husk, waste office paper, and sugar cane, with extracted cellulose amounts of (17.4 percent, 20 percent, and 18.2 percent, respectively. The isolated cellulose was characterised by powder X-ray diffraction and FT-IR. A comparison with conventional cellulose was done in terms of crystallinity and structure behaviour, and the results revealed that the isolated cellulose was in good agreement with the standard one, and so could be used to make biofuel, among other things.

Author (S) Details

Muna Hasoon Sauodi
Chemistry Department, College of Science, AL-Muthana University, Iraq.

Hathama Razooki Hasan
Chemistry Department, Collage of Science, Baghdad University, Iraq.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NICB-V6/article/view/5296

Demand Driven Decisions on Demonstration and Evaluation of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana) Technologies at Farmers Training Center (FTC) as Pre-conditions and Driving Force into Cluster Farming Approach and Commercialization Momentum | Chapter 7 | New Visions in Science and Technology Vol. 10

 The necessity of technological or innovative pre-extension demonstration and evaluation in determining the momentum of scaling up and commercialization via large-scale demonstrations utilising a clustering technique is critical. It would be simple to methodically organise functions and stakeholders for further scaling up arrangements of selected technologies or innovations after we had decided and had final favoured types or technologies. Farmers' training centre (FTC) was identified as a research experiment or demonstration site where various technologies and innovations could be demonstrated and evaluated through a participatory approach involving farmers, development agents, agricultural experts, researchers, and other key stakeholders. In the South Gondar Zone of North Western Ethiopia, a participatory demonstration and evaluation of improved finger millet technologies was conducted to demonstrate and evaluate improved finger millet technologies to farmers and extension workers, as well as create demand for the technology for wider scaling up. In this presentation, a freshly released variety was used to compare its performance and preferences to older types. It was carried out in two districts that differed in terms of agro-ecological and farming production systems to some extent. At twelve FTC locations and/or sites, four varieties, including a local check, were exhibited and evaluated based on varietal attributes, farmer preferences, and feedback. Farmers' variety or local check was used as a local check for comparison. Farmers' variety or local check is a variety grown by farmers and has been cultivated for a long time. A quadrant approach of yield estimation was utilised to estimate the average and relative yield of each cultivar. When it comes to yield estimation, the tesema variety, even the local variation, surpassed the others. There were no statistically significant differences in mean yield between the two districts for the displayed varieties. The average yield of the tesema variety, on the other hand, deviated significantly from the national average yield of the Ethiopian Central Statistical Agency (CSA). All of the enhanced and displayed types outperformed the native variety in terms of yield. There were also yield differences amongst the modified varieties themselves. Grain colour, size, cooking quality, animal feed (palatability), biomass, marketability, and disease resistance were regarded as the most important variables in variety selection for farmers and other key stakeholders. Based on this research and the preferences of types, more large-scale demonstrations using the cluster farming approach should be conducted at each of the demonstration sites. Variety release and development by respective breeders must take those variety selection criteria and farmers' preferences into consideration in order to scale-up and spread the technology to other people.

Author(S) Details

Misganaw Anteneh Tegegne
Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ethiopia.

Endayen Melaku Baye
Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ethiopia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVST-V10/article/view/4888

Common Allergenic Weeds: Their Pollen Morphology and Management Measures | Chapter 1 | Emerging Challenges in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 2

 Weeds and plants typically produce enough lightweight pollen to pollinate themselves. In a single day, a single plant can produce 1 million to several million pollen grains; exposure to these can cause pollen allergy, seasonal rhinitis/ rhinosinusitis, asthma, and dermatitis, among other things. The link between the start of symptoms and plant pollination time is the most important factor in allergenic response. According to various studies, weed pollens are responsible for 60-75 percent of seasonal rhinitis, grass weed pollens for 40%, and tree pollens for 10%. The pollination season of different plants varies depending on the species and their geographic location. Flowering/pollination seasons, pollen morphology, and control techniques of common allergenic weeds are discussed in this research. Weeds can be eradicated before flowering and used as biomass in agriculture and industry, depending on their pollination cycle.

Author(S) Details

Srihari Reddy Devarinti
Government Degree College, Patancheru, Sanga Reddy (Dist.), Telangana, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/ECAFS-V2/article/view/4898

Determination Biomass, Yield and Income from Intercropping Models of Coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre) with Perennial Trees in Tropical Climate | Chapter 17 | Current Topics in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 2

 At Ea Yong commune, Krong Pac district, Daklak province, Vietnam, we evaluated four Robusta coffee intercropping models (Coffea canephora Pierre var. Robusta) with perennial trees on Rhodic ferrasol soil and tropical environment. Intercropping coffee with Siamese cassia (Cassia siamea Lam.), intercropping coffee with durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) 9 x 9 m, and intercropping coffee with durian 9 x 6 m are the models. The goal of this study is to see how well intercropping fruit trees can return biomass to the soil over time while also providing additional income. The result: green biomass increases from 71.6 tons.ha-1 to 101.4 tons.ha-1 (intercrop coffee with Siamese cassia) or 176.4 tons.ha-1 (intercrop coffee with durian 9 x 9 m) or 178.6 tons.ha-1 (intercrop coffee with durian 9 x 6 m); the yield in the intercrop model of coffee with durian (9 x 9 m) is reduced by 300 kg.ha-1 of dry coffee beans (4,120 kg.ha-1). These models, on the other hand, generated between 22 and 23 tons.ha-1 of durian fruits, resulting in significant profitability and a considerable amount of green biomass. Farmers are encouraged to intercrop coffee with perennial fruit trees rather than growing solely coffee or intercropping with forestry trees.

Author(S) Details

Phan Van Tan
Agriculture and Forestry Faculty, Taynguyen University, Buonmathuot City, Daklak Province, Vietnam.

Huynh Van Quoc
Agriculture and Forestry Faculty, Taynguyen University, Buonmathuot City, Daklak Province, Vietnam.

Dang Thi Thuy Kieu
Agriculture and Forestry Faculty, Taynguyen University, Buonmathuot City, Daklak Province, Vietnam.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CTAS-V2/article/view/4422

Estimating the use of Distributed Electricity Generation Technologies in Tourism Industry | Chapter 7 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 7

Because of their environmental and economic benefits, distributed power generating technologies are becoming more widely used in a variety of industries around the world. The current study's goal is to look at how these technologies, which use either fossil fuels or renewable energies, are used in the hotel business, as well as their characteristics, benefits, and downsides. Several distributed electricity generation technologies being investigated, including co-generation of heat and power systems. For electricity generation, some of them use renewable energies such as solar, wind, and biomass. Others are linked to different co-generation technologies, such as fuel cells. Many hotels have requirements. Technologies have the advantage of being able to meet practically all of a person's needs in terms of both electricity and heat. Solar photovoltaic energy, cogeneration systems, wind turbines, and fuel cells are all examples of distributed electricity generation technologies that are already in use in hotels. Their energy efficiency ranges from ten percent to ninety percent. Renewable energy technologies produce carbon-free electricity, whereas natural gas-fueled technologies produce electricity with low carbon emissions. Technology has benefits and downsides, and the use of each technology is dependent on the hotel's characteristics as well as the availability of renewable energy supplies in the area. The findings of this study are significant for the hotel industry because they show that they can use environmentally friendly distributed electricity generation technologies to meet their electricity and, in some cases, heating needs, reducing their carbon footprint and increasing their energy and environmental sustainability.

Author (S) Details

Dr. Ioannis S. Vourdoubas
Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 107 B, El. Venizelou Str. 71410, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.


View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CIEES-V7/article/view/3059

 

Use of Biomass as a Raw Material for Energy Production | Chapter 7 | Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 12

 The purpose of this research is to explain why biomass is used as a raw material for energy generation. The significance of biomass is defined, as well as why it is a potential energy source. The use of biomass as an energy source is based on the creation of heat energy during burning. During biomass burning, the solar energy absorbed and stored by plants is released as heat energy. The chemical composition, percentage of extractives, moisture content, ash content, and density of forest biomass are all factors that influence its energy value (heating value). The literature review stated the calorific values of several chemical components (cellulose, lignin, extractives), forest species (Softwoods, hardwoods), and different portions of the same tree (wood, bark, leaves, branches) as numerical facts. On a dry weight basis, softwoods have more energy than hardwoods due to increased lignin content and the presence of more resinous extractives. Finally, the benefits and drawbacks of biomass as an energy source are discussed: biomass is renewable and environmentally beneficial, but it has a poor efficiency. However, because of rising oil prices and the pollution generated by its combustion, this problem is progressively dissipating, encouraging a greater use of biomass as an energy source.

Author (S) Details

Tsatiris Michael
Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada 68200, Greece.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RRAB-V12/article/view/2742