Biomass-Derived Activated Carbon for CO₂ Mitigation in Compression Ignition Engine Exhaust Systems | Chapter 7 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 8

 

Rapid industrialisation has intensified environmental pollution and global warming, with the automotive sector being a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. This study investigates an effective post-combustion CO₂ reduction approach for compression ignition (CI) engines using a modified exhaust adsorption system containing waste biomass–derived adsorbents. Activated carbon and biochar produced from coconut shell, rice husk, and eucalyptus wood through carbonisation and activation processes were evaluated for their CO₂ adsorption performance. Integration of a single adsorption chamber into the exhaust system achieved up to a 48% reduction in CO₂ emissions compared to baseline operation, while the addition of a second chamber provided a further 16% reduction. Experiments were conducted on a single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine, where baseline CO₂ emissions increased with engine load, reaching a maximum of 13.5%. After installing biochar and activated carbon filters, CO₂ emissions decreased significantly, with biochar showing superior performance at higher loads. The optimal configuration using blended diesel with activated carbon distributed across dual compartments reduced CO₂ emissions from 6.2% to 0.4% at maximum load. Concurrent reductions in CO, HC, and NOₓ emissions confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed adsorption system.

 

 

Author(s) Details

G. Balaji
Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.

 

D. Premnath
Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.

 

V. Rajasekar
Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.

 

S. Natarajan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Pennalur Village, Sriperumbudur Tk, Tamil Nadu, 602117, India.

 

C. Karthikeyan
Department of Energy Science, Alagappa University, Karaikudi- 630003, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Kapilan Natesan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Yelahanka, Bangalore-560064, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v8/7167

Bactericidal Properties of Microwave-Activated Carbons Enhanced with Enoxil and Silver/Selenium Nanoparticles | Chapter 8 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 7

 

The objectives of this study were to obtain mesoporous activated carbon with low ash content, impregnate this adsorbent with the Enoxil medicinal preparation and with Ag and Se nanoparticles, qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the immobilization processes of neutral nanoparticles on intact and oxidized activated carbons, and test the microbiological activity of the obtained samples. Microwave-activated carbons (ACMW) derived from walnut shells were impregnated with Ag and Se nanoparticles, as well as the biologically active compound Enoxil, and their microbiological properties were evaluated. To enhance the adsorbent's functionality, the activated carbon was oxidized with ozone, producing ACMWO, which contained aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic groups. This oxidation process led to a significant reduction in the specific surface area of the activated carbon. The structural parameters of the carbons were determined using nitrogen adsorption analysis, while simultaneous thermal analysis provided insights into the thermal behavior of both the oxidized and unoxidized forms. Infrared spectroscopy was employed to investigate the surface chemistry of the adsorbents. The microbiological activity of the composites was tested against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Kinetic studies further allowed for the estimation of the bactericidal and fungicidal action times of the activated carbons. Microwave activation allowed obtaining mesoporous ACMW carbon with a high specific surface area and a low mineral content over a short period of time. The obtained results suggest the use of activated carbons impregnated with nanoparticles and Enoxil preparation in various medical fields, in particular for the creation of bactericidal dressings that would protect the penetration of infections within the body, comfortably keeping of humidity in the area of open wounds, with adsorption and subsequent destruction of the infected exudate.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Oleg Petuhov
Research Center of Thermal Analysis in Enviromental Problems, West University of Timisoara, Pestalozzi Street 16, 300115, Timisoara, Romania and Institute of Chemistry, State University of Moldova, 3, Academiei Str., MD-2028, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.

 

Tudor Lupascu
Institute of Chemistry, State University of Moldova, 3, Academiei Str., MD-2028, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.

 

Titus Vlase
Research Center of Thermal Analysis in Enviromental Problems, West University of Timisoara, Pestalozzi Street 16, 300115, Timisoara, Romania.

 

Ionela-Amalia Bradu
Research Center of Thermal Analysis in Enviromental Problems, West University of Timisoara, Pestalozzi Street 16, 300115, Timisoara, Romania.

 

Dominika Behunová
Institute of Geotechnics SAS, Watsonova, 45, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v7/2762

 

Adsorption of Nitrite Ions Using Activated Carbons Derived from Walnut Shells | Chapter 3 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 3

In this paper, activated carbons obtained from walnut shells were used as adsorbents to remove nitrite ions from aqueous solutions. In the Republic of Moldova, walnut shells are chosen as a raw material for obtaining activated carbons in research due to their local abundance, low cost, and favorable chemical composition, which allows for the production of an efficient adsorbent material for removing pollutants from water. The novel adsorbent was obtained by modification with hydrochloric acid. The physical-chemical characteristics of activated carbons were determined from nitrogen sorption isotherms, SEM-EDX, elemental analysis, FTIR, thermal analysis, and temperature-programmed decomposition (TPD). According to the results obtained, chlorine is retained on the surface in an amount of 2%. Chlorine increases the positive charge of the surface by forming –C–Cl or –C–OH⁺ groups, the electrostatic attraction towards nitrite ions can be improved, thus increasing the adsorption efficiency. The effect of pH on the adsorption of nitrite ions was investigated for both activated carbons CAN and CAN-Cl. For activated carbon CAN, an increase in pH resulted in a significant decrease in adsorption, from 0.13 mg/g at pH 3 to 0.07 mg/g (approximately 1.8 times lower). Similarly, for activated carbon CAN-Cl, adsorption values decreased from 2.85 mg/g to 0.68 mg/g as the pH increased. These results suggest that pH plays a critical role in the adsorption capacity of activated carbons, with lower pH levels enhancing the adsorption of nitrite ions. The results of batch experiments indicate that maximum adsorption/ removal of nitrite ions can be achieved at pH = 3, being of 0.2 mg/g for CAN and 4.7 mg/g for CAN-Cl. The modification of the surface of activated carbons with chloride ions leads to an increase in the rate and adsorption capacity of nitrite ions by approximately 50 times.

To study the adsorption of nitrite ions on activated carbons the following mathematical models were used: pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models, and Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and Temkin-Pyzhev isotherm models. These models were chosen to provide a comprehensive understanding of the adsorption kinetics and equilibrium behavior, allowing for the identification of the dominant adsorption mechanisms and the efficiency of the adsorbent material. The results indicate that the adsorption of nitrite ions onto activated carbons CAN and CAN-Cl follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and also aligns with the intraparticle diffusion model, suggesting that the process is primarily governed by chemisorption.

Future studies should explore strategies to mitigate the impact of electrolytes on adsorption efficiency and optimize surface modifications to enhance nitrite ion removal. Additionally, investigating the regeneration potential of the modified adsorbents could improve their practicality for long-term water treatment applications.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Irina Ceban
Institute of Chemistry, Moldova State University, 3, Academiei Str., MD-2028 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.

Raisa Nastas
Institute of Chemistry, Moldova State University, 3, Academiei Str., MD-2028 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v3/5161

Application of Newly Developed Activated Carbon Coated Chitosan in Cosmetics: An Innovative Research | Chapter 4 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Developments and Innovations Vol. 8

Cosmetics are the products used to clean, beautify, increase attractiveness or change the appearance of the human body without affecting the structure or function of the body. Masks are treatments that are applied to the skin for a certain period of time and then removed. Use them to get a generally dry and clean face, avoiding the eyes and lips. Clay masks contain kaolin or bleach which carry essential oils and chemicals into the skin and are usually affected until completely dry. When the clay dries, it absorbs excess oil from the skin and can help unclog pores. Due to its drying effect, clay masks are only suitable for oily skin.  Scanty references are available on the use of charcoal and activated carbon in cosmetics. Charcoal is known for its ability to absorb impurities. Face pack containing charcoal with kaolin clay or fuller's earth as its base absorbs/ adsorbs dirt and oil from the pores, leaving skin cleaner and healthier. In the present investigation, the use of chitosan impregnated with activated carbon derived from cotton stags in cosmetics (face masks) has been reported. The material has been proven to be a good dirt and oil adsorbent when applied with kaolin clay or fuller's earth-based face masks. This study therefore suggests that activated carbon-coated chitosan is suitable to be used with face packs for improved cosmetic applications.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Hunge S.S.
Chintamani College of Science, Pombhurna, Dist. Chandrapur, Gondwana University, Gadciroli, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v8/3250

Preparation and Analysis of a Synthetic Polymer Coagulant for the Treatment of Surface Water by Chemical Purification Process | Chapter 9 | Theory and Applications of Engineering Research Vol. 8

 This study addressed the limitations of using inorganic coagulants in the treatment of surface water by evaluating the efficiency of synthetic polymers as coagulants agents in the chemical purification process. The treatment of surface water, entails passing the raw water through a series of treatment units which are usually the low lift pump, aeration unit, filtration unit and disinfection unit. The limitations of inorganic coagulants include; discharge of residual metals into downstream waters, over dependence on pH, high dosage and high sludge production. A synthetic polymer coagulant was prepared by dispersing 1g of cassava starch in 100 ml distilled water, making it up to a litre with hot water (80°C-100°C), adding 1 ml of 1N H2SO4 and electrolyzing by means of a stabilized power supply unit at a current of 0.15 amps using aluminium rods as electrodes. Addition of 1 g of activated carbon to serve as a coagulant aid (Sample A) resulted in a better turbidity removal than the one without the aid (Sample B). Sample A was found to be almost as effective as alum both at neutral and basic mediums causing better than 80% turbidity removal at pH 7 and more than 89% turbidity removal at pH 9 with dosage of 20 ml (20 g) of sample A Synthetic polymer coagulant compared satisfactorily with alum. It gave a maximum turbidity removal of 81.16% while alum gave a maximum turbidity removal of 84.80%. Preliminary cost analysis showed that sample A was more economical than alum.

Author(s) Details:

Jeje J. O.,
Department of Civil Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAER-V8/article/view/13822

Conversion of Biomass to Activated Carbon: A Synthesis Approach | Chapter 13 | Current Innovations in Chemical and Materials Sciences Vol. 3

 The different and versatile nature of mobilized carbon as an adsorbent lies in allure extensive surface area and beautifully pored structure, leading to a unusual adsorption capacity and responsiveness to stimuli. It can incorporate a variety of wealthes, with commonly applyied precursors for commercial result, including coconut structures and coal types like peat and lignite, each accompanying its own structural and carbonic differentiations. Pinewood, owing to its plentiful carbon content, is particularly cherished as a source for produce highly porous mobilized carbon. Ongoing research into cost-effective and effective adsorbents will contribute to environmental staying power and offer advantageous outcomes for marketing interests in future scenarios. Through pyrolysis transported under vacuum and without oxygen, the surface district is maximized, yielding an interlinked porosity. Waste biomass, being an business-related resource, is effectively altered into activated carbon accompanying an impressive surface district of 969.075 m2/g.

Author(s) Details:

Ashish Baldania,
Chemical Engineering Department, Lukhdhirji Engineering College, Morbi, India.
Bhalchandra Vibhute,
College of Agriculture and Applied Research (CASAR), Best Innovation University, Gownivaripalli, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Sachin Parikh,
Directorate of Technical Education, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CICMS-V3/article/view/12602

An Overview of the Research and Application of Various Activated Carbons and Ash Used in Water Purification Technology | Chapter 7 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 1

 Water is an essential aptitude that nature gives to all living individual. In order to keep all history safe on soil, it is necessary to keep the amount of water in the corpse adequate and enough at all times. Water pollution is growing as a result of differing factors such as study of human population, large-scale urbanization, clear-cutting, and unfair activities in waterways and other water beginnings. Various experts have worked on the result of activated element from renewable energy. This comprises economical technology and merchandise in an eco-friendly way for a assortment of uses. This review article discusses the differing methods secondhand by experts to develop triggered carbon so that minimize water pollution. Peanut coverings, Moringa oleifera seeds, Coconut structures, Rice husk, Lemon peel, Pomegranate peel and Banana peel are all excellent natural resources for treating poisoned water. It was demonstrated that pollutants to a degree pH, colour, DO, conductivity, turbidity, chloride, fluoride, TSS, TDS, BOD, COD, nitrate, phosphate, burdensome metals, and total coliforms can be isolated from water utilizing physical, machinelike, and biological techniques.

Author(s) Details:

Ajinkya Ravindra Telgote,
Department of Environmental Sciences, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India.

Satish S. Patil,
Department of Environmental Sciences, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIEGES-V1/article/view/11827

Chemical Regeneration of Activated Carbon from Cocoa Pod Shells | Chapter 5 | Research Highlights in Science and Technology Vol. 8

 Restore mobilized carbon by removing the methylene blue previously adsorbed on the adsorbent. With a view to preserving the environment, a worldwide concern, this study carried out utilizing carbon from burnished color pod shells. In Côte d'Ivoire, around 1.9 heap tonnes of cocoa convinced every year, and burnished color farming generates betwixt 13 and 15 million tonnes of waste, for the most part cocoa coverings. Like many agricultural wastes, cocoa coverings transformed into stimulated carbon. Before pyrolysis, the coverings were ground, sieved and full with orthophosphoric acid. The activated element obtained is in powder form. For the purposes concerning this study, before desorption, the activated carbons were originally saturated with MB. For this adsorbent conversion study, chemical desorption was secondhand. In the context of synthetic regeneration, these soggy coals brought into contact with a seasoning (NaCl) solution and before stirred. To understand the evolution of desorption, the spectrophotometer was used to measure the concentration of methylene sad resorbed.  The desorption tests showed a extraordinary elimination from the first 10 notes of meeting. The desorption kinetics encompasses two phases: a rapid action between 0 and 30 record and a slow kinetics betwixt 30 and 60 minutes. Desorption of the dye reaches a concentration prepared 0.84 mg/l at pH = 4 at temperature =80°C. For posing, the coefficient of the Langmuir II model is more or equal to O.9893. The model of Langmuir III is less than or effective O.9373. The Freundlich model coefficient is 0.9842 or less. Desorption accordingly takes place on adsorption sites that are actively homogeneous and outside interaction between the adsorbed cations of the dye. Experimental limits such as pH, hotness and concentration of seasoning (NaCl) solution influence Desorption of MB. The model of Langmuir II describes well the process of desorption of the MB.

Author(s) Details:

David Leonce Kouadio,
Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologie de l’Environnementale, Université Jean Lorougnon GUEDE, Côte d'Ivoire.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHST-V8/article/view/11541

Use of Activated Carbon-based White Wood for Adsorption of Dyes in Aqueous Solutions | Chapter 3 | Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Chemical Science Vol. 2

 This episode aimed to assess the use of Activated Carbon-located White Wood for Adsorption of Dyes in Aqueous They are mostly arisen two sources namely, bitumen tar and oil-based intermediates Solutions. Dyes secondhand by the fabric manufacturing are mostly artificial. These dyes are marketed as powders, granules, pastes or liquid dispersions. Among the dyes, reactive apricot and disperse vulgar have well-known toxicities and dispersal skills in the various environmental compartments. Maximum permissible concentrations of these colours in both draining water and industrial emissions are contingent a number of societies.  Numerous depollution procedures have been grown recently in order to meet these different standards. Because mobilized carbon-based forest adsorption has the key advantages of being more effective and simple to apply, namely the method we have preferred to adopt.  Furthermore, the use of less expensive non-unoriginal adsorbents guarantees its economic practicability. However, a number of determinants relating to the carbon minimum, the solution, and the alive suspension influence its discharge. The adsorption results for disperse Blue and reactive tangerine with mobilized charcoal showed adsorption competency up to 4.8 mg / g and 12.4 mg / g. Based on the bulk of adsorbate, the removal of dyes by activated element demonstrates the significance of the adsorption process. The two examined dyes have a preference for optimised triggered charcoal, the adsorption capacity is main for reactive tangerine than disperse blue.

Author(s) Details:

K. Elmerzouki,
UH2C, Ecole Normale Supérieur, Laboratoire Ingénierie des Matériaux et Biosciences, Casablanca, Morocco.

I. Bimaghra,
UH2C, Ecole Normale Supérieur, Laboratoire Ingénierie des Matériaux et Biosciences, Casablanca, Morocco.

A. Khalidi,
UH2C, FST, Mohammedia, Morocco.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTEICS-V2/article/view/11529

Role of Activated Carbon for Removal of Dyes from Textile Rejects: An Update | Chapter 2 | Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Chemical Science Vol. 2

 In this division, we studied the wastewater of industrialized textile part. After characterizing the wastewater the troubles treatment by adsorption in CAB, were transported at the laboratory scale, by learning the removal of color and turbidity.Textile businesses positively influence the economic happening worldwide. Fibre result in textile cooperatives includes dry and wet processes. The wet process uses a important quantity of potable water and releases well contaminated wastewater. This process exists of sizing, de-judge, sourcing, bleaching, mercerising, dyeing, printing and perfecting techniques. The study of turbidity displays a variation between 120 and 190 NTU for the three samples. As for their generated power varies betwixt 5,2 and 20 mS.cm-1. Moreover their pH varies engaged of basic pH. Measuring the hotness of these three samples showed principles varying betwixt 25 and 30°C. The levels of suspended whole range between 146,8 and 514,7 mg L-1. Textile effluents discharges are complex, intoxicated with basic and inorganic matters. They have varying traits with period and can be poisonous of microorganisms.The results show that the measured absorbance at 436 nm curtailed to 2,020 A and it stabilizes at this value. To the absorbance of the color calculated at 525 nm decreases to 3,072 A and it stabilizes. The absorbance measured at the intuitiveness 620 nm decreases and reaches a minimum value of 1, 918 A following in position or time ten hours. The effluents from the textile area, whose waste water is dismissed into the receiving surroundings without some treatment, are judged subjectively and quantitatively in this place study.

Author(s) Details:

K. Elmerzouki,
Laboratoire Ingénierie des Matériaux et Biosciences, UH2C, Ecole Normale Supérieur, Casablanca, Morocco.

I. Bimaghra,
Laboratoire Ingénierie des Matériaux et Biosciences, UH2C, Ecole Normale Supérieur, Casablanca, Morocco.

A. Khalidi,
UH2C, FST, Mohammedia, Morocco.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTEICS-V2/article/view/11528

Study About Fe-TiO2/AC and Co-TiO2/AC Composites Prepared from Waste Streams for an Efficient Removal and Photocatalytic Degradation of Cibacron Yellow F-4G Dye | Chapter 1 | Progress in Chemical Science Research Vol. 8

 Kinetic and adsorption studies of CYF-4G upon the Co-TiO2/AC and Fe-TiO2/AC composites were acted seeing allure pH at point of nothing charge (pHPZC) and utilizing array and photocatalytic exploratory established institution under cosmic-fake light. Activated element (AC) acquired from nut covering residues and TiO2 photocatalyst electrochemically caused from titanium scrap and drugged accompanying Fe and Co, individually, were used to generate the Fe-TiO2/AC and Co-TiO2/AC composites. The capability of the Fe-TiO2/AC and Co-TiO2/AC composites to adsorb and photocatalyze the shame of Cibacron Yellow F-4G (CYF-4G) from wastewater was examined. Thermogravimetric (TGA), leafing through energized matter microscopy (SEM), X-ray dissemination (XRD), a novel X-ray incorporation method (XRA), and basic study were used to judge drugged ACs (EA). Interesting connections were establish middle from two points SEM, XRA and TGA dossier and drugged amount of stimulant on ACs. Optimal dye adsorption was establish at a pH of 2.0. The CYF-4G adsorption action are trailed in accordance with the fake-second order model. Langmuir model equipped the adsorption dossier best choice. A decrease in adsorption ability was noticed when the motivation dope portion raised. A synergistic adsorption, evacuation and shame effectiveness of the dye nearly 100% was reached about 120 brief time period. under fake apparent dissemination.

Author(s) Details:

Roberto Machado Garcia,
Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Oriente, Patricio Lumumba s/n, CU-90 100 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.

Robert Carleer,
Analytical and Circular Chemistry, University Hasselt, Agoralaan, Gebouw D, BE-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.

Maria Arada Pérez,
Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Oriente, Patricio Lumumba s/n, CU-90 100 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.

Jeamichel Puente Torres,
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universidad de Oriente, CU-90-100 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.

Ying Gu,
Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan-316022, China.

Pieter Samyn,
Analytical and Circular Chemistry, University Hasselt, Agoralaan, Gebouw D, BE-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.

Jan Yperman,
Analytical and Circular Chemistry, University Hasselt, Agoralaan, Gebouw D, BE-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PCSR-V8/article/view/10174

Activated Carbon: Advances in Research and Application | Book Publisher International

 Recent age have visualized an enormous interest between the analysts in the result of activated element by utilizing various precursors. In this book, distinguished consideration command a price of to the latest research judgments about the requests and the properties of triggered element. The got activated element revealed taller surface area and porosity to erase harmonized, dye compounds, unwelcome pollutants, bad scent and taste. Several types of stimulated carbon in the way that coarse, grated and pellet forms maybe secondhand in cure, gases and water cleansing. This book is urged for engineer, researcher, material scientist and graduate pupils.

Author(s) Details:

Ho Soonmin,
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Putra Nilai 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACARA/issue/view/860

Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Waste Water Using Newly Developed Activated Carbon from Bark of Butea monosperma | Chapter 9 | Current Overview on Science and Technology Research Vol. 6

 The presence of heavy metals in water systems has become a serious problem. Therefore, the development of new methods to remove heavy metal ions from contaminated water is attracting attention. One of the most efficient techniques for removing harmful heavy metal ions is adsorption technology. Metals that are harmful to humans and the environment include copper, chromium, lead, mercury, cadmium, nickel, iron, and cobalt. One of the most important contaminant metal ions is hexavalent chromium, which is found in most industrial effluents. Many conventional physical and chemical treatment methods for removing hexavalent chromium are described in the literature. However, these processes are costly, energy intensive and produce toxic and carcinogenic by-products. A recent study demonstrated the effectiveness of activated carbon from Butea monosperma bark in removing Cr(VI) from contaminated water, including the effects of pH, sorbent dosage, contact time, and initial metal ion concentration. It was examined in relation to many parameters. An optimal pH, equilibrium pH = 6.5, was required for hexavalent chromium uptake. With increasing contact time, the removal of Cr(VI) from the aqueous solution increased and reached equilibrium after 150 min. Furthermore, removal of Cr(VI) increased with increasing sorbent dosage. Maximum adsorption of Cr(VI) (96%) was studied at an adsorbent dose of 5.0 g/l. As the initial Cr(VI) concentration increases, the Cr(VI) removal rate decreases. This investigation revealed that activated carbon freshly prepared from the bark of Butea monosperma can be used as an adsorbent for the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions. It is cheap and energy intensive.

Author(s) Details:

S. S. Hunge,
Chintamani College of Science, Pombhurna, Gondwana University, Gadchiroli (MS), India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/COSTR-V6/article/view/8420

Removal of NI (II) Ion using Low Cost Carbonaceous Sorption - A Descriptive Study | Chapter 7 | Technological Innovation in Engineering Research Vol. 3

Water contamination has been a major issue in recent decades as a result of heavy metal ions prevalent in water bodies. Nickel (II) is widely found in industrial effluent from many forms of heavy metal. In our environment, NI (II) has a number of negative consequences. It endangers not just the ecology but also humans. Activated carbon is extensively utilised as an adsorbent in heavy metal removal via adsorption studies. The use of activated carbon in the water treatment process is expensive. However, heavy metals must be eliminated from industrial water. The researchers like the idea of using a low-cost adsorbent instead of commercially available activated carbon compounds. The purpose of this study is to aid in the hunt for lower-cost adsorbents. Experiments on Nickel removal by adsorption on Corn Ash (CA) and Straw Ash (SA) are compared in this study (SA). These adsorbents are low-cost, non-conventional materials that may be used to clean water and waste water by adsorption. The activation process was developed to increase the material's high surface area and adsorption capability. The goal of this project is to give data for the development of a cost-effective waste water treatment facility for wastewater discharged by various companies. The degree of heavy metal adsorption is said to be determined by experimental factors such as contact duration, adsorbent dose, and solution PH. The effect of these factors on the amount of NI (II) ions extracted from CA and SA by adsorption has been studied. Various operating circumstances have a substantial influence on metal removal, according to the metal removal experiments.

Author(s) Details:

K. Thara,
R&D Centre, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India and SSM Institute of Engineering &Technology, Dindigul, Tamilnadu, India.

A. Jansi Priya,
G. T. N Arts College, Dindigul, Tamilnadu, India.

M. S. Dheenadayalan,
Department of Chemistry, G. T. N Arts College, Dindigul, Tamilnadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TIER-V3/article/view/7064

Studies on Colour Removal from Dye Aqueous Solution Using Modified Forms of Adsorbent Materials | Chapter 8 | New Innovations in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 4

 The ability of activated carbon (CSAC) and polypyrrole coated sawdust (PPy/SD) obtained from the fruit of Cordia sebestena's gardening plant material to adsorb acid orange -7 from aqueous solutions was examined. The adsorption method is a viable treatment option, particularly if the adsorbent is affordable and easily available. Variations in experimental parameters such as pH, initial dye concentration, contact time, and temperature were used to conduct batch mode adsorption investigations. The kinetic data for both adsorbents was analysed using pseudo first order and pseudo second order models at various concentrations and temperatures. Freundlich and Langmuir models were used to analyse the equilibrium data. Thermodynamic research were also taken into consideration. Finally, CSAC's performance was compared to that of PPy/SD. The experimental results showed that PPy/SD is more effective than CSAC at removing Acid Orange 7 from aqueous solutions.

Author (S) Details

A. Geetha
Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Chemistry, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode, Tamilnadu- 638 060, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NICB-V4/article/view/4327

Study Investigation on Pyrolysis of Shivee Ovoo Coal from Mongolia | Chapter 3 | Current Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 10

Our current Shivee Ovoo coal research aimed to characterise the initial coal as well as its hard and liquid components after pyrolysis. For starters, proximal and ultimate studies of Shivee Ovoo coal revealed that it is an oxidised brown lignite coal with the B2 mark. The thermal degradation process of Shivee Ovoo coal was investigated using a thermogravimetric analyzer, which for the first time determined the thermal stability of the coal sample by determining thermal indices from the TG curve, such as T5 percent -71.85°C; T15 percent -321.18 °C; T25 percent -490.64°C, which are lower thermal stability characteristics.

Pyrolysis of Shivee Ovoo coal at various heating temperatures was used to determine the yields of produced hard, liquid, and gas products. The best heating temperature was 500°C, which resulted in a -6.28 percent higher yield of condensed liquid product (tar). The yield of all liquid (tar and pyrolysis water) and gas products (44%) shows that the coal organic material underwent more intensive thermal decompositions and conversions. This verifies Shivee-Ovoo coal's previously reported and determined reduced thermal stability characteristics, implying that it is better suited for gasification and liquefaction. Furthermore, when compared to the initial coal sample, the yield of hard product (semi-coke) is 56.48 percent at 500oC, indicating that it can be used as a smokeless fuel. Its proximate analysis results show that the volatile matter content decreased three times and the caloric value increased by 1000 kcal/kg, indicating that it can be used as a smokeless fuel.

The chemical composition of pyrolysis tar in group organic components determined by chemical analysis reveals that the tar is primarily composed of neutral oils (81.9%), asphalteines (13.6%), free carbons (3.93%), and organic bases, organic acids, and phenolic compounds (less than 1.0 percent ). The tar was also distilled at room temperature, yielding a yellow coloured light fraction -15.93 percent (18-180°C), a brown coloured intermediate fraction -15.44 percent (180-330°), and a black coloured heavy fraction -44.53 percent (330°>).

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of generated activated carbon from pyrolyzed hard residue differ from those of the initial coal sample. The SEM image of the original coal sample shows compact solid chunks. The SEM image of carbonised and activated coal sample exhibits a porosity structure with meso and macro pores in comparison to the initial coal sample. The solubility and chemical composition of neutral oil obtained from Shivee Ovoo coal pyrolysis tar were investigated using GC/MS analysis, which gave a total of 68 peaks (signals) for the soluble in hexane, The soluble in toluene fraction has 100 peaks, while the soluble in a combined solvent of methylene chloride and methanol (1:1 volume ratio) fraction has 100 peaks. From each connected entirely recorded peak, 22 organic compounds soluble in hexane, 45 organic compounds soluble in toluene, and 21 organic compounds soluble in a mixture of methylene chloride and methanol fractions have been determined and identified. The Shivee Ovoo coal has been certified as a low-rank lignite coal of B2 mark, suitable for thermal processing including pyrolysis, based on proximal and ultimate examination.

Author (S) Details

S. Batbileg
Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, 4th Building of MAS, Ulaanbaatar, 13330, Mongolia.

B. Purevsuren
Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, 4th Building of MAS, Ulaanbaatar, 13330, Mongolia.

D. Batkhishig
Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, 4th Building of MAS, Ulaanbaatar, 13330, Mongolia.

A. Ankhtuya
Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, 4th Building of MAS, Ulaanbaatar, 13330, Mongolia.

M. Battsetseg
Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, 4th Building of MAS, Ulaanbaatar, 13330, Mongolia.

J. Namkhainorov
Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, 4th Building of MAS, Ulaanbaatar, 13330, Mongolia.

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Research on Sustainable Conversion of Agriculture and Food Waste into Activated Carbons Devoted to Fluoride Removal from Drinking Water in Senegal | Chapter 7 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 8

 The aim of this research was to look into the development of activated carbons (AC) from cashew shells and millet stalks, as well as their fluoride retention ability. Senegalese agricultural residues were collected. It is well known that certain Senegalese areas, known as the groundnut basin, suffer from a public health issue caused by an abundance of fluoride in the drinking water consumed by these people. No other chemical compounds were applied to the activated carbons, which were made by combining pyrolysis and activation with water steam. The activated carbonaceous materials collected from cashew shells and millet stalks, respectively, were dubbed CS-H₂O and MS-H₂O. CS-H₂O and MS-H2O have excellent adsorbent properties, with current carbon content ranging from 71 to 86 percent. For CS-H₂O and MS-H₂O, the BET surface areas are 942 m²:g ⁻¹ and 1234 m²:g ⁻¹, respectively. Under the same conditions, a third activated carbon was made from food wastes and coagulation-flocculation sludge (FW/CFS-H₂O). FW/CFS- H₂O contains 32.6 and 39.3 percent carbon and calcium, respectively. With all of these activated carbons, kinetics sorption was done, and the pseudo-first equation was used to explain the kinetics sorption. The best activated carbon from kinetics sorption was used to conduct fluoride adsorption isotherms with synthetic and natural water. Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to explain the experimental results. In terms of equilibrium data, the Langmuir model better describes the experimental data than the Freundlich model. The results revealed that carbonaceous materials made from CS-H₂O and MS-H₂O were only marginally effective at removing fluoride. The adsorption potential of FW/CFS-H₂O is 28.48 m²:g ⁻¹ with r² = 0:99 as compared to synthetic water.

Author (s) Details

Mohamad M. Diémé
Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique des Matériaux, Université Assane Seck, BP 523, Ziguinchor, Sénégal.

Maxime Hervy
Ecole des Mines de Nantes, laboratoire GEPEA, UMR CNRS 6144, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, BP 20722, 44307 Nantes cedex 3, France.

Saïdou N. Diop
Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique des Matériaux, Université Assane Seck, BP 523, Ziguinchor, Sénégal.

Claire Gérente
Ecole des Mines de Nantes, laboratoire GEPEA, UMR CNRS 6144, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, BP 20722, 44307 Nantes cedex 3, France.

Audrey Villot
Ecole des Mines de Nantes, laboratoire GEPEA, UMR CNRS 6144, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, BP 20722, 44307 Nantes cedex 3, France.

Yves Andres
Ecole des Mines de Nantes, laboratoire GEPEA, UMR CNRS 6144, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, BP 20722, 44307 Nantes cedex 3, France.

Courfia K. Diawara
Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique des Matériaux, Université Assane Seck, BP 523, Ziguinchor, Sénégal.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CPCS-V8/issue/view/43

Current Progress in Applied Materials Research: Thin Film, Carbon Nanotube and Activated Carbon | Chapter 12 | Recent Advances in Science and Technology Research Vol. 6

 

Nano materials are an important field in the science and technology world. Activated carbon, carbon nanotube and metal chalcogenide thin films were explored in this work. Activated carbon has been prepared by carbonization and activation processes using various raw materials. To improve the texture properties and generate better adsorption power, several activation agents such as KOH, NaOH, zinc chloride, phosphoric acid, sulphuric acid have been used. Due to high surface area and high porosity structure, the carbon obtained could be served as adsorbent to remove pollutant, dyes from wastewater. Thin films of metal chalcogenide have been synthesised through different techniques of deposition. For solar cells, sensor devices, laser devices and opto-electronic applications, the films obtained could be used. Different devices have been used to investigate the characterization of various forms of thin films. Many researchers have studied carbon nano tubes due to strong mechanical power, conditions, etc. Such stability, such resistance to corrosion. Ethernet cable, USB and coaxial cable could be used for this.

Author (s) Details

Ho Soonmin
Centre for Green Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, INTI International University, Putra Nilai, 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.

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Adsorption of Dye Eosin and Acid Yellow RR from an Aqueous Solution on Two Different Samples of Activated Carbon by Static Batch Method | Chapter 6 | International Research in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol.2

 The present paper deals with removal of dye Eosin and Acid Yellow RR on two different samples of

activated carbon by static batch method. Experimental data on optical density of blank solutions of
different concentrations of the two dyes ranging from 10 to 100 mg/L and optical density of solutions
after adsorption on activated carbon samples were taken and analyzed. Calibration curves were
plotted and the amount of dye adsorbed was calculated. The data was fitted to Langmuir and
Freundlich isotherms for two different carbon samples and different concentration values. Constants
were calculated from the slope and intercept values of the isotherms. Coefficient of correlation R2 and
Standard Deviation SD were also noted. The data fitted well to the isotherms. It was observed that
adsorption decreased with increase in ppm concentrations. Carbon sample C2 showed higher
potential to adsorb the dye Eosin and C1 showed higher potential to adsorb Acid Yellow RR. Further
Carbon sample C2 showed better adsorption in acidic pH as compared to in alkaline pH for both dyes.
From the analysis of the data it is shown that C2 sample has a good capacity to remove the textile dye
from the residue water although C1 was also good for Acid Yellow RR.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Rita Kant
Institute of Fashion Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.

View Book :-  http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/230