Influence of Material Property and Geometry on Acoustic Wave Propagation| Chapter 3 | Science and Technology: Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 10

 

The numerical analysis by finite element method offers new and efficient possibilities for different parameter calculus of acoustics phenomena. This paper presents some authors’ results regarding numerical modelling of the acoustic wave propagation, using the Ansys program. The Ansys program has in its finite element library dedicated elements for plane and spatial problems and other specific facilities about which more information is presented in this paper.  The acoustic wave propagation is studied under conditions of the existence of acoustic absorbing panels. Different materials are taken into account (aluminium, foam, oak, polystyrene) for considered acoustic absorbing panels. Also, different dimensions and different cases for fixing the panels were considered. The acoustic wave propagation was studied in stationary conditions and dynamic conditions at different values of sound frequencies. A comparative analysis is performed regarding the influence of different conditions on acoustic wave propagation. Our studies presented in this paper refer to acoustic propagation in an open space, like in airports or around acoustic sources placed in the open space. The aim of this paper is to offer our experience in this field for a numerical analysis of the ways for sound level reduction. Also, the facilities of the Ansys program for the solving of such problems are presented in a practical manner of use.

Author(s) Details

Vasile Nastasescu
“Ferdinand I Military” Technical Academy, Bucharest, Romania.

Ghita Barsan
“Nicolae Balcescu” Land Forces Academy, Sibiu, Romania.

 

Oana-Alexandra Mocian
“Ferdinand I Military” Technical Academy, Bucharest, Romania.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v10/1245

Symmetric and Asymmetric Analysis of Graphene Based Antenna Using Kinetic Theory of Plasma | Chapter 1 | Design and Simulation of Classical and Quantum Antennas in Gigahertz and Terahertz: Applications in Radar Using Deep Neural Techniques

In this research, Graphene-based plasmonic nano antenna with symmetric and asymmetric structures are analyzed in the Terahertz range. Recent research on Graphene shows a huge amount of potential in microwave and millimeter wave applications due to its tunability properties. The Graphene nanoantenna is analyzed in plasmonic using the kinetic theory of plasma with the Vlasov equation which has further applications in Biomaterials, Sensors and in Quantμm Mechanics. SPP waves are generated due to third-order nonlinearity present in Graphene. The kinetic theory of plasma gives solutions to Fermi-level perturbations that cause charge transport in the plasmonic cavity. The change in the Fermi levels is generated by artificially designed symmetric asymmetric structures. The change causes electron and hole transport. Breaking the symmetry in the patch antenna also leads to the quantμm phenomenon. The quantμm transport between the left and right arms of antennas or source and drain causes the heavy flow of charges that makes the plasmonic antenna radiate. These antennas are of significance in various applications as absorbers, electromagnetic shielding, linear nonlinear waveguides, photodiodes, rectennas and quantμm mechanics. The devices of Graphene are in demand due to their low power dissipation and increased sensitivity. Various antenna scattering radiation patterns and absorption peaks in the Terahertz range from (3-20 THz) are shown for different symmetric, asymmetric antennas. The conductivity and current are given in terms of the kinetic theory of plasma and quantμm wave phenomenon. Due to Graphene's high-frequency operations at nanostructures, the antennas are better in control as compared to large sizes of metal and copper antennas at high frequencies. These antennas are more flexible giving better tunability by controlling the applied voltages. Due to this, the antennas are more suitable for biomedical applications and THz applications.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Dr. Manisha Khulbe
Netaji Subhash University of Technology Delhi (East Campus), New Delhi, India.

 

Rocky Chawla
Ambedkar Institute of Advanced Communication Technologies and Research, New Delhi, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49238-41-1/CH1

Application of Newly Developed Activated Carbon Coated Chitosan in Cosmetics: An Innovative Research | Chapter 4 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Developments and Innovations Vol. 8

Cosmetics are the products used to clean, beautify, increase attractiveness or change the appearance of the human body without affecting the structure or function of the body. Masks are treatments that are applied to the skin for a certain period of time and then removed. Use them to get a generally dry and clean face, avoiding the eyes and lips. Clay masks contain kaolin or bleach which carry essential oils and chemicals into the skin and are usually affected until completely dry. When the clay dries, it absorbs excess oil from the skin and can help unclog pores. Due to its drying effect, clay masks are only suitable for oily skin.  Scanty references are available on the use of charcoal and activated carbon in cosmetics. Charcoal is known for its ability to absorb impurities. Face pack containing charcoal with kaolin clay or fuller's earth as its base absorbs/ adsorbs dirt and oil from the pores, leaving skin cleaner and healthier. In the present investigation, the use of chitosan impregnated with activated carbon derived from cotton stags in cosmetics (face masks) has been reported. The material has been proven to be a good dirt and oil adsorbent when applied with kaolin clay or fuller's earth-based face masks. This study therefore suggests that activated carbon-coated chitosan is suitable to be used with face packs for improved cosmetic applications.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Hunge S.S.
Chintamani College of Science, Pombhurna, Dist. Chandrapur, Gondwana University, Gadciroli, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v8/3250

Study on the Optical Properties of PVA /PEG Doped with Sodium Fluoride Salt Polymer Blend Electrolyte Films | Chapter 36 | Innovative Solutions: A Systematic Approach towards Sustainable Future

Polymers when doped with metal salts give complexes which are useful for development of the advanced high-energy electrochemical devices such as high-energy density rechargeable batteries and energy storage devices. The materials used in this work were procured from Sigma Aldrich company having 99.99% purity and are used without any further purification throughout the research experiment. In the present work, solid polymer blend electrolyte films of PVA (Polyvinyl Alcohol) and PEG (Polyethylene Glycol) doped with different weight percent ratios of NaF (Sodium Fluoride) were prepared by the solution casting method. The effect of NaF concentration on the optical properties of (PVA/PVP-NaF) films has been investigated using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer in the wavelength range (200-800 nm). The optical constants like absorption spectra, transmission spectra, refractive index, extinction coefficient, real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant and optical band gaps are investigated. It was found that the optical energy band gap is decreased upon the increase in NaF salt concentration which is contrary to the variation of conductance. The experimental results show that the optical constants showed clear changes with increasing the doping concentrations. The optical constants such as extinction coefficient, refractive index, and real and imaginary dielectric constants are found to depend on the NaF concentration in the PVA/PEG blended polymer matrix. These physical aspects will contribute to producing a new material that might potentially be used as an alternative or substitute material for many other applications.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Mohammed Irfan
Department of P.G. Studies in Physics, Government Science College (VTU-RRC), Chitradurga-577501, Karnataka, India.

 

Razikha Banu S
Department of P.G. Studies in Physics, Government Science College (VTU-RRC), Chitradurga-577501, Karnataka, India.

 

J. Shilpa
Department of Physics, Navkis College of Engineering, KIADB Thimmanahalli Industrial Area, Kandali – 573217, Hassan, Karnataka, India.

A. Manjunath
Department of P.G. Studies in Physics, Government Science College (VTU-RRC), Chitradurga-577501, Karnataka, India and Department of Physics, Navkis College of Engineering, KIADB Thimmanahalli Industrial Area, Kandali – 573217, Hassan, Karnataka, India.

 

S. S. Mahesh
Department of Physics, Acharya Institute of Technology, Soladevanahalli, Bangalore-560107, Karnataka, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49238-47-3/CH36

Exploring Mechanical Behavior in Pinewood/Polyethylene Composites Under Influence of Moisture, UV Radiation and Coupling Agent | Chapter 4 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 6

The present study aims to comprehensively analyze the effects of moisture absorption-desorption (AD) cycles, the amount of coupling agent, and UV radiation (UV) on the absorbed-desorption moisture and the flexural and tensile properties of WPC made from pinewood waste and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Wood-plastic composites (WPC) incorporate lignocellulosic fillers into plastics to generate advantages in terms of stiffness, mechanical strength, cost-effectiveness and reduced weight. They use lignocellulosic waste to reduce the consumption of natural resources and promote better sustainable practices. First, the effect of UV radiation and the presence of anhydride-grafted polyethylene on the moisture absorption-desorption behavior of the compounds was evaluated, and then its effect on the mechanical properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the surfaces of the samples subjected to these factors and their subsequent damage in the fracture zones of the samples. A two-stage mechanism was observed in the water absorption-desorption process. The first stage is characterized by notable increases in absorption values over the first five cycles, while the second stage of stabilization starts from the sixth cycle. Initial absorption and delamination, capillary action and polymer-wood interaction, swelling, fiber-matrix interaction, and mechanical damage are all included in the first stage. The second stage involves the balance and stabilization step. Statistically, it was found that the changes in humidity values in the absorption and desorption cycles show that UV radiation has a significant contribution with the effect of increasing the absorption and desorption values, while the presence of polyethylene grafted with anhydride has a minor effect with an effect of decreasing those values. UV rays and moisture cycling had a major impact on the composite's tensile and flexural performances. Tensile and flexural characteristics showed only a modest increase of 5–12% when compared to the sample without anhydride–grafted polyethylene and without treatments; however, treatments with UV radiation and moisture absorption–desorption cycles reduced them by up to 45%. The SEM analysis confirmed the deterioration of the composites in the form of microcracks, delaminations, interfacial voids and mechanical failures in both the wood filler and the polyethylene matrix, especially in the samples exposed to ultraviolet radiation, where this deterioration was lower in the samples containing anhydride-grafted polyethylene. The mechanical properties of the composites are influenced by the interactions between the wood filler and the polymer matrix, where UV radiation and humidity cycles produce damage in the interfacial zone. UV radiation primarily contributes to the damage, while moisture absorption-desorption cycles play a secondary role.

 

Author (s) Details

Javier Guillen-Mallette
Centro de Investigacion Científica de Yucatan, Calle 43#130 Chuburna de Hidalgo, 97205 Mérida, México.

 

Irma Flores-Ceron
Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43#130 Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205 Mérida, México.

 

Soledad Cecilia Pech-Cohuo
Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Km 5.5 Carretera Sierra Papacal-Chuburná Puerto, 97302 Mérida, México.

 

Edgar Jose Lopez-Naranjo
Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, José Guadalupe Zuno 48, 45157 Zapopan, México.

 

Carlos Vidal Cupul-Manzano
Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43#130 Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205 Mérida, México.

 

Alex Valadez-Gonzalez
Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43#130 Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205 Mérida, México.

Ricardo Herbe Cruz-Estrada
Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43#130 Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205 Mérida, México.

 

 

Please see the book here:-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v6/12335F

The Third Chapter of Yoga Sūtras: A Problematic Text with a Discussion of Powers | Chapter 1 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 2

The aim of this study is to discuss the problematic nature of the third chapter of the Yoga Sutras. An early discussion of the importance of ascetic powers in the West was offered by Charles Rockwell Lanman of Harvard University in 1917 for the American Philological Association. Because the Yoga Sūtras compiled by Patañjali devote one entire chapter to siddhas (powers) in a text of only four chapters this has caused scholars to offer various reasons for this problematic aspect of the text. After critically reviewing the opinions of scholars with respect to the imbalance in the text to understand Patañjali’s decision, this essay places the text within the historical context of asceticism in India in order to grasp developments that might have shaped the compiler’s mind. The historical development of asceticism in India was also accompanied by many narratives that stressed the importance of ascetic powers and helped to shape Patañjali’s decision to make a quarter of his text about powers, even though these powers were acknowledged to be a hindrance to an aspirant’s final goal.

Around the fourth century CE, the legendary Patañjali, compiler of the Yoga Sūtras, collected elements associated with ascetic practices in order to serve as a guidebook for others. In his attempt to bring unity to the various pre-existing yogic traditions, Patañjali gathered together various elements into aphoristic, cryptic, and esoteric statements (sūtras) that lent themselves more to remembrance and oral transmission. Because the text was incomprehensible, it invited commentaries from authorities with the intention of rendering the text comprehensible to the uninitiated. The Yoga Sūtras consisted of four parts with about three-quarters of the text focusing on technique and the third part of the text concerned with powers gained by yogis practicing the various disciplines. Hence a quarter of the text was concerned with these various supernatural powers called in the introduction to chapter three vibhūtis, but called siddhas in the remainder of the chapter.

According to the contents of the Yoga Sūtras and its third chapter, these powers include the ability to know, for example, the past and future, awareness of past rebirths, ability to read the mind of another person, awareness of the approach of one’s death, intuiting the location of hidden objects, and intuiting the presence of the puruṣa (self). These are examples of cognitive (jñāna) powers. Powers (Siddhas) that are more physical in nature include, for instance, the ability for a yogi to become invisible, have the strength of an elephant, ability to enter the body of another person, levitation, acute hearing, the ability to fly, become disembodied, and gain a perfected body. These various forms of mental and physical powers also find their way into Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain narratives that will be illustrated later in this essay.

A reader of the Yoga Sūtras is informed that these powers are a result of practicing the final three parts (samyama) of the path to liberation that begins with concentration (dhāranā) and includes meditation (dhyāna), and absorption (samādhi), and all major commentators agree that the various powers are results of practicing yoga, and are not the goal of the yogic path. In addition, practitioners are warned not to become attached to the powers gained by yogis because they are a trap that keeps a yogi attached to the world. Nonetheless, within the context of a “how to manual,” it is curious that an entire quarter of the book is devoted to powers (siddhas). Patañjali obviously considered the acquisition of powers to be an essential aspect of the yogic path. This apparent oddity of the text has puzzled scholars, and various attempts have been made by scholars of yoga to attempt to make sense of this feature of the text. This essay proposes to reconsider and attempt to understand what might have motivated Patañjali to devote an entire chapter of his four-chapter text to the subject of yogic powers. To meet this purpose of the essay, it is advisable to review interpretations of these powers by different scholars and then to place these powers into their historical context. Thirdly, examples of yogis/ascetics using powers in various narratives will be included because these stories are part of the cultural milieu in which Patañjali worked on the text. Because the yogi has been an ascetic figure traditionally in Indian culture, I have used the terms yogi and ascetic interchangeably.

Author(s) Details:

Carl Olson,
Allegheny College, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RUDHR-V2/article/view/13499

Evaluating the Shielding Effectiveness (SE) in the Electric Field and Magnetic Field and Plane Wave for Infinite Sheet Metals | Chapter 1 | Fundamental Research and Application of Physical Science Vol. 5

 Shielding photoelectric circuits from electromagnetic interference (EMI) is important in the aerospace industry, particularly for room vehicles, as EMI can have meaningful impacts on the functioning of various devices. Shielding influence (SE) is the industry-standard measure of EMI protecting. This study aims to evaluate the SE of three types of limitless sheet metals against magnetic, energetic fields, and plane waves generated for one electromagnetic pulse from a system. Maxwell's equatings were used to calculate the SE to decide whether the picked tapes conform to the 40 dB SE requirement particularized in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) qualifications. Using MATLAB, absorption loss, thought loss, re-impression correction determinant, and SE were computed. The findings highlight the significance of proper EMI protecting in aerospace design and demonstrate how various sheet metals can specify varying levels of protection against EMI.

Author(s) Details:

Surendraloya,
Department of ECE, K L University, AP, India and Usha Rama College of Engineering and Technology, India.

Habibullakhan,
Department of ECE, K L University, AP, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/FRAPS-V5/article/view/10644

Investigation of Optical Properties of Thin Films by Means of UV-visible Spectrophotometer: A Review| Chapter 5 | New Frontiers in Physical Science Research Vol. 5

 Thin films have existed synthesized using various deposition orders such as chemical usually deposition, vacuum dissolution, thermal dissolution, sputtering, hydrothermal, dip coating arrangement and pulsed laser dethroning. In this work, UV-visible spectrophotometer method was employed to study the optical features and band gap of the obtained thin films. UV-seeable spectrophotometer technique has many benefits such as rapidly study ability, cost effective, flexible and simple to use. This method measures the absorption or transmission of light that pass through the samples as a function of wavelength. The band gap was about 1.5 eV, doubled the solar range.

Author(s) Details:

Ho Soonmin,
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Putra Nilai, 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NFPSR-V5/article/view/8857

Study on Quantum Color Theory | Chapter 10 | New Trends in Physical Science Research Vol. 6

 The hue of the light that an item reflects determines its colour. Thus, colour is not a quality of the thing itself but rather of the light that illuminates it; things are only "colour thieves." The Snell-Descartes law of reflection, on the other hand, stipulates that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection for reflected light. According to this law, only viewers at particular locations are able to discern an object's hue. We all understand, however, that this is untrue, as any observer, from any viewpoint, can see the colour of the item. In this study, we then introduce a novel spectroscopic-based technique for characterising an object's colour: White light from the sun is absorbed by the object's atoms, which subsequently radiate at a frequency specific to the object's hue. We shall be able to describe several phenomena relating to object colour that the classical description cannot account for thanks to the quantum colour theory.

Author(s) Details:

Elie W'ishe Sorongane,
Physics Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NTPSR-V6/article/view/7216

Classical Model of Light Transmission in Optical Media: A Descriptive Study| Chapter 10 | New Trends in Physical Science Research Vol. 2

The goal of this work is to use well-known Classical Physics to thoroughly explain the specific mechanism underlying the observed Fresnel Dragging of light in an experiment like the Fizeau experiment of 1851. The original mathematical approach used to analyse the Fizeau experiment, which discovered the relative speed of light in a moving medium in 1851, assumes that light travels through water in a smooth continuous flow at a slower rate than light travels through a vacuum (relative to the water). As a result, it is believed that the velocity vectors of the water and light may be easily summed. Light, on the other hand, is transmitted through optical media such as water through a continuous process of charge excitation (semi-absorption) and re-emission by the water molecules; despite this, it travels at the speed of light between them (in a vacuum). As a result, the mathematics behind Fresnel dragging must be rewritten such that it can be explained using classical physics, allowing the entire process to be fully understood.

Author(s) Details:

Declan Traill,
8 Leewarra Drive, Glen Waverley, Victoria 3150, Melbourne, Australia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NTPSR-V2/article/view/6622

Study on Enhancement of Microwave Absorption Properties on Modified Kapton Film by Ion Implantation Process | Chapter 3 | Research Trends and Challenges in Physical Science Vol.3

 The goal of this study is to use ions like iron (Fe) or Gadolinium (Gd) to change Kapton-polyimide films and evaluate the relationship between phase existence, magnetic characteristics, and microwave absorption. Ion implantation of Fe and Gd ions at a dose of 1 1017 ions/cm2 and energy ions of 30 keV were used to modify Kapton-polyimide sheets. The existence of phases such as iron oxide, or Gd-oxide, and graphitic Carbon was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The films have a paramagnetic characteristic when measured with a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). The parameters of microwave absorption (MWA) in the X band spectrum were measured using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) (8-12GHz). The MWA of modified Kapton film by Fe and Gd ions was increased from -22dB for Kapton original film to -35dB for S11 vector direction and up to -40dB for S22 vector direction, according to VNA measurements. It may be deduced that the nanostructure of implanted Fe-oxide or Gd-oxide nanoparticles on the Kapton film's near-surface has a role in determining the film's MWA capabilities.

Author(S) Details

S. Purwanto
Centre for Science and Technology of Advance Materials-BATAN, Puspiptek, Serpong 15314, Tangerang Selatan, Banten Province, Indonesia.

A. A. Wisnu
Centre for Science and Technology of Advance Materials-BATAN, Puspiptek, Serpong 15314, Tangerang Selatan, Banten Province, Indonesia.

Yana Taryana
Research Center for Electronics and Telecomunication –LIPI, Bandung Indonesia.

E. Sukirman
Centre for Science and Technology of Advance Materials-BATAN, Puspiptek, Serpong 15314, Tangerang Selatan, Banten Province, Indonesia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RTCPS-V3/article/view/4499

Effect of Cow Dung on Compressive Strength, Density, Abrasion Resistance and Permeability Properties of Earth Brick | Chapter 15 | New Visions in Science and Technology Vol. 7

 The effect of cow dung on the mechanical and durability aspects of earth brick is discussed in this study. Cow faeces chemically stabilised a local earth. When 20% cow dung (by weight of soil) was utilised to stabilise the earth material, it resulted in higher dry and compressive strengths. The dry and wet compressive strengths of bricks stabilised with 20% cow dung content were 6.64 and 2.27 MPa, respectively. The dry compressive strength of bricks stabilised with 20% cow dung increased by around 25% over ordinary earth bricks without stabiliser. Water migration into the brick was reduced due to the 20% cow dung content (i e. lower permeability). Additionally, the abrasion resistance rose by up to 20% when the cow dung content was increased. The conclusion that suitable building design would be necessary to avoid the cow dung stabilised earth bricks from coming into direct contact with rainfall was substantiated by a significant increase in dry compressive strength over wet compressive strength. This study concluded that proper construction specifications are required to avoid extended direct contact with rainfall by cow dung stabilised earth bricks.

Author(S) Details

Peter Paa-Kofi Yalley
Department of Construction and wood Technology Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development (AAMUSTED), Ghana.

Dorothy Manu
Department of Construction and wood Technology Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development (AAMUSTED), Ghana.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVST-V7/article/view/4432

Absorption of Macronutrients in Teleost | Chapter 6 | Current Approaches in Science and Technology Research Vol. 6

 Teleosts make good use of macronutrients to maintain growth, metabolism, and development. In general, small and solubilized nutrients released during compound dietary asset digestion within the digestive lumen are successively transported across the brush border membrane following a concentration gradient, either by simple diffusion or with the assistance of specific transporters that can carry nutrients across the membrane. regardless of the concentration gradient Nutrients are transported from the enterocytes to the circulatory system via the basolateral membrane. The purpose of this article is to bring together existing knowledge on the nutrient transporter systems of intestinal absorptive enterocytes from various teleost fishes under one umbrella. It was discovered that the fish's entire digestive tract was not equally capable of absorbing nutrients. Furthermore, several internal physiological as well as external chemical and environmental factors can influence teleost macronutrient absorption.

Author (S) Details

Mr. Sanjeet Debnath
Department of Zoology, Aquatic Ecology and Fish Biology Laboratory, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal- 731235, India.

Ms. Sangeeta Roy
Department of Zoology, Aquatic Ecology and Fish Biology Laboratory, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal- 731235, India.

Dr. Surjya Kumar Saikia
Department of Zoology, Aquatic Ecology and Fish Biology Laboratory, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal- 731235, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CASTR-V6/article/view/1719

An Advanced Study on Optimization and Characterization of Nano Aluminum Trihydrate-Based Flame-Retardant Materials in the Rotating Packed Bed Reactor | Chapter 9 | New Ideas Concerning Science and Technology Vol. 8

In a rotating packed-bed (RPB) reactor, nano aluminium trihydate (ATH) particles were prepared using a CO₂/NaAlO₂/H₂O absorption-reaction system (Phase I). An orthogonal array, L₉, was created using the Taguchi experimental design (3⁴). The rotational speed (A), gas-liquid flow rate ratio (B), ageing temperature (C), and ageing time (D) were all three-level parameters. The larger-the-better for the BET region (S_w) was found to be A3B3C1D1, while the parameter significance was DABC, according to the signal/noise (S/N) ratio analysis. S_w's empirical formula was also discovered and debated. Following that, the optimum size (10.7 nm) of ATH powders is used to blend with the matrix (Phase II), which included plastics and additives, for more characterization. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of composite materials was found to be greater than 28, suggesting that they have excellent fire-retarding properties. To find the best conditions for making nano-ATH, researchers used the Taguchi process. The thermal analysis, particle size, grain size, powder morphology, and particle size were all examined. The results also revealed that the LOI for nano ATH is higher than that purchased on the market, and that both ATHs passed the fire-retarding grade review (UL-94 test) with a V-0 grade. In addition, before using ATH from the market, the mechanical properties of nano ATH were calculated. Finally, the mechanism provides an incentive for certain industries to catch CO₂.

Author (s) Details

Pao Chi Chen
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Lunghwa University of Science and Technology, Taiwan.

L. C. Yang
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Lunghwa University of Science and Technology, Taiwan.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NICST-V8/issue/view/45