An Appraisal of the Variation in the Physico– mechanical Properties of Granitic Aggregates: Focus on Some Quarry Sites in Ogun State, Nigeria| Chapter 10 | Emerging Trends in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 5

 

Coarse aggregate is an essential constituent of concrete constituting about 60% to 80% of concrete depending on the mix ratio. Granite is reported to be the most widely distributed plutonic rock in the earth crust. It is predominantly available in various parts of Ogun State of Nigeria. Its different properties have been known to strongly influence the fresh and hardened state properties of concrete. In this study, samples of four different sizes of granites (9.5 mm, 12.5 mm, 19 mm and 25 mm) were obtained from four different quarry sites across the state. Sieve analysis was carried out on samples from all the locations while the physical properties such as specific gravity, moisture content and water absorption and the Mechanical properties such as aggregate impact value and aggregate crushing value of the samples were evaluated. The result of the sieve analysis reveals that there are variations in the gradations of samples from the various locations. The results of the specific gravity, moisture content and water absorption vary from 2.61 to 2.86, 0.69 to 1.22%, 0.16 to 2.13% respectively. While the aggregate impact value and aggregate crushing value vary from 18.30 to 28.12% and 6.21 to 9.45% respectively. It was therefore concluded that there are variations in the physical and mechanical properties of granites produced in Ogun State of Nigeria. The observed variations occur in relation to the various sizes and for the different quarry sites.  

 

Author(s) Details.

S. S. Omopariola

Department of Civil Engineering, The Federal Polytechnic Ilaro, Ilaro, Ogun State, Nigeria.

A. A. Jimoh

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/etert/v5

Effect of Rolling and Post-Rolling Cooling Strategies on Microstructure and Properties of S355 Structural Steel| Chapter 4 | Engineering Research: Perspectives on Recent Advances Vol. 11

 

Structural rolled steels are the primary products of modern ferrous metallurgy. The S355 grade, according to EN 10025, specifies that steel sheets with 16–40 mm thickness should have a yield tensile strength of not less than 345 MPa and an ultimate tensile strength within the 470–630 MPa interval. These sheets are typically produced using low-carbon Mn-Si steel with micro-additions of carbide/nitride-forming elements (Nb, Ti, V, and Al). Enhancing the mechanical properties of rolled steel using energy-saving processing routes without furnace heating for additional heat treatment is advisable. This study compared the effect on the mechanical properties of structural steel for different processing routes, like conventional hot rolling, normalising, thermo-mechanically controlled processing (TMCP), and TMCP with accelerating cooling (AC) to 550oC or 460oC. The material studied was a 20 mm-thick sheet of S355N grade (EN 10025) made of low-carbon (V+Nb+Al)-micro-alloyed steel. It was found that using different processing routes could increase the mechanical properties of the steel sheets from S355N to S550QL1 grade without additional heat treatment costs. The optimal temperature for finish rolling during normalising rolling is 840oC, enabling the enhancement of steel’s mechanical properties to the E420N grade through grain refinement (ASTM grain size numbers 10–11). Further increase in steel strength was achieved by the application of TMCP. The best combination of strength and low-temperature toughness, equivalent to the S550Q grade, is achieved through TMCP followed by AC to 550oC. This process forms a quasi-polygonal/acicular ferrite structure with minor fractions of dispersed pearlite and martensite-austenite islands, resulting in ductile-brittle transition temperatures of –48.5oC and –36.5oC in the longitudinal and transverse directions, respectively. The contributions of various structural factors to the yield strength and ductile-brittle transition temperature were calculated and correlate well with experimental data. The proposed technologies eliminate the need for normalisation with furnace heating. The practical significance of the results has been demonstrated through reducing production costs connected with natural gas consumption.

 

Author(s) Details

 

Efremenko B.V.
Pryazovskyi State Technical University, 49044 Dnipro, Ukraine.

 

Stavrovskaia V.E.
Pryazovskyi State Technical University, 49044 Dnipro, Ukraine.

 

Sili I.I.
Pryazovskyi State Technical University, 49044 Dnipro, Ukraine.

 

Chabak, Y.G.
Pryazovskyi State Technical University, 49044 Dnipro, Ukraine and Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 04001 Kosice, Slovak Republic.

 

Efremenko V.G.
Pryazovskyi State Technical University, 49044 Dnipro, Ukraine and Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 04001 Kosice, Slovak Republic.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/erpra/v11/6364

Post-Processing Heat Treatment of LPBF 316L Steel: Influence on Microstructure-Properties Evolution | Chapter 2| Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 5

 

This study evaluates the effects of post-processing annealing (900-1200 oC) and work hardening followed by recrystallisation annealing on the microstructure and properties of laser powder bed fused (LPBF) 316L stainless steel, aiming to optimise its mechanical and corrosion performance. As-built LPBF 316L exhibits a cellular microstructure with Cr/Mo segregations, providing high strength and hardness. Annealing at 900-1050 oC eliminates the cellular structure, reduces dislocation density, and forms recrystallised grains, decreasing yield tensile strength (YTS) and hardness by 1.3-1.4 times while peaking ductility (total elongation 68 %) and impact toughness (128 J/cm²) at 900 oC. However, higher temperatures (1200 oC) moderately increase strength but significantly reduce ductility, toughness, and corrosion resistance due to nano-sized (MnCrSiAl)O₃ inclusion precipitation and transition to Mo-rich oxides, coarsening particles, and degrading the passive film. Corrosion resistance is least affected at 1050 oC but remains inferior to the as-built state. Prestraining (0.12 plastic strain) increases YTS by 1.2-1.7 times (to 690-699 MPa) and ultimate tensile strength by ~1.2 times (762-770 MPa) but reduces ductility by 1.5 times. Subsequent annealing at 900-1050 oC induces recovery and partial recrystallisation, restoring ductility and achieving a strength-ductility product of 40.3 GPa·%, though prior thermal stabilisation hinders recrystallisation. All specimens exhibit ductile fractures with fine/ultra-fine dimples. High-temperature annealing (900-1200 oC) fails to comprehensively enhance properties (including corrosion resistance), suggesting that as-built or prestrained-and-annealed LPBF 316L offers a better balance of strength, ductility, and impact toughness for engineering applications.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Efremenko B.V
Pryazovskyi State Technical University, 49044 Dinpro, Ukraine.

 

Chabak Yu.G.
Pryazovskyi State Technical University, 49044 Dinpro, Ukraine and Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 04001 Kosice, Slovak Republic.

 

Petryshynets I.
Pryazovskyi State Technical University, 49044 Dinpro, Ukraine and Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 04001 Kosice, Slovak Republic.

 

Efremenko V.G.
Pryazovskyi State Technical University, 49044 Dinpro, Ukraine and Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 04001 Kosice, Slovak Republic.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v5/6099

Development and Mechanical Characterization of LLDPE-PP Composites Reinforced with Coconut Shell Powder | Chapter 4 | Chemical and Materials Sciences - Developments and Innovations Vol. 4

 

Composite materials are characterized by several physical and mechanical properties that make them without rival in some applications requiring low weight and suitable strength. The interest in natural fibers reinforced composite materials is due to their environmental benefits, reduced industrial raw material consumption, and low cost. The objective of the present work entails the preparation of PP-LLDPE - Coconut shell powder composite materials, the determination of their optimal preparation conditions and the characterization of their physical and mechanical properties. Composite material samples were prepared by melt mixing the batch constituents in the internal mixer chamber at 170 ºC and 50-rpm rotation speed and pressing the mixed batch at 170 ºC and 20 tons pressure. The specific weight of PP-LLDPE blends was determined using the Archimedes method, and their mechanical characterization was based on tensile tests on standard specimens.

 

Measured specific weight values of PP-LLDPE blends fall between those of PP and LLDPE and follow nearly the rule of mixture. Specific weight results for PP-LLDPE blends comply with minor porosity of less than 1%. The optimal conditions for the preparation of PP-LLDPE- Coconut shell powder composite materials were batch mixing at 170 ºC and 50-rpm rotation speed and batch pressing at 170 ºC and 20 tons pressure. Tensile results for PP-LLDPE blends showed improvement of tensile stress and Young modulus and a decrease of elongation at break with the increase of PP content. The addition of Coconut shell powder to PP-LLDPE blends induces a gradual decrease in tensile stress and elongation at break and a gradual increase in Young modulus. Tensile results confirmed also that coconut shell powder content could be increased up to 50 wt. % while preserving a suitable range of mechanical properties where tensile strength varied between 10- 30 MPa. This confirms the possibility of varying these composite constituents according to the requirement of the envisaged application without coconut shell powder treatment, using compatibilizers and interfacial promoting bonding agents (silane compounds) between this powder and PP-LLDPE polymer blends.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Al Sara Kenan

Department of Physics, Higher Institute for Applied Science and Technology (HIAST), Syria.

Jabrah Rafi

Department of Physics, Higher Institute for Applied Science and Technology (HIAST), Syria.

Al Deri Fawaz

Chemistry Department, Damascus University, Syria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v4/6888E

Assessment of Mechanical Properties of Clay Containing Smectite and Carbonate | Chapter 2 | Chemical and Materials Sciences - Developments and Innovations Vol. 4

 

The present study highlights about mechanical properties of clay containing smectite and carbonate. Numerous research has examined the relationship between the mechanical behavior and physicochemical characteristics of clays. Because they are relevant to various fields, such as cleanup, mud drilling, civil engineering, and the storage of radioactive and hazardous waste, the mechanical properties of clays are very significant. The smectite used in this work is from southwestern Tunisia, specifically from Oued Tfal, near the town of Gafsa, and is referred to as “OT”. This study involved characterizing the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the raw clay following treatment with hydrochloric acid and purification. The work aims at elucidating the influence of the pure clay fraction, including compensating cations, on the clay’s hydromechanical properties. The thermal study sample revealed 32.5% of carbonates in the raw clay. The elimination of carbonates by acid attack yielded the following results: If treatment by 0.5M HCl represents a total elimination of carbonates, the clay fraction probably contains altered layers. To eliminate the excess carbonate (6.03%), the sample was treated with 0.4 M HCl without deterioration of the structure of the silicate fraction. The hydromechanical study of three clay samples (raw (OT), purified (OTNa), and 0.4M HCl-treated) clearly showed the relationship between the cation exchange capacity, the percentage of carbonate content, and the swelling pressure. In the oedometer-based mechanical study, the measures of swelling pressures under constant load yielded values of 15.46, 90.00, and 274.60 kPa for OT, OT (0.4), and OTNa, respectively. These values highlight the high swelling of the clay fraction of the deposit of Oued Tfal, and the effect of carbonate on the mechanical stability of this clay, as 6% carbonates significantly altered the swelling properties of the clay.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

M. Mhamdi

Laboratory for the Application of Materials to the Environment, Water and Energy LAMEEE (LAM3E), Science Faculty of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, 2112 Gafsa, Tunisia, Laboratory of Applications of Chemistry to Natural Resources and Substances and the Environment (LACReSNE), Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia and Chemistry Department, Al Baha University, Al Bahah, Saudi Arabia.

 

 

N. Gasmi

Laboratory of Applications of Chemistry to Natural Resources and Substances and the Environment (LACReSNE), Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia.

E. Elaloui

Laboratory for the Application of Materials to the Environment, Water and Energy LAMEEE (LAM3E), Science Faculty of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, 2112 Gafsa, Tunisia.

N. Kbir-Ariguib

Laboratory of Applications of Chemistry to Natural Resources and Substances and the Environment (LACReSNE), Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia.

M. Trabelsi -Ayadi

Laboratory of Applications of Chemistry to Natural Resources and Substances and the Environment (LACReSNE), Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v4/788

Spatial Variability of Mechanical Properties of Sedimentary Rocks in the Jiu Valley Basin: A Stress-strain Curve Analysis | Chapter 6 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 10

The study aimed to evaluate the geomechanical characteristics of sedimentary rocks in the Jiu Valley coal basin, with the purpose of providing relevant data for the design and execution of mining works under safe conditions. A significant number of rock samples were analyzed, representative of the various lithological types and zones of the basin. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the mechanical behavior of rocks under load, with a focus on strength, deformability, and failure mode. The results obtained highlighted a significant heterogeneity of geomechanical properties, influenced by factors such as mineralogical composition, geological structure, and degree of alteration. The study identified that the sedimentary rocks in Jiu Valley can be classified according to strength into three main categories: very low-strength rocks, low-strength rocks, and medium-strength rocks. A close correlation was also observed between the mechanical behavior of rocks and the presence of structural defects, such as fissures and fractures. A detailed analysis of stress-strain curves allowed the identification of two main types of behavior: elastic, with work hardening, and inelastic, characteristic of low-strength rocks. These differences in behavior have important implications for the stability of mining works, influencing the mode of crack propagation and deformations induced by mining. In conclusion, the study highlighted the geomechanical complexity of sedimentary rocks in the Jiu Valley basin. The obtained data can be used to develop more accurate numerical models and to optimize the design of mining works, thus contributing to increasing the safety and efficiency of mining operations in this area. Through extensive laboratory and field investigations, coupled with analytical studies, we have obtained objective data on the geomechanical laws governing the rock mass. These findings allow for a quantitative and qualitative description of its deformation behavior, aiding in the understanding of stress conditions and facilitating the development of new methods to ensure the stability of mining operations. These studies focused on determining the characteristics of strength and deformation necessary to classify these rocks and facilitate the study of their rheological behavior.

 

Author (s) Details

Mihaela Toderas
Mining Engineering, Surveying and Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Mines, University of Petrosani, 332006 Petrosani, Romania.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v10/2783

Rheological and Dynamic Mechanical Characteristics of Abutilon Natural Straw and Polylactic Acid Biocomposites: A Detailed Study | Chapter 6 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Developments and Innovations Vol. 10

In recent years, the requirement for environmentally friendly materials has increased to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and prevent global environmental concerns. Recently, natural fibers have become attractive materials to engineers, scientists, and researchers as an alternative reinforcement for biocomposites. In this study, polylactic acid/abutilon natural straw biocomposites with various abutilon straw weight fractions were prepared by melt blending. The differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) results showed a significant influence of the abutilon straw on the melting behavior of PLA, even at low abutilon straw contents. The dynamic mechanical analysis demonstrated that the storage modulus, as well as the tan delta of the biocomposites, increased when the abutilon straw content increased, which indicates better interaction between abutilon natural straw and PLA. The incorporation of abutilon straw into biocomposites provided favorable changes in rheology related to the matrix. SEM observation revealed good dispersion of the abutilon straw in PLA. The direct relation between straw content and tan delta also proved the better interaction between abutilon natural straw and PLA. However, the rheological properties decreased with the abutilon straw addition, the most significant effect seen again with the further increasing straw content. This study might be further extended to see the effect of temperature on the rheological properties.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Hua Wang
College of Textiles, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China.

 

Hafeezullah Memon
Donghua University Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China and Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China.

 

Elwathig A. M. Hassan
Donghua University Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China, State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China and Industries Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira, Wad Madani 21111, Sudan.

 

Tienah H. H. Elagib
State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China.

Fadl Elmoula A. A. Hassan
Industries Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira, Wad Madani 21111, Sudan.

 

Muhuo Yu
Donghua University Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China and State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v10/4105

Exploring Mechanical Behavior in Pinewood/Polyethylene Composites Under Influence of Moisture, UV Radiation and Coupling Agent | Chapter 4 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 6

The present study aims to comprehensively analyze the effects of moisture absorption-desorption (AD) cycles, the amount of coupling agent, and UV radiation (UV) on the absorbed-desorption moisture and the flexural and tensile properties of WPC made from pinewood waste and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Wood-plastic composites (WPC) incorporate lignocellulosic fillers into plastics to generate advantages in terms of stiffness, mechanical strength, cost-effectiveness and reduced weight. They use lignocellulosic waste to reduce the consumption of natural resources and promote better sustainable practices. First, the effect of UV radiation and the presence of anhydride-grafted polyethylene on the moisture absorption-desorption behavior of the compounds was evaluated, and then its effect on the mechanical properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the surfaces of the samples subjected to these factors and their subsequent damage in the fracture zones of the samples. A two-stage mechanism was observed in the water absorption-desorption process. The first stage is characterized by notable increases in absorption values over the first five cycles, while the second stage of stabilization starts from the sixth cycle. Initial absorption and delamination, capillary action and polymer-wood interaction, swelling, fiber-matrix interaction, and mechanical damage are all included in the first stage. The second stage involves the balance and stabilization step. Statistically, it was found that the changes in humidity values in the absorption and desorption cycles show that UV radiation has a significant contribution with the effect of increasing the absorption and desorption values, while the presence of polyethylene grafted with anhydride has a minor effect with an effect of decreasing those values. UV rays and moisture cycling had a major impact on the composite's tensile and flexural performances. Tensile and flexural characteristics showed only a modest increase of 5–12% when compared to the sample without anhydride–grafted polyethylene and without treatments; however, treatments with UV radiation and moisture absorption–desorption cycles reduced them by up to 45%. The SEM analysis confirmed the deterioration of the composites in the form of microcracks, delaminations, interfacial voids and mechanical failures in both the wood filler and the polyethylene matrix, especially in the samples exposed to ultraviolet radiation, where this deterioration was lower in the samples containing anhydride-grafted polyethylene. The mechanical properties of the composites are influenced by the interactions between the wood filler and the polymer matrix, where UV radiation and humidity cycles produce damage in the interfacial zone. UV radiation primarily contributes to the damage, while moisture absorption-desorption cycles play a secondary role.

 

Author (s) Details

Javier Guillen-Mallette
Centro de Investigacion Científica de Yucatan, Calle 43#130 Chuburna de Hidalgo, 97205 Mérida, México.

 

Irma Flores-Ceron
Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43#130 Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205 Mérida, México.

 

Soledad Cecilia Pech-Cohuo
Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Km 5.5 Carretera Sierra Papacal-Chuburná Puerto, 97302 Mérida, México.

 

Edgar Jose Lopez-Naranjo
Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, José Guadalupe Zuno 48, 45157 Zapopan, México.

 

Carlos Vidal Cupul-Manzano
Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43#130 Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205 Mérida, México.

 

Alex Valadez-Gonzalez
Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43#130 Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205 Mérida, México.

Ricardo Herbe Cruz-Estrada
Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43#130 Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205 Mérida, México.

 

 

Please see the book here:-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v6/12335F

Effect of Supercritical CO2 Fluid on Mechanical Properties of Hemp Fibers | Chapter 2 | Science and Technology - Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 4

Hemp fibers have gained increasing attention these last years for their diverse applications, ranging from textiles to construction materials. However, the conventional methods of processing hemp fibers often involve harsh chemicals and high energy consumption, posing environmental concerns. In this context, the utilization of supercritical CO₂ (scCO₂) technology presents a promising alternative due to its environmentally friendly nature. This study aims to assess the efficiency of this technology for the pretreatment of hemp fiber materials, with a focus on evaluating fiber quality improvements. The obtained results show a promising quality of hemp fibers after this specific pretreatment, especially in the presence of a swelling agent. The scCO₂ treatment appeared to remove non-cellulosic compounds from the fiber, thereby resulting in an improvement in its appearance and a decrease in its linear density. We should continue this investigation through further studies since it is an environmentally benign process.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Harrabi L
Université de Haute-Alsace, Mulhouse, France.

 

Almuhamed R
Université de Haute-Alsace, Mulhouse, France.

 

Drean JY
Université de Haute-Alsace, Mulhouse, France.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v4/11840F

Determination of Sugarcane Bagasse Fiber Reinforced Low Density Polyethylene Composites | Chapter 5 | Current Approaches in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 2

 

The purpose of this research highlights about cellulose and cellulignin fibres obtained from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) waste can be used as reinforcing filler in a thermoplastic polymer matrix. Natural fiber composites are one of the most appealing replacements for non-biodegradable glass and carbon fibers in the fabrication of thermosetting and thermoplastic composites. In the recent decade, there has been an increase in global warming, environmental changes, and other issues. Environmentally friendly products, such as natural composite materials, are being developed by researchers and academics to protect life on the planet. The injection method was used to create the low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) composites. Fiber loading was set to be varied from 10 to 30 wt%. To improve interfacial bonding, the fibres were chemically modified using an alkali treatment, and the effects on the fiber/matrix interaction were evaluated using scanning electron micrographs (SEM). Tensile, impact, and hardness were used to determine the mechanical properties and corrosion tests. The study found that sugarcane bagasse fibers, like other natural fibers, reinforce polyethylene. The treated SCB fibers' tensile strength and modulus were found to be greatly increased by around 13% and 196%, respectively, when compared to plain LDPE. This was owing to the observed improvement in interfacial adhesion between the fiber and matrix. The impact resistance and hardness of the composite enhanced by 55.28% and 26%, respectively, over neat LDPE. According to SEM analysis, the alkali treatment affected the morphology of fibers.

 

Author(s) Details:-

 

Dalia Saber
Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt and Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Taif University, Saudi Arabia.

 

Mohamed A. El-Meniawy
Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.

 

Ayman M. Abdelhaleim
Mechanical Design and Production Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.

 

Asmaa H. Abdelnaby
Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.

 

Kh. Abd El-Aziz
Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt and Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.

 

Please see the link here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caert/v2/8578E

Quality Control Assessment of Road Construction in Thailand Using the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer | Chapter 8 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 9

 Direct monitoring of the mechanical properties (e.g. stiffness and strength) plays a crucial role for quantitative evaluations and is also consistent with current mechanistic-empirical (M-E) pavement design procedures, which require the mechanical properties of unbound materials.  In this study, a convenient dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) was employed to assess the penetration resistance of unbound materials (e.g. crushed rock base, soil-aggregate subbase, sand embankment, natural subgrade etc.) in the laboratory and the road construction sites in Thailand in companion with the conventional compaction control tests.  Penetration resistance of unbound materials in terms of DCP index divided by the deviation of compaction moisture content from the optimum moisture content (OMC) in companion with typical earthwork compaction acceptance criteria for a given material type was proposed to enhance construction quality control, to ensure proper compaction quality, to attain structural uniformity, and to facilitate quantitative evaluations of a controlled design parameter during road construction process.  Ultimately, the moisture content had a significant impact on the mechanical behavior and needed to be limited after construction.  On the other hand, the effect of RC on DPI of the compacted unbound materials was relatively minor compared to moisture content.  The quality control assessment (QCA) parameter was also introduced in order to ensure proper compaction quality and to attain structural uniformity during road construction.

Author(s) Details:

A Sawangsuriya,
Department of Highways, Thailand.

S Wachiraporn,
Mahanakorn University of Technology, Thailand.

W Sramoon,
Mahanakorn University of Technology, Thailand.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIEGES-V9/article/view/13929

The Creation of Composite Materials and Gels on the Base of Arabinogalactan | Chapter 4 | Current Innovations in Chemical and Materials Sciences Vol. 3

 Natural complex carbohydrate arabinogalactan (AG), contained in Siberian larch in the form of liquid-complex in a liquid state, plays the role of a eutectic plasticizer over a off-course temperature range, on account of which larch survives at reduced temperatures. At present time AG is used indifferent fields including feed industry, veterinary, cure at al. One of the promising extents of its use is also the concoction of biodegradable polymer composites accompanying synthetic and type polymers. Compositions of AG with polymers of different classes (reduced-density polyethelene and referring to practices or policies that do not negatively affect the environment polyester polylactide) were obtained in the dimensional state under conditions of cut deformations and their mechanical traits were measured. It was proved that PLA-based fabrics are more rigid and have lower extension at break than LDPE-AG composites. Hydrogels based on AG crosslinked by ethylene glycol diglycidyl heavenly and glutaric aldehyde were also obtained. The study of their conduct suggested that the use of AG in the form of intense solutions accompanying low stickiness is more preferable.

Author(s) Details:

S. Z. Rogovina,
Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.

E. L. Akim,
St. Petersburg State University of Industrial Technologies and Design, St. Petersburg, 191186, Russia.

S. A. Dubrovskii,
Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.

A. A. Berlin,
Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CICMS-V3/article/view/12418

Selected Properties of Wood-Based Panels as a Function of Raw Material, Applied Treatment and Exposure Conditions | Chapter 4 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 2

 Wood located-panels are products in which forest is present in the form of chips, strips, veneers, strings or fibres. They were originally developed to supply utility panel fabrics with uniform characteristics. These panels are versatile products accompanying a wide sort of end uses due to the features they present. They have a long record of continuous optimization. However, skilled is still a long way expected fully developed, new panels are ongoing examined and produced. In this chapter picked properties of particleboards, familiarize strand boards (OSB) and fibreboards (MDF) under different situations and exposure conditions are began. The findings of differing studies presented in this work commit have practical requests for a better capitalization of wood system in furniture manufacturing and to get value-additional products.

Author(s) Details:

Emilia-Adela Salca,
Transilvania University of Brasov, Eroilor 29, 500036 Brasov, Romania.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V2/article/view/11618

Tunable Thermal Conductivity and Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane Aerogels Showing High Transparency | Chapter 10 | Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Materials Sciences Vol. 1

 Herein, the combining of polyurethane-based aerogels is described. Then, these fabrics are characterized and the influence of various catalyst contents in the formulations on the definitive properties is studied. Tunable warm conductivities are reached by changing the something which incites activity amount, since this determinant also has a strong effect on the aerogel nanostructures. Thus, warm conductivity values grazing from 11.7 to 24.2 mW/mK can be got, reaching the most insulating profit for polyurethane aerogels in the literature. Finally, the stiffness and stretchiness of these materials was judged by mechanical compression experiments. The adaptable modulus followed a clear trend accompanying the catalyst concentration, and, then, with the absorbent structure obtaining principles from 0.13 to 6.32 MPa. Thus, in this work, the structure-features relationship of these matters has been explored, attaining the production of super-insulating matters with tailorable stiffness together with ocular transparency leading to on-demand uses. The exceptional insulation of silica aerogels was attained at the same time that their comprehensive brittleness was improved while consistency good transparency to visible light (85 %, 650 nm) suitable promising fabrics.

Author(s) Details:

Beatriz Merillas,
Condensed Matter Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Cellular Materials Laboratory (CellMat), University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.

Fernando Villafañe,
Faculty of Science, GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica, University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.

Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Pérez,
Condensed Matter Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Cellular Materials Laboratory (CellMat), University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain and BioEcoUVA Research Institute on Bioeconomy, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTEIMS-V1/article/view/10538

Analysis of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Rocks in the Karst Region of Pangkep Regency, South Sulawesi| Chapter 8 | Fundamental Research and Application of Physical Science Vol. 1

 Panaikang, Biraeng Village, Minasate'ne District is individual of the villages in the Pangkep karst area that has a topographical study of animal with many cracks, fissures, and craters on the surface. The karst establishment strongly depends on the process of separating carbonate rocks due to interplay with the water. Physical and machinelike properties are main limits that determine accomplishment of rock in the karst region. This study calculated porosity, density and compressive substance of rock in the karst region of the Pangkep Regency to decide its efficiency. The rock samples used were 10 rocks captured from the karst area accompanying a minimum distance of each sample about 10 meters. The results showed that the rock types noticed at the karst area are dolomite rock formed from sediment and a modified rock formed from sediment with range of porosity profit of 0–5% and 5–50%, respectively. As a consequence, the rocks in the karst region have varied compressive substance. Compressive strength results show that the lower principles of porosities (i.e.  0–5%) pertain the range of compressive substance values of 25-50 MPa while the larger values of porosities (that is 5–25%) correspond to the range of compressive substance values of 5-25 MPa. Whereas the rock densities principles were in the range of 2.2-2.7 gr/cm3. The karst area in Panaikang Village, Biraeng Village, Minasate'ne District, is governed by limestone, that has the potential to become a excavating area or rock digging used as a natural resources for cement, carbide, bleaching agent for making beverage ash, acid neutralizing soil manure, ceramic manufacturing, rubber and exhaust industry.

Author(s) Details:

Muhammad Arsyad,
Earth Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Kampus UNM Parangtambung Jl. Daeng Tata Raya Makassar 90224, Indonesia.

Vistarani Arini Tiwow,
Earth Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Kampus UNM Parangtambung Jl. Daeng Tata Raya Makassar 90224, Indonesia.

Agus Susanto,
Earth Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Kampus UNM Parangtambung Jl. Daeng Tata Raya Makassar 90224, Indonesia.

Sulistiawaty,
Earth Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Kampus UNM Parangtambung Jl. Daeng Tata Raya Makassar 90224, Indonesia.

Iitra Achbar Sahdian,
Earth Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Kampus UNM Parangtambung Jl. Daeng Tata Raya Makassar 90224, Indonesia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/FRAPS-V1/article/view/10035

Properties of Bio-Boards Produced from the Mixture of Gigantochloa scortechinii and Themeda arguens as an Alternative to Future Timber| Chapter 1 | Current Overview on Science and Technology Research Vol. 10

 The fabrics from the non-wood wood resources as well as the land resources maybe as an alternative raw material for wood industry. Thus, the characterizations of composite boards from two grass family of Gigantochloa scortechinii and Themeda arguens were examined to develop an environmental bio-composite board. The two species were amassed at their respective ripened ages. They were segregated, cut and chipped into tinier pieces, and mixed at five various ratios. They were later mixed fully and bonded together utilizing 12 % and 14 % Urea-formaldehyde (UF) and hot rushed into composite boards. Hardener and wax were additional at 1% and 3% weights, respectively, all along the mixing process. European standards processes were followed in the board’s development and testing. The boards were tested for tangible, mechanical and warm characterizations by using thermogravimetric analysis. The GT composite boards from 100% G. gigantochloa, and boards at ratio 30:70 (G. scortechini and T. arguens) created the best characterization in agreements of the values in the material, mechanical and thermal traits. The findings plan that ratios and resin details influence the GT composites board properties.

Author(s) Details:

Razak Wahab,
Centre of Excellence in Wood Engineered Products (CeWEP), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia and University of Technology Sarawak (UTS), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Rashidah Kamarulzaman,
University of Technology Sarawak (UTS), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Mohamad Saiful Sulaiman,
Centre of Excellence in Wood Engineered Products (CeWEP), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia and University of Technology Sarawak (UTS), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Hashim W. Samsi,
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Sofiyah Mohd Razali,
Centre of Excellence in Wood Engineered Products (CeWEP), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia and University of Technology Sarawak (UTS), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Taharah Edin,
University of Technology Sarawak (UTS), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Nasihah Mokhtar,
Centre of Excellence in Wood Engineered Products (CeWEP), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia and University of Technology Sarawak (UTS), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Muhammad Haziq Razak,
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 11800 USM Penang, Malaysia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/COSTR-V10/article/view/8901

Compressive Strength of Waste Utilized Concretes through Bio-mineralization Technique | Chapter 3 | Current Overview on Science and Technology Research Vol. 4

 Large amounts of concrete were created during the construction of buildings, while 30–40% of the trash came from demolitions. Out of a total annual production of about 33 tonnes of copper slag worldwide, 6 to 6.5 tonnes are generated in India. India produces over 2 million tonnes of e-waste each year, and this material is already posing major environmental and public health risks. The strength of waste-derived concrete will decrease, making the employment of a different method to improve its qualities necessary. Concrete that "heals" cracks on its own thanks to new technology offers a promising future for decreasing the inevitable deterioration of concrete structures and the astronomical maintenance costs that go along with it. The abundance of organisms with outstanding talents found in nature, which surrounds us, may serve as an inspiration for the creation of cutting-edge regeneration techniques. Numerous professionals in the fields of civil engineering and biotechnology have resorted to microorganisms to produce bio-building materials that are strong and ecologically sound as well as societally and economically feasible. In this work, the use of waste materials in concrete is investigated, and the compressive strength of concrete with waste replacement is determined. A spore-forming bacteria called Bacillus subtilis was utilised as an additive to enhance the characteristics of concrete, and three primary Wastes, including Demolition Wastes, Copper Slag, and E-Wastes, were chosen to replace aggregate. According to the findings, self-healing technology results in a large and productive rise in mechanical characteristics.

Author(s) Details:

I. Rohini,
Faculty of Building and Environment, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, India.

R. Padmapriya,
Faculty of Building and Environment, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/COSTR-V4/article/view/8281

Formulation and Evaluation of Captopril Mouth Dissolving Film: A Recent Study | Chapter 07 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 7

 Fast dissolving films are now favoured over traditional tablets and capsules for disguising the taste of bitter medications and increasing patient compliance. When placed on the tongue, fast dissolving films consist of a very thin oral strip that dissolves in less than one minute. The purpose of this study is to create captopril mouth dissolving films and assess the effects of various formulation parameters on the films' physical and mechanical properties, as well as drug release behaviour. The film forming polymer was hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC E15 and K4M) in various grades. In addition, the discussion goes over the various manufacturing procedures for film preparation. The disintegration times of formulations were found to be in the range of (52 2.5 to 125.6 2.02 s). Formula F2 had the quickest in vitro disintegration time (52 2.5 s) and was found to be suitable for film production due to its perfect physicochemical properties, rapid disintegration, and optimal in vitro release. It is possible to conclude that the solvent casting method can be used to produce captopril mouth dissolving films with a higher dissolution rate and better patient compliance.

Author(S) Details

V. T. Iswariya
Department of Pharmaceutics CMR College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

P. Deepika
Department of Pharmaceutics CMR College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Sowjanya Battu
Department of Pharmaceutics CMR College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPRD-V7/article/view/5416

Application of Mollusc Seashell as Aggregate in Concrete | Chapter 6 | Novel Perspectives of Engineering Research Vol. 3

 Recycling waste materials in cement-based products has been the subject of recent studies on sustainable construction. Large quantities of mollusk seashells are frequently discarded as rubbish along beaches or in landfills, bringing health and environmental problems including as pollution and vector breeding. Mollusc seashell waste is managed by recycling the seashell as a partial or complete replacement for natural aggregate in concrete. Cockle, mussel, oyster, periwinkle, and scallop shells have been utilised as coarse and fine aggregate replacements in concrete. The calcium carbonate content of mollusc seashells is similar to that of limestone-type rocks. Although mollusk seashells contain chlorides, sulphates, and harmful organic materials, their contents can be reduced by washing and boiling. The qualities of mollusc seashell concrete, as well as the treatment, preparation, and features of mollusk seashells, are covered in this chapter. The existing state, limitations, and future potential of mollusk seashell in sustainable concrete building are also discussed. Concrete's workability, density, and strength qualities all diminish as more seashells are replaced. Crushed seashell can be used as a partial fine aggregate in concrete up to 20% without compromising the density or strength of the concrete. As a result, mollusk seashells can be utilised as a secondary aggregate in concrete, especially in areas where large quantities of seashells are available.

Author(S) Details

Uchechi G. Eziefula
Department of Agricultural and Bio-Environmental Engineering Technology, Imo State Polytechnic, Umuagwo, Nigeria.

David O. Onwuka
Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria.

Hyginus E. Opara
Department of Civil Engineering, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NPER-V3/article/view/4757

Electrical Resistivity and Mechanical Properties of Tungsten Carbide Reinforced Copper Alloy Composites: Experimental Investigation | Chapter 10 | New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 15

 This paper discusses the electrical, mechanical, and physical properties of Cu-WC composites. Because of its high electrical and thermal conductivities, low cost, and ease of production, copper is commonly used as a material for electrical connections. Using the liquid metallurgical technique, composites of copper alloy containing 0–8 weight percent WC were created by stirring molten alloy to obtain vortex using a steel stirrer covered with alumina and spinning at 500 rpm. The experimental results showed that as the WC content in the composites increases, the density of the composites increases, which is compatible with the mixtures rule values. The hardness and ultimate tensile strength of Cu–WC composites increased as the WC concentration in the matrix increased, but ductility decreased. A model study of composites was performed for ultimate tensile strength and hardness, and it was discovered that the approximate mechanics of materials prediction Paul model is consistent with experimental results. The experimental results matched the theoretical electrical resistivity of composites data calculated using the P.G Klemens model.

Author(S) Details

B. M. Girish
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Alliance College of Engineering and Design, Alliance University, Bangalore, Karnataka, 562106, India.

B. R. Basawaraj
Department of Aerospace Propulsion Technology, Center for PG Studies, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Muddenahalli, Karnataka, 562101, India.

B. M. Satish
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati, Andra Pradesh, 517102, India.

D. R. Somashekar
Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201003, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NAER-V15/article/view/4033