Advancements in Bone Cements: A Review of Ceramic, Glass and Glass-Ceramic Materials and Their Reinforcements for Orthopedic Applications | Chapter 5 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Developments and Innovations Vol. 6

Ceramics, glasses and glass-ceramics have now been accepted as viable biomaterials. Injectable bioactive, biodegradable, mechanically strong and fracture-resistant bone cements are of considerable interest. Therefore, various types of bone cement have been developing having high strength, fracture resistance properties and bioactivity for biomedical applications. Recently, research has been envisaged to improve the performance of existing bone cements. Different bioactive composite bone cements have been prepared by reinforcing certain reinforcing materials such as alumina, toughened zirconia and hydroxyapatite ceramics into ceramic, glass and glass-ceramic matrix. Recently, improved biodegradable and engineered bone cement materials have been prepared by using various novel methods. The current paper is focused on ceramic, glass and glass-ceramic-based bone cements and their probable orthopaedic applications.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Pallabi Roy
Bio-Ceramics and Coating Division, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CSIR-CGCRI), Kolkata, 700032, India and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.

 

Poulomi Mukherjee
Bio-Ceramics and Coating Division, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CSIR-CGCRI), Kolkata, 700032, India.

 

Sumana Ghosh
Bio-Ceramics and Coating Division, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CSIR-CGCRI), Kolkata, 700032, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v6/2046

Empowering Farmers through Natural Fibre Composites: Sustainable Solutions for Modern Industries | Chapter 4 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 2

 Natural fibre composites are a class of materials that combine natural fibres with a polymer matrix to create a composite material with unique properties. These composites aim to harness the strengths of natural fibres while addressing some of the limitations of traditional synthetic composites. The use of natural fibres in composites is not a new concept. In fact, people have been using natural fibres mixed with other materials for centuries. Previously, farmers had limited choices to earn; only edible and cash crops were grown and used. But nowadays, other plantations excluding cash crops, offer a better alternative to earn their livelihood. The idea of combining two or more different materials resulting in a new material with improved properties has existed for ages. Fibre is a unit of matter characterized by flexibility, fineness, and a high ratio of length to thickness. Because fibres have a high surface-to-volume ratio, they can be extremely strong materials. The composite materials have the combined advantages of each individual material. For time immemorial, man has been using fibres along with a binder or matrix for stronger materials. The usage of plant fibres for strengthening and preventing bricks and pottery from cracking was practiced by the Pharaohs of Egypt and the ancient Incan and Mayan civilizations. The natural fibres are used due to their low cost, high specific modulus, lightweight, lower energy requirement means less wear and tear in processing, wide availability, biodegradability, and resistance to deforestation. The use of natural fibres as a reinforcing agent in both thermoset and thermoplastic polymer composites gained inroads from automotive, aerodynamic, to biomedical engineering materials. The main mechanical properties of natural fibre, while selecting the crop or plantation, will be flexural strength, compressive strength, tensile strength, and moisture abortion of the fibre. Biopolymers could be another frontier for natural fibres, for their vast variety available in plants. In conclusion, natural fibre would be an excellent opportunity for small farmers to set up natural fibre composites factories in their villages and surrounding areas, just to create new composite components to cater to the needs of different industries like construction, automobile, etc., instead of making a new composite material.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Sandeep Bhardwaj
Department of Basic Engineering, COAE&T, CCSHAU, Hisar-125004, India.

 

Rupali Sharma
Department of Horticulture, CCSHAU, Hisar-125004, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v2/5089

Assessment of Molecular Transport OF Chloromethanes through EPDM/PVC Systems | Chapter 9 | Chemical and Materials Sciences - Developments and Innovations Vol. 1

 

A large group of engineering materials of steadily increasing importance in industrial applications is composed of natural and synthetic organic polymers. In recent years, significant progress has been made in many areas of polymer blend and polymer matrix composite science and technology. The examination of the interaction of aliphatic hydrocarbons with macromolecular systems is important for various industrial applications. The transport behavior of EPDM/PVC composites has been studied using the three halogenated hydrocarbons; methylene chloride, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride, which are part of the homologous series of the chloromethanes, as probe  molecules. Peroxide and sulfur were employed to crosslink the matrix. It was investigated how the crosslink density, penetrant type, and crosslinking  system type affected the transport property. Among the chloromethane group, there is a peculiarity that can be observed: sorption increases with  increasing molar volume or the amount of chlorine atoms, as would be expected from basic solubility parameter considerations. The mechanism of transport was found to be deviated slightly from Fickian trend. The differences in the equilibrium uptake can be explained on the basis of morphological changes.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

C. P. Mohamed Kutty (Principal)
Department of Chemistry, Markaz Arts and Science College, Athavanad, Malappuram, Kerala, India.

 

Please See the book here :-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v1/8122E

Assessment of Molecular Transport OF Chloromethanes through EPDM/PVC Systems | Chapter 9 | Chemical and Materials Sciences - Developments and Innovations Vol. 1

A large group of engineering materials of steadily increasing importance in industrial applications is composed of natural and synthetic organic polymers. In recent years, significant progress has been made in many areas of polymer blend and polymer matrix composite science and technology. The examination of the interaction of aliphatic hydrocarbons with macromolecular systems is important for various industrial applications. The transport behavior of EPDM/PVC composites has been studied using the three halogenated hydrocarbons; methylene chloride, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride, which are part of the homologous series of the chloromethanes, as probe  molecules. Peroxide and sulfur were employed to crosslink the matrix. It was investigated how the crosslink density, penetrant type, and crosslinking  system type affected the transport property. Among the chloromethane group, there is a peculiarity that can be observed: sorption increases with  increasing molar volume or the amount of chlorine atoms, as would be                expected from basic solubility parameter considerations. The mechanism                  of transport was found to be deviated slightly from Fickian trend. The differences in the equilibrium uptake can be explained on the basis of morphological changes.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

C. P. Mohamed Kutty (Principal)
Department of Chemistry, Markaz Arts and Science College, Athavanad, Malappuram, Kerala, India.

 

Please See the book here :-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v1/8122E 

Resistance of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites in Tropical Environments | Chapter 4 | Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Materials Sciences Vol. 2

 The aim concerning this study is to investigate the depravity mechanism of normal fiber-reinforced polymer composites in equatorial environments.The use of polymer matrix composites supported by natural fibers is growing due to their high particular strength and stiffness, reduced manufacturing costs, disintegration resistance and abundant chance of raw materials. However, polymer matrix composites have depressed weather resistance when used outdoors which are straightforwardly exposed to sunlight, rain, variable temperatures and air holding pollutant particles. This condition frequently occurs in tropical districts which are characterized by extreme intensity of light part of every 24 hours and rainfall and an atmosphere that holds a lot of dust. This chapter reviews the mechanism of shame of natural fiber supported polymer composites in tropical climates. By understanding this mechanism, it is attainable to determine the existence of the composite component and the appropriate protection method to increase the history of the component.

Author(s) Details:

Wahyu Purwo Raharjo,

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia and Research Group of Nonmetal Materials Technology and Processing, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia.

Dody Ariawan,

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia and Research Group of Nonmetal Materials Technology and Processing, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia.

Kuncoro Diharjo,

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia and Research Group of Nonmetal Materials Technology and Processing, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia.

Wijang Wisnu Raharjo,

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia and Research Group of Nonmetal Materials Technology and Processing, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia.

Bambang Kusharjanta,

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia and Research Group of Nonmetal Materials Technology and Processing, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTEIMS-V2/article/view/11298

Sequestration of Cadmium Ions from Aqueous/ Electroplating Wastewaters Using Chitosan: A Review | Chapter 4 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 1

 The present study proposed to determine seclusion of Cadmium Ions from Aqueous/ Electroplating Wastewaters Using Chitosan. Due to its serious injurious effects on human, mammals, and plants, the removal of Cd2+ ions from wastewaters is taking a lot of attention from two together environmental and business-related perspectives. Due to its cheap and high aggregation of amino and hydroxyl functional groups, the arthropod waste known as chitosan has attracted substantial attention as a strong biosorbent. The chemical changes that influence chitosan derivatives, chitosan grafting, and chitosan composites have existed thoroughly intentional and widely reported in the literature. The purpose concerning this study is to specify an overview of the sorption act of chitosan and its derivatives in the deportation of Cd2+ ions from synthetic waters and coat with metallic material effluents. A comparison on the chitosan descendants prepared by five different designs as reported by analysts (thiocarbomyl, PVA blend, xanthate, Nano based and grafting) and an outline of their potential requests in the adsorption of Cd2+ ions are dealt in this place paper. Amongst the mentioned composites stated, chitosan grafted with y- cyclodextrin is found to occupy better chelating ability in chelating Cd2+ ions.

Author(s) Details:

A. N. Muthulakshmi,
Department of Chemistry, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

J. Anuradha,
Department of Chemistry, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V1/article/view/10245

The Fracture Behavior of Random Fiber-Reinforced Composite Specimens: Experimental Investigation| Chapter 4 | Techniques and Innovation in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 5

 The aim concerning this work is to study the effect of pliable test on the fracture behavior of carelessly distributed texture composite specimens. Utilizing tightness tests, an experimental analysis of the break behavior of chance fiber-supported composites has been carried out. Continuous calculations of the COD were made while the used load was being applied. To construct the R-curves, the load-COD curves were employed (crack development resistance curves). There have been any analytical connections discovered utilizing the resulting R-curves. The fracture determination has been expected based on these equatings. The results obtained from the present work support a better understanding of the crack resistance traits of randomly delivered fiber composites. The results are very helpful to engineers and designers as they have immediately better insight concerning the fracture wonder of random fiber-supported composites.

Author(s) Details:

Mahmoud Nadim Nahas,
Mechanical Engineering Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAIERT-V5/article/view/9055

Study on the Effect of Nitriding on Wear Behavior of Graphite Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Composites | Chapter 04 | Novel Perspectives of Engineering Research Vol. 6

 The influence of nitriding on the wear behaviour of graphite reinforced aluminium 6061 alloy composites is investigated in this work. Al alloys have several advantages over nonmetallic materials, including light weight, corrosion resistance, workability, and thermal conductivity. The liquid metallurgy process was used to make the composites. The graphite content of the composites was changed in 2 percent increments from 3 to 7 percent (by weight). For 24 hours, the nitriding process was carried out at 500°C. The wear behaviour of three types of specimens, namely nitrided composites, non-nitrided composites, and alloy specimens, was investigated. For wear testing, pin-on disc equipment was employed. The implantation of nitrogen in the composites was confirmed using the X-Ray Diffraction method (XRD). It was discovered that nitrided composites outperform non-nitrided composites in terms of wear resistance. It may be deduced that the efficiency of the graphite particles in lowering the wear rate of composite materials is determined by the capacity of the sheared reinforcing layers to stick to the sliding surface.

Author(S) Details

B. M. Girish
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Alliance College of Engineering and Design, Alliance University, Bangalore-562106, Karnataka, India.

B. M. Satish
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati-517102, Andra Pradesh, India.

H. R. Vitala
Department of Mechanical Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560060, Karnataka, India.


View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NPER-V6/article/view/5498

Electrical Resistivity and Mechanical Properties of Tungsten Carbide Reinforced Copper Alloy Composites: Experimental Investigation | Chapter 10 | New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 15

 This paper discusses the electrical, mechanical, and physical properties of Cu-WC composites. Because of its high electrical and thermal conductivities, low cost, and ease of production, copper is commonly used as a material for electrical connections. Using the liquid metallurgical technique, composites of copper alloy containing 0–8 weight percent WC were created by stirring molten alloy to obtain vortex using a steel stirrer covered with alumina and spinning at 500 rpm. The experimental results showed that as the WC content in the composites increases, the density of the composites increases, which is compatible with the mixtures rule values. The hardness and ultimate tensile strength of Cu–WC composites increased as the WC concentration in the matrix increased, but ductility decreased. A model study of composites was performed for ultimate tensile strength and hardness, and it was discovered that the approximate mechanics of materials prediction Paul model is consistent with experimental results. The experimental results matched the theoretical electrical resistivity of composites data calculated using the P.G Klemens model.

Author(S) Details

B. M. Girish
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Alliance College of Engineering and Design, Alliance University, Bangalore, Karnataka, 562106, India.

B. R. Basawaraj
Department of Aerospace Propulsion Technology, Center for PG Studies, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Muddenahalli, Karnataka, 562101, India.

B. M. Satish
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati, Andra Pradesh, 517102, India.

D. R. Somashekar
Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201003, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NAER-V15/article/view/4033

Investigating the Effect of Laser Additive Manufacturing on Microstructure Evolution of Inoculated Zr47.5Cu45.5Al5Co2 Bulk Metallic Glass Matrix Composites | Chapter 1 | Recent Developments in Engineering Research Vol. 9

 Due to their superior strength, hardness and elastic strain limit, bulk metallic glass matrix composites are advocated as a material of the future. Nevertheless, they have low strength that renders them unusable in every application of structural engineering. Inoculation has been used to resolve this issue as an efficient means. Due to heterogeneous nucleation, Zr47.5Cu45.5Al5Co2 bulk metallic glass matrix composites (BMGMC) inoculated with ZrC have shown significant refinement in microstructure. Efforts have also been made to exploit modern development of laser-based metal additives BMGMC parts should be manufactured in one phase. The impact of laser treatment on inoculated material is unclear, however. An attempt was made in this study to apply laser-based additive production on untreated and inoculated BMGMC samples. Laser treatment not only refined the microstructure, but also resulted in a change in the scale, morphology and dispersion of the base metal CuZr B2 phase, the heat-affected zone and the fusion zone. The morphology of CuZr B2 changed from spheroid to spherulite only when the laser power was 500 W and no inoculation was observed under the influence of extreme heat. Inoculation has been shown to resist changes in phase morphology in melted and rapidly solidified phases. No evidence of spherulites was found in the material in samples treated with ZrC. This influence, this effect  Back-scattered electron imaging is reported. This provides a basis for further analysis in order to  Quantify this phenomenon and the growth of full-scale components.

Author (s) Details

Muhammad Musaddique Ali Rafique
Eastern Engineering Solutions LLC, Detroit MI 48202, USA and Law Chamber, Muhammad Rafique (Advocate High Court), H 15/B, St 23 Nizamabad Kot Khawaja Saeed, Lahore 54920, Pakistan.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/351

Investigating the Effect of Single Pass Laser Surface Treatment on Microstructure Evolution of Inoculated Zr47.5Cu45.5Al5Co2 and Non-Inoculated Zr65Cu15Al10Ni10 Bulk Metallic Glass Matrix Composites | Chapter 9 | Recent Developments in Engineering Research Vol.4

 

A systematic study is carried out in which bulk metallic glass matrix composites with different
percentages of ZrC subjected to a laser source of constant size (spot size). The effect of laser power
and scan speed are evaluated. Bulk metallic glass matrix composites are advocated to be material of
future owing to their superior strength, hardness and elastic strain limit. However, they possess poor
toughness which makes them unusable in any structural engineering application. Inoculation has
been used as effective mean to overcome this problem. Zr47.5Cu45.5Al5Co2 bulk metallic glass matrix
composites (BMGMC) inoculated with ZrC have shown considerable refinement in microstructure
owing to heterogeneous nucleation. Efforts have also been made to exploit modern laser-based metal
additive manufacturing to fabricate BMGMC parts in one step. The study clearly shows sign of fusion
at certain places and then recrystallisation while some areas specially elongated Al2Zr fcc phase are
left as such. It appears that CuZr B2 phase is melted completely while Al2Zr fcc phase experience
partial or incomplete melting. However, the effect of laser on inoculated material is unknown. It is
observed that laser treatment not only refine the microstructure but result in change of size,
morphology and dispersion of CuZr B2 phase in, heat affected zone and fusion zone in
Zr47.5Cu45.5Al5Co2. A similar effect is observed for β-Zr and Zr2Cu in non-inoculated Zr65Cu15Al10Ni10.
This effect is documented with back scatter electron imaging.

Author (s) Details

Muhammad Musaddique Ali Rafique
Eastern Engineering Solutions LLC, Detroit, MI, USA.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/263