Dissemination of a Controversial COVID-19 ‘Miracle Cure’ on Twitter: The Case of Chlorine Dioxide | Chapter 7 | New Ideas Concerning Arts and Social Studies Vol. 3

The COVID-19 pandemic has given rise to all types of beliefs, theories, and explanations, whether scientific, religious, or conspiratorial. At the beginning of the pandemic, science did not yet have a medicinal product for this new disease, and alternative medicines offering “miracle cures” were acclaimed by some citizens looking for an effective treatment for COVID-19. The content of these beliefs then evolves with our societies to include additional current aspects, such as distrust of authorities, conspiracy theories, or antivaccinism. Adherence to conspiratorial beliefs, alternative medicine, and rejection of political or medical authorities have affected the way citizens accept recommendations concerning COVID-19. This study aims to study a specific “miracle cure”, namely, chlorine dioxide, a bleaching agent for textiles or paper that also has disinfectant properties (water, surfaces). The dissemination of information about chlorine dioxide to French-speaking people on the social network Twitter from 1 December 2019 to 30 November 2021 is analysed using a graph network. A total of 1,252 messages were collected, containing 596 unique tweets. An analysis of tweets per user was conducted to identify bot accounts, and fake users were removed from the collected data. The results show that messages promoting misinformation, even if they are likely to be quantitatively less numerous, spread more widely than those based on more reliable information. In addition, this article shows that chlorine dioxide was promoted as an effective cure by medical doctors and peer-reviewed articles, which consequently increased the dissemination of this belief in the social space. Consequently, the process of misinformation entered the sphere of scientific controversy. When scientists have unverified beliefs and try to publish them, the beliefs become potential knowledge until the process of replication allows the scientific community to decide. The boundary between science and misinformation is becoming blurred to the point that it is no longer possible until proven otherwise to call chlorine dioxide a “false miracle cure” but a controversial treatment against COVID-19.

 

Author(s) Details

Romy Sauvayre
Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France and Polytech Clermont, Clermont Auvergne INP, F-63178 Aubière, France.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nicass/v3/5587

Microstructure Formation Mechanism for Ca(Zr,Hf) | Chapter 4 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 4

The binary phase diagram of ZrO2-CaO includes the eutectic of the CaZrO3 phase and the CaO-stabilised ZrO2 phase. In this study, Ca(Zr_1-xHfx)O3/(Zr_1-xHfx)O2 (x=0, 1/3, 0.5) eutectic film was prepared by rapid solidification process using high power laser irradiation method. CaCO3 of 99.9% purity, ZrO2 and HfO2 of 98% purity powders were used as starting materials. The coating process was performed in an electric furnace at 1300°C. Solidified film with fine lamellar structure was obtained. When the Zr site was substituted with Hf, the lamellar spacing increased with the amount of substitution. Separate from the solidification film prepared by laser irradiation, a rapidly solidifying sample with x=0.1 composition was prepared using an optical floating zone apparatus. The melt of the sample was free-falling onto a copper dish. No film-like rapidly solidified sample was obtained. Hf ion was homogeneously solid-soluble in both phases of CaZrO3 and ZrO2. This study attempted to prepare eutectic solidification coatings for CaHfO3/HfO2 eutectic under the same conditions as for CaZrO3/ZrO2 eutectic coatings. No eutectic structure was obtained.

 

Author (s) Details

Shunkichi Ueno
College of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8642, Japan.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v4/5468

Assessment of Molecular Transport OF Chloromethanes through EPDM/PVC Systems | Chapter 9 | Chemical and Materials Sciences - Developments and Innovations Vol. 1

 

A large group of engineering materials of steadily increasing importance in industrial applications is composed of natural and synthetic organic polymers. In recent years, significant progress has been made in many areas of polymer blend and polymer matrix composite science and technology. The examination of the interaction of aliphatic hydrocarbons with macromolecular systems is important for various industrial applications. The transport behavior of EPDM/PVC composites has been studied using the three halogenated hydrocarbons; methylene chloride, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride, which are part of the homologous series of the chloromethanes, as probe  molecules. Peroxide and sulfur were employed to crosslink the matrix. It was investigated how the crosslink density, penetrant type, and crosslinking  system type affected the transport property. Among the chloromethane group, there is a peculiarity that can be observed: sorption increases with  increasing molar volume or the amount of chlorine atoms, as would be expected from basic solubility parameter considerations. The mechanism of transport was found to be deviated slightly from Fickian trend. The differences in the equilibrium uptake can be explained on the basis of morphological changes.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

C. P. Mohamed Kutty (Principal)
Department of Chemistry, Markaz Arts and Science College, Athavanad, Malappuram, Kerala, India.

 

Please See the book here :-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v1/8122E

Assessment of Molecular Transport OF Chloromethanes through EPDM/PVC Systems | Chapter 9 | Chemical and Materials Sciences - Developments and Innovations Vol. 1

A large group of engineering materials of steadily increasing importance in industrial applications is composed of natural and synthetic organic polymers. In recent years, significant progress has been made in many areas of polymer blend and polymer matrix composite science and technology. The examination of the interaction of aliphatic hydrocarbons with macromolecular systems is important for various industrial applications. The transport behavior of EPDM/PVC composites has been studied using the three halogenated hydrocarbons; methylene chloride, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride, which are part of the homologous series of the chloromethanes, as probe  molecules. Peroxide and sulfur were employed to crosslink the matrix. It was investigated how the crosslink density, penetrant type, and crosslinking  system type affected the transport property. Among the chloromethane group, there is a peculiarity that can be observed: sorption increases with  increasing molar volume or the amount of chlorine atoms, as would be                expected from basic solubility parameter considerations. The mechanism                  of transport was found to be deviated slightly from Fickian trend. The differences in the equilibrium uptake can be explained on the basis of morphological changes.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

C. P. Mohamed Kutty (Principal)
Department of Chemistry, Markaz Arts and Science College, Athavanad, Malappuram, Kerala, India.

 

Please See the book here :-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v1/8122E 

Influence of Diffusion Processes on the Structure of Brazed Joints of Titanium Aluminides | Chapter 3 | Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Materials Sciences Vol. 2

 During extreme-temperature brazing, spread processes occur, and the hardware of the brazed joints may vary from the initial arrangement of the brazing filler hardware. This is especially distinct when brazing titanium aluminide (47XD). X-ray microanalysis established that when utilizing a filler metal that does not hold aluminium, seams are formed in the brazed intersections of the 47XD alloy, in which aluminium is driven. Due to the diffusion processes all the while brazing, the chemical arrangement and structure of the brazed seams are comparable to that of the base metal. In this regard, it is necessary to conduct orderly studies of the structure and, utilizing the mathematical structure, establish the system for forming brazed junctures.Results of investigations of chemical variety of the brazed joints on titanium aluminide presented by using eutectic stuffing metals of the Ti-Zr-Fe system and the extreme-temperature emptiness brazing process are presented. The effect of the diffusion processes happening at the filler hardware–base material interface on the synthetic composition and language rules of the brazed seams is shown. Investigation of the movement of diffusion satiation of filler metal accompanying aluminium suggests the device of formation of a two-state structure of the seams, nearly that of the base material, which demands holding for 1.0 h. It is shown that levelling of the aluminium aggregation at the interface accompanying the base material occurs all along t = 1.5 s at a gap breadth of 50 µm.

Author(s) Details:

S. V. Maksymova,

Brazing Department, E. O. Paton Electric Welding Institute, NAS of Ukraine, Ukraine.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTEIMS-V2/article/view/11296

Impact of Two Temperature and Fractional Order Parameters on Visco-thermodiffusive Elastic Plate | Chapter 5 | Fundamental Research and Application of Physical Science Vol. 5

 In this stage, the analysis of the transient answers of visco-thermoelastic material in the context of two hotness fractional generalized thermoelastic spread models is presented. Here, a thermoelastic plate namely initially kept friction-free at a uniform temperature and commit thermal as well as machinelike loadings on both of allure surfaces is considered for the study. The basic equatings and constitutive connections governing the problem are answered in the Laplace-Fourier transformed rule using boundary limits. The expressions accordingly obtained in the transformed rule are too complex to reverse analytically. Hence by applying the mathematical inversion method, results of physical quantities are obtained in the original rule using the tangible data of copper material. The impact of stickiness, two temperature, and partial order parameters on various material quantities is presented clearly. The outcome of this work underlines that stickiness parameters have a meaningful influence on the field quantities, and increasing two temperature limit or decreasing the partial order parameter leads to their smoother dispersion.

Author(s) Details:

Geetanjali Geetanjali,
Department of Mathematics & Scientific Computing, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, 177005, India.

P. K. Sharma,
Department of Mathematics & Scientific Computing, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, 177005, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/FRAPS-V5/article/view/10648

The Biophysical Modelling of Transport Phenomena and of Crossing-effects in Living Organisms | Chapter 3 | Research Aspects in Biological Science Vol. 4

 

Transport phenomena are the changes in time and space that generalised forces undergo when they produce flows for which conservation laws are applicable. Then we go over the mathematical equations for the transport of mass, impulse, energy, and electric charge. The following laws—diffusion, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and electric conductivity—are well-known as a result of biophysical research. In living things, flows are created not only by conjugated generalised forces, but also by the concurrent action of other forces, which causes frequent cross-effects in the human body. The general laws of isomorphisms are extensively used in biophysical modelling. The system's transfer function, or how the system responds to the entry size, can be discovered by modelling, or when it is understood, the entry size can be determined. Some bio-medical systems can be modelled to make it easier to analyse the processes that occur in that particular original and to examine how those processes operate in situations that are challenging or perhaps impossible to organise. The biophysical modelling provides a "language" for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of experimental data that is appropriate and compatible with biological rules.

Author(s) Details:

Janos Vincze,
Health Human International Environment Foundation, Budapest, Hungary.

Gabriella Vincze-Tiszay,
Health Human International Environment Foundation, Budapest, Hungary.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RABS-V4/article/view/7586

Effect of the Temperature and the Holding Time on Carburizing Treatment of 18CN4 and 22MC4 Steels | Chapter 03 | Recent Trends in Chemical and Material Sciences Vol. 5

 The resistance to wear and fatigue of mechanical parts subjected to high loads is heavily influenced by the surface of those parts. Producing a hard surface layer over a less strong substrate increases mechanical wear and fatigue resistance in the vast majority of circumstances. A good solution to the exposed problem is a hard layer of steel created by carburizing that bonded progressively to a martensitic area of high hardness and to a core steel of lower hardness and greater toughness. The higher concentration of carbon atoms in the interstitial sites of austenite before quenching accounts for the carburizing layer's high hardness. The existence of ferrite and pearlite components, which arise when the cooling rate after austenitization falls below the critical one, results in a decreased hardness of the core after quenching. The goal of this research was to use a pack carburizing process to create a cemented surface layer on low alloy steel. As parameters of the solid carburizing treatment, several steel grades, austenitization temperatures, and soaking periods were used. Carbon atoms from the cement powder diffuse toward the steel's surface during this treatment, forming iron carbide compounds. Various characterisation techniques were used to evaluate the effect of carburizing parameters on the pace of transformation, the thickness and morphology of carburizing layers, and the structure and hardness of the surface of steels produced by carburizing treatment.

Author(S) Details

Younès Benarioua
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology, University of M’sila Bordj Bou Arréridj Read, M'sila-28000, Algeria Emerging Materials Research Unit, University of Sétif 1, Sétif-19000, Algeria.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RTCAMS-V5/article/view/5347

Study on Conversion Treatment of Thin Titanium Layer Deposited onto Carbon Steel: Application of Physical and Mechanical Investigation | Chapter 13 | Newest Updates in Physical Science Research Vol. 14

In recent years, it has been possible to use small and/or microscale versions of more conventional mass spectrometers. As a result, small analytical instruments for 'in the field' sensing applications in aerospace, environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, and process control have been created. This chapter examines the concepts that guide the creation of small quadrupole mass spectrometers. Two alternative microfabrication technologies are compared to a traditional QMS for residual gas analysis in the range of 1-100 Da. Two fabrication methods for small QMS realisation are described, as well as the fundamental concepts of QMS operation. In recent years, it has been possible to use small and/or microscale versions of more conventional mass spectrometers. As a result, small analytical instruments for 'in the field' sensing applications in aerospace, environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, and process control have been created. This chapter examines the concepts that guide the creation of small quadrupole mass spectrometers. Two alternative microfabrication technologies are compared to a traditional QMS for residual gas analysis in the range of 1-100 Da. Two fabrication methods for small QMS realisation are described, as well as the fundamental concepts of QMS operation.


Author (S) Details

Younès Benarioua
Département de Génie Mécanique, Faculté de Technologies, Université de M’sila, Route de Bordj Bou Arréridj - M'sila 28000, Algérie. Unité de Recherche Matériaux Emergents, Université de Sétif 1-19000, Algérie.


Bogdan Wendler
Institute of Materials Science and Engineering; Lodz University of Technology, 60- 924 Lodz, Poland


Didier Chicot
Univ. Lille, ULR 4515, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), Lille, F- 59000, France.


 View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NUPSR-V14/article/view/3168

 

Determination of Thermal Diffusive Properties of Silver and Copper | Chapter 15 | Recent Trends in Chemical and Material Sciences Vol. 2

 Copper is used extensively in electrical power transmission, plumbing, cookware, and other applications because it is the most abundant and least expensive of the noble and precious metals, such as copper (Cu) island on silver (Ag) with good electrical and thermal conductivity. Silver's chemical stability and strong electrical conductivity are two of its most essential characteristics. Bulk Ag has supplanted less expensive non-noble metals like aluminium as a common material for high-quality reflectors of electromagnetic radiation in the visual range. Diffusion is carried out at three different temperatures: 300, 500, and 700 K. For Ag, the lattice parameter was estimated and compared to experimental results. It has been discovered that as the temperature rises, so does the rate of diffusion. 5.24 10112/s is the diffusion prefactor. The effective energy barrier and diffusion coefficient have Arrhenius plot offers the effective energy barrier value of 143.56 meV and diffusion prefactor value of 5.24 10112/s for 10-atom island, according to previous experimental and theoretical studies. In terms of the theoretical and practical work done so far, the diffusion coefficient and effective energy barrier values are in the same range as for the other islands. Near the island, cracks and dislocations have been discovered at 300 K. These conclusions, on the other hand, are consistent with recent discoveries based on ab-initio electron structure calculations.

Author (S) Details

Zulfiqar Ali Shah
Department of Physics, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan.

Nimra Arshad
Department of Physics, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan.

Sidra Sabir
Department of Physics, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RTCAMS-V2/article/view/2916

Inpainting by Modified Lattice Boltzmann Method and Exemplar Method for Object Removal in Colour Images | Chapter 12 | Emerging Trends in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 4

In this paper we use image inpainting technique in colour images. Inpainting is a technique in which, a missing area or pixels are replaced by adequate neighbouring pixels so that the resultant image obtained will look as no defect is there. In this paper we have removed an object from the colour image and the vacant pixels are filled with the help of the surrounding neighbouring pixels. Two techniques are used here for removing and inpainting an object from the still colour image, Modified Lattice Boltzmann Method and Exemplar Method. Existing Exemplar Method of inpainting is used to compare the results of Modified Lattice Boltzmann Method. The Lattice Boltzmann Equation from fluid dynamics it modified to use for inpainting. Peak Signal to Noise Ratio, Self-SIMilarity Index and execution time of the image is calculated for both inpainting techniques. From the objective analysis, it is found that the proposed Modified Lattice Boltzmann method of inpainting gives a better inpainted result.

Author(s) Details

R. F. Liji 
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, John Cox Memorial CSI Institute of Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.

M. Sasikumar
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Marian Engineering College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/180