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Author(s) Details
Adebola K. Ojo
Department of Computer Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-972870-5-3/CH5
Water was and remains the most unusual substance on Earth.
Until very recently, the structure and abnormal properties of water have caused
heated discussions among both domestic and foreign scientists of different
generations. This is primarily due to the complexity of the object of study,
the ability of water, even with minor external influences, to easily transition
from one metastable state to another. Of course, the state of water at the
triple point in the phase diagram is of particular interest. In this regard,
the paper considers the features in the pressure-temperature coordinates of
some substances in the liquid aggregate state. The authors hypothesized that
all substances in the liquid aggregate state should have common features,
despite their original individuality. It seems to us that a universal feature
that unites all possible aggregate states of water is the ability of the
systems under consideration to smoothly transition from a homogeneous to a
heterogeneous state, from a single-phase to a two- or more-phase system,
characterized by the appearance of a phase interface under certain conditions,
that is, the formation of a dispersed system. It is emphasized in the work that
until now when analyzing the transitions of water from one aggregate state to
another, the time factor of the existence of a phase in equilibrium or
metastable states, as well as the time of existence of the dispersed system
itself, has not been taken into account. The rapid development of water
sciences has led to the discovery of unique properties of water in extreme
conditions, for example, the ability of water not to freeze even with
ultra-deep cooling, much lower than the freezing point of liquid nitrogen, or
the experimentally proven fact that at -68°C water acts as a mixture of two
liquids of different densities and others. Further advances in the study of the
properties and conditions of water are inevitably associated with the
convergence of natural sciences.
Author(s) Details
Ju. S. Sarkisov
Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Tomsk,
634003, Russia.
N.P. Gorlenko
Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Tomsk,
634003, Russia.
O.A. Zubkova
Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Tomsk,
634003, Russia.
D. Ju. Sarkisov
Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Tomsk,
634003, Russia.
Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v11/1752
Any change (i.e., a mutation) in the DNA sequence of any gene
might result in significant cellular alterations, thereby damaging the
corresponding organism and giving rise to a genetic defect. The knowledge on
the NK-2 class of homeobox-containing genes and their encoded proteins was
summarised. These genes are characterised by the presence of a 180-base-pair
segment of DNA called the homeobox. The corresponding 60 amino acid residue
fragment of the encoded protein is called the homeodomain. The NK-2 class of
homeobox genes is defined by the encoding of tyrosine in position 54 of the
homeodomain, which is responsible for the recognition of the unusual 5’ –
CAAGTG – 3’ core consensus DNA sequence. The structural results on the NK-2
homeodomains both in the free and DNA-bound states, thermodynamic properties
and CAT assays of the wild type and selected single amino acid residue
replacements were reviewed. The review began by describing the structural,
thermodynamic and binding experiments that were performed both on wild-type and
mutant encoded proteins from these genes. These biophysical measurements with
functional studies are designed to tell how any structural or thermodynamic
changes that are observed might influence the ability of these genes or gene
products to function properly. The study demonstrated that a tyrosine to
methionine mutation in the vnd/NK-2 homeodomain and a mutation from tyrosine to
cysteine in the highly homologous human cardiac CSX/NKX-2.5 homeodomain do not
alter the structures of their respective homeodomain-DNA complexes. The
transgenic data on a mutant gene that encodes for methionine in vnd/NK-2, a CNS
gene, is lethal. Both the tyrosine to cysteine mutant in position 54 of the
CSX/NKX-2.5 homeodomain that arises from a missense UAC to UGC mRNA codon
change and a synonymous tyrosine to tyrosine change in position 14 from the
rare UAU to the common UAC mRNA codon, also in the CSX/NKX-2.5 homeodomain,
result in serious congenital heart defects. The potential roles of the mRNA in
vnd/NK-2 were investigated by carrying out preliminary transient transfection
assays using RNA Affymetrix chip assay data to show that the altered mRNAs do
not properly repress known downstream target genes. The study suggested that
alterations in the mRNA, as well as changes in individual amino acid residues
in a protein, apparently can act as etiological agents to generate phenotypic
alterations or genetic diseases in humans. A detailed molecular explanation for
these observations remains elusive, although the information available on
synonymous mutations does indicate an important role associated with changes in
the mRNA that requires further investigation.
Author(s)
Details
Kae-Jung
Hwang
U.S. Pharmacopeia, 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852,
USA.
James
A. Ferretti
Laboratory of Structural Biophysics, National Heart, Lung &
Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive MSC-8013,
Bethesda, MD 20892-8013, USA.
Please
see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v5/5742
Production of permanent joints of high-temperature materials, molybdenum and graphite, by brazing is very important for many branches of industry related to structural operation at high temperatures. By selecting a brazing filler metal for joining dissimilar materials, several critical factors must be considered, including chemical composition, melting point, thermal expansion coefficients, mutual diffusion processes, wetting behavior of the base material, and residual stresses. This chapter provides a concise overview of brazing dissimilar carbon materials with molybdenum, presenting the microstructural characteristics of brazed joints and evaluating their mechanical properties using different alloying systems in the brazing filler metal. Due to diffusion processes, carbide compounds form at the brazing filler metal–carbon interphase boundary. These compounds may appear as a continuous layer along the brazed seam or as discrete islands within the seam and porous graphite. The latter configuration is preferable for enhanced mechanical performance. Graphite–molybdenum brazed joints hold significant potential for applications in the aerospace, nuclear, automotive, and medical industries. They are particularly valuable in the production of critical components for thermonuclear reactors due to their excellent high-temperature properties.
Author
(s) Details
Maksymova
S.
Brazing Department, Paton Electric Welding Institute of the NAS of
Ukraine, 11, K. Malevych St., Kyiv, 03150, Ukraine.
Voronov
V.
Brazing Department, Paton Electric Welding Institute of the NAS of
Ukraine, 11, K. Malevych St., Kyiv, 03150, Ukraine.
Kovalchuk
P.
Brazing Department, Paton Electric Welding Institute of the NAS of
Ukraine, 11, K. Malevych St., Kyiv, 03150, Ukraine.
Larionov
A
Brazing Department, Paton Electric Welding Institute of the NAS of
Ukraine, 11, K. Malevych St., Kyiv, 03150, Ukraine.
Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v2/4777
The application of natural mineral and organic fertilizers
can increase soil productivity. The work was carried out on Vertisols under the
sugarcane crop. The research aimed to assess the effect of dolomitic limestone
on some physical-chemical properties and the yield of sugar cane in a Vertisol.
An experiment was conducted with dolomitic limestone levels and combinations of
organic fertilizers (compost, sugarcane filter cake) and fertilizers (NPK). The
design used was stripe blocks. The soil analysis data used at depths of 0-20
and 20-40 cm were at 8, 19 and 36 months after the treatments were applied. The
following indicators were evaluated: structure factor, permeability,
water-stable aggregates, plasticity, T value, and exchangeable cations.
Dolomitic limestone and its combinations with organic fertilizers showed
significant positive effects on soil structure and consistency, both in the
surface layer and in the subsoil, with residual impact over time up to 36
months. The results obtained showed a change in the category of structural
indicators from regular to excellent (permeability 1.50-2.40) and from
plasticity to moderately plastic (Plasticity index 36.64 -13.72). The results
demonstrated that the structure and stability indicators under study conditions
reached positive and significant correlations (R2 0.70) with the sugarcane
yield in t ha-1 even 36 months after planting the crop, which confirms the
residual effect of the treatments.
Author(s) Details:
Pedro Cairo Cairo,
Universidad de Atacama, Centro Regional de Investigación y
Desarrollo Sustentable (CRIDESAT), Copiapó-1532000, Chile.
Bladimir Diaz Martin,
Universidad
de Atacama, Centro Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Sustentable
(CRIDESAT), Copiapó-1532000, Chile.
Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V3/article/view/13264
Solid resolutions of NdFeO3, Nd0.5Pb0.5FeO3 and NdFe0.5Ti0.5O3were prepared using usual solid-state backlash method. The fabricated complete solutions were study for their fundamental, morphological, electrical and dielectric characteristics. XRD information demonstrates that orthorhombic transparent structures were present comprehensively of the samples. Since no contaminant phases were found, Pb2+and Ti+4 were clearly well within the range of their dependable solubility. SEM micrographs clearly revealed the distribution of tiny, comparable, randomly orientated, well-related, and irregularly shaped grains in the samples. It was found that the dielectric constant (ε´) and dielectric loss (ε´´) shown Cole-Cole relaxation act and decreased as the frequency of the used electric field raised. It has been discovered that the energetic conductivity obeys the entire power society and grows with the repetitiveness of the applied field.
Author(s) Details:
Sonika Thakur,
Department
of Physics, Guru Nanak Dev University College, Verka, Amritsar-143501, India.
Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CICMS-V3/article/view/12417
We question the off-stoichiometric RFe4.48Si1.52 (R = Y, Gd, Ho, and Lu) and DyFe6-xSix (x=1, 1.2, and 1.4) in this work together the intention of evaluating their structural and drawing characteristics as potential new constant magnets.X-ray analysis shows that these samples are multiphase composed of R2(Fe,Si)17, (Rhombohedral Th2Zn12 form type), the RFe4Si2, (ZrFe4Si2 structure type), the RFeSi (PbClF building type) and the RFe2Si2 (CeAl2Ga2 structure type). We tried to further characterize these developments using attractive measurements (magnetization and Curie hotness). Preliminary data are bestowed in this paper.
Author(s) Details:
M. Gjoka,
INN,
NCSR “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece.
Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CICMS-V2/article/view/12330
During extreme-temperature brazing, spread processes occur, and the hardware of the brazed joints may vary from the initial arrangement of the brazing filler hardware. This is especially distinct when brazing titanium aluminide (47XD). X-ray microanalysis established that when utilizing a filler metal that does not hold aluminium, seams are formed in the brazed intersections of the 47XD alloy, in which aluminium is driven. Due to the diffusion processes all the while brazing, the chemical arrangement and structure of the brazed seams are comparable to that of the base metal. In this regard, it is necessary to conduct orderly studies of the structure and, utilizing the mathematical structure, establish the system for forming brazed junctures.Results of investigations of chemical variety of the brazed joints on titanium aluminide presented by using eutectic stuffing metals of the Ti-Zr-Fe system and the extreme-temperature emptiness brazing process are presented. The effect of the diffusion processes happening at the filler hardware–base material interface on the synthetic composition and language rules of the brazed seams is shown. Investigation of the movement of diffusion satiation of filler metal accompanying aluminium suggests the device of formation of a two-state structure of the seams, nearly that of the base material, which demands holding for 1.0 h. It is shown that levelling of the aluminium aggregation at the interface accompanying the base material occurs all along t = 1.5 s at a gap breadth of 50 µm.
Author(s) Details:
S. V. Maksymova,
Brazing Department, E. O. Paton Electric Welding
Institute, NAS of Ukraine, Ukraine.
Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTEIMS-V2/article/view/11296
Electromagnetic radiations are waves, of course. The photoelectric effect led A. Einstein to suggest that light of frequency V is made up of distinct energy quanta with the formula epsilon = hv. We try to treat a thin beam of a conical wave train with energy hv as a photon and watch what occurs in order to follow Einstein's advice. We first demonstrate that such a train must be enclosed by a perfect reflection membrane with a lateral border of zero rest mass. Then we show that the membrane is divided into equal portions with the same quantity of various charges by a pair of symmetrical spirals with a maximum stress of infinity (Sigma max infty E2). If the field is sufficiently intensified and the mass and charge requirements are satisfied, the membrane will split into two "pm" charged particles with spins of h/2. The internal mass distribution and charge symmetry have been proved to be helical. Then, we demonstrate that the spin of this class of particles often consists of two components: translational motion and additional self-rotation caused by the translational motion of the spiral structure. Despite the fact that the wave function interpretation is different, we were able to show that the differential equation of motion particle's inner system is satisfied and resembles the Schrodinger equation.
The goal is to discover theorems by conducting theoretical research on a four-regular planar graph with odd and even regions.
This book was written in the hopes that readers, particularly young researchers and students, would be able to learn more about how Argon ion irradiation affects multilayer thin film systems, with a focus on Fe/Si metal-semiconductor systems, and how it is linked to magnetoresistance (MR) properties. This issue is significant because it covers the phenomena of physical characteristics, which are crucial in comprehending MR phenomena at the nanoscale scale. The Helicon Sputering technique is used to create thin films with thicknesses in the nanoscale range, a technology that allows for extremely precise film creation. Furthermore, it can be demonstrated that ion irradiation has an effect on MR characteristics, which can be linked to the interfacial structure between the Fe and Si layers. Several characterization techniques, such as Conversion Electron Mossbauer Spectroscopy (CEMS), Rutherford Back Scattering (RBS), and confirmation with Vibrating Sample Magnetometer(VSM) and Four Point Probe(FPP) for the magnetic and MR properties of post-irradiated thin film systems, can clarify this effect. This book can add to our understanding of how ion irradiation alters the physical properties of thin films and reduces the sensitivity of thin-film sensors like magnetic sensors.
The book is divided into five chapters, the first of which is an introduction to the current state of research on the GMR phenomena in multilayer Fe/Cr and Fe/Si. In Chapter 2, we discussed the basic theory of GMR in multilayer and exchange interactions, as well as the synthesis process of Helicon plasma Sputtering. In Chapter 3, we discussed the materials, synthesis methods, and characterization of multilayer films. In Chapter 4, we went through the pre-irradiation and post-irradiation of Argon ions in relation to the Fe/Si multilayer and its structure model in great depth. The conclusion concerning the influence of ion irradiation on the structure and magnetic characteristics of multilayer Fe/Si is found in Chapter 5.Spinel materials based on MgAl2O4 are technologically essential materials, and their ability to be modified in various ways makes them an attractive material from an application standpoint. We present Mg0.5-xMxZn0.5Al2O4 aluminates produced by a high temperature solid state reaction method (x = 0, 0.05 and M = Co, Ni, Cu). The structural, optical, and electrical characteristics of these aluminate materials were studied. The sample crystallisation into the cubic phase is inferred using Rietveld refinement of XRD data (Fd-3m). The presentation of distinct absorption bands in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman inelastic scattering spectral analysis validates the anticipated sample construction. At room temperature, dielectric analysis demonstrates that these materials have a low dielectric constant of a few hundreds and a convincingly low loss value. The optical bandgap (Eg) was observed to decrease from 5.17eV for pristine to 3.9eV for Cu2+ doping using the UV-Vis characterization approach. Electrical modulus and impedance behaviour are also discussed in order to better understand the conduction process and factors that influence it. The electrical polarisation at various field values is also presented. In light of Jonscher's law, we also focused on morphology, composition, and ac conductivity.
The authors provide scientific support for a new theoretical concept of geo-exploration activities, as well as geo-physical and geo-mechanical models for the Cis-Ural region's unconventional technically viable oil deposits. In light of geophysical synergy and petro-migration, the research proposes a heterogeneous balanced volumetric geomechanical model for the structural massif of mountain rock post-sedimentation. In the process of searching for and exploring hydrocarbon fields, as well as large-scaled building of surface and subsurface equipment, well drilling, the paper also presents a set of extra studies for seismic, tectono-physical, geological, and geophysical information. geo-dynamic research, geo-hydrogeological simulation of their development stages, and their completion The authors looked at how mountain massifs and wells change their stress-deformed status as a result of their subsurface operations. They also looked at the stress fields in the Zhiguli dislocation and the Cis-Ural area for large-scaled reef development. The inertia-capillary law of movement conservation (by Darcy-Stokes) and stress-deformed status of square compaction and structural packing of geo-physical rhythms have been scientifically proven by the authors. Filtration, petroleum migration diffusion, and mass transfer (Bessel's ray-path and Gaussian distribution). The group of authors have combined filtration as per Darcy and diffusion of structural-topological dislocation of impulses as per Euler with mobile neo-tectonics in porouscavernous-fractural media based on the solution of equations related to number of movements (of the Navier-Stokes type) for deformed porous media and conjugated seismic emission of various mass transfer structures in the form of a system based on the solution of equations related to number of movements (of hydrocarbons.
The paper presents original experimental results related to the study of the effect of annealing on the crystal structure of the surface of silicon doped with cobalt ions. The findings of research on CoSi2/Si(100) epitaxial structures formed by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), solid phase epitaxy (SPE), and other techniques are presented. It has been established that there are relationships between the morphology, stoichiometry, and growth conditions of CoSi2/ Si structures. The Auger The ratios of the intensities of Auger signals of cobalt and silicon in the CoSi2 layer, as well as silicon in CoSi2 and silicon substrate, were determined using the sample profile. The authors back up the notion that under particular heat treatment circumstances, epitaxial silicides are generated due to radiation of a single crystal's surface, which can act as conductive layers or metal coated layers. MBE, SSE, and other technologies have been used to create structural state diagrams of CoSi2/Si (100) thin-film systems.
Author(s) Details
The development of vacuum casting technique with directional crystallisation of the casting is the subject of this article. Layer-by-layer cooling of a casting is examined, which assures that a casting with a consistent fine-grained metal structure is formed. This effect is achieved by the cooling liquid slowly filling the cooled mould cavity due to a difference in the liquid flow rate at the inlet and outlet. A thin layer of the casting cools the metal at each point in time, ensuring consistency and fine-grained structure of the casting material, as well as the lack of shrinkage and internal tensions.
