The vnd/NK-2 Gene in Drosophila melanogaster: Impacts of Small Molecular Changes on Development and Genetic Stability| Chapter 8 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 5

 

Any change (i.e., a mutation) in the DNA sequence of any gene might result in significant cellular alterations, thereby damaging the corresponding organism and giving rise to a genetic defect. The knowledge on the NK-2 class of homeobox-containing genes and their encoded proteins was summarised. These genes are characterised by the presence of a 180-base-pair segment of DNA called the homeobox. The corresponding 60 amino acid residue fragment of the encoded protein is called the homeodomain. The NK-2 class of homeobox genes is defined by the encoding of tyrosine in position 54 of the homeodomain, which is responsible for the recognition of the unusual 5’ – CAAGTG – 3’ core consensus DNA sequence. The structural results on the NK-2 homeodomains both in the free and DNA-bound states, thermodynamic properties and CAT assays of the wild type and selected single amino acid residue replacements were reviewed. The review began by describing the structural, thermodynamic and binding experiments that were performed both on wild-type and mutant encoded proteins from these genes. These biophysical measurements with functional studies are designed to tell how any structural or thermodynamic changes that are observed might influence the ability of these genes or gene products to function properly. The study demonstrated that a tyrosine to methionine mutation in the vnd/NK-2 homeodomain and a mutation from tyrosine to cysteine in the highly homologous human cardiac CSX/NKX-2.5 homeodomain do not alter the structures of their respective homeodomain-DNA complexes. The transgenic data on a mutant gene that encodes for methionine in vnd/NK-2, a CNS gene, is lethal. Both the tyrosine to cysteine mutant in position 54 of the CSX/NKX-2.5 homeodomain that arises from a missense UAC to UGC mRNA codon change and a synonymous tyrosine to tyrosine change in position 14 from the rare UAU to the common UAC mRNA codon, also in the CSX/NKX-2.5 homeodomain, result in serious congenital heart defects. The potential roles of the mRNA in vnd/NK-2 were investigated by carrying out preliminary transient transfection assays using RNA Affymetrix chip assay data to show that the altered mRNAs do not properly repress known downstream target genes. The study suggested that alterations in the mRNA, as well as changes in individual amino acid residues in a protein, apparently can act as etiological agents to generate phenotypic alterations or genetic diseases in humans. A detailed molecular explanation for these observations remains elusive, although the information available on synonymous mutations does indicate an important role associated with changes in the mRNA that requires further investigation.

 

Author(s) Details

Kae-Jung Hwang
U.S. Pharmacopeia, 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.

 

James A. Ferretti
Laboratory of Structural Biophysics, National Heart, Lung & Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive MSC-8013, Bethesda, MD 20892-8013, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v5/5742

 

A Brief Account on Special Trilinear Functions and their Applications | Chapter 6 | Research Highlights in Mathematics and Computer Science Vol. 6

 Based on former works on distinguished bilinear functions (SBF), we present  their use in evaluating Chebyshev polynomials show the beauty of the SBF method. Then, as a generalisation of SBF, we define distinctive trilinear functions (STF) of three n-tuples vectors. Finally, any applications are likely, such as attractive the product of three polynomials of standard n, emphasising the fact that the process of calculating the product of three integers utilizing STF methods happens in a very efficient tone and with no stated exertion.  A short discussion on the future of the subject forms the conclusion of our study.

Author(s) Details:

Aesha A. Juroud,
Department of Mathematics, Alasmariya University , Zlitin, Libya.

Bashir W. Sharif,
Department of Mathematics, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya.

Ali M. Awin,
Department of Mathematics, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHMCS-V6/article/view/9681

Output Variety Precision of Digits Rounding in SPSS and MS Excel | Chapter 6 | Novel Research Aspects in Mathematical and Computer Science Vol. 5

Different specialised programmes that can carry out statistical procedures rapidly and accurately are used. There are several functions that may be calculated in SAS, STAT, and the analytical programme SPSS. These calculations may be made using a Microsoft Excel software. Some programmes may operate at a higher level than others inside the functions they are computing. These functions include sum, average, maximum, and minimum, for instance. The precision of the round function, one of these functions, may also be measured by this research. I employed ten-digit numbers in this investigation and the following three criteria: less than, equal to, and more than 5. The SPSS only allows decimals for numerical variables. Depending on whether the target decimal place is less, equal, or more than 5, different rounding techniques are used. Ten digits were rounded using the capabilities in SPSS and MS Excel. The output results are the same with the exception that Microsoft Excel trims out the last few zeros of the digit after the decimal point. Whenever the decimal place supplied in the digit is desired, it will truncate after the decimal point. SPSS is more accurate than MS Excel in terms of the decimal place in the digit number needed for statistical and analytical purposes.

Author (s) Details:

Zaher Saif Mohammed Al-Hashami,
CS Instructor, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NRAMCS-V5/article/view/7483

Determination of Range of Outputs Precise of Digits Rounding in SPSS and MS Excel | Chapter 9 | Current Topics on Mathematics and Computer Science Vol. 6

This study's concept is to calculate rounding and truncate in SPSS and round function in MS Excel for 10 random digits numbers, then compare the results in the two programmes using the same digits numbers. In four decimal places, compare the rounding outputs of both programmes. Statistical operations are performed by various specialist programmes, which can do these processes quickly and accurately. In SAS, STAT, and the analytical application SPSS, there are various functions that can be calculated. There is a Microsoft Excel software that can perform these calculations. Within the functions they are calculating, the level of some programmes may differ from that of others. Sum, Average, Maximum, and Minimum are examples of these functions. This research can also measure the accuracy of the round function, which is one of these functions. In this study, I used ten-digit integers and three criteria: less than, equal to, and more than 5. Rounding procedures are performed based on whether the desired decimal place is less, equal, or greater than 5. Using the SPSS and MS Excel tools, ten digits were rounded. Except that Microsoft Excel truncates the remaining zeroes of the digit after the decimal point, the output findings are identical. It will truncate after the decimal point whenever the decimal place provided in the digit is wanted. Based on the decimal place in the digit number desired statistically and analytically, SPSS is more precise than MS Excel.

Author (S) Details

Zaher Saif Mohammed Al-Hashami
CS Instructor -Muscat, Sultanate, Oman.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CTMCS-V6/article/view/2589

A Cross-sectional Study of the Relationship between Age, Body Mass, Pain, and Walking Limitations in Women with Knee Osteoarthritis | Chapter 17 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 13

 Many people suffer from knee osteoarthritis (OA), which causes severe physical disability. Although some research suggests that women with this disease suffer more than men, few studies have attempted to explain the severity and impact of this disease in women with moderate knee osteoarthritis, as well as the relationships that occur between their perceived health status and well-known physical, mental, and perceptual factors associated with this disease. The aim of this exploratory study was to learn more about the factors that affect how people perceive the disease. as well as to illustrate how pain and function affect the condition in women with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis. A examination of the history of 20 women with the disease who had undergone multiple tests using standardised protocols and licenced instruments was conducted. Using the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale, the primary outcome measure was the disease's perceived impact. Secondary outcome metrics included six-minute walking time, quickest walking velocity, self-reported discomfort, pain and functional self-efficacy, body mass index, and depression. The variables were subjected to t-tests and correlational analyses. The findings revealed that pain, along with deficits in walking capacity (p0.05), is the clinical factor that has the greatest effect on disease experience. Body mass and pain self-efficacy were important mediating variables of ambulatory ability.

Author (s) Details

R. Marks
Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, USA

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CTMMR-V13/article/view/748