Exploring the Unique Structure and Properties of Liquid Water | Chapter 4 | Science and Technology: Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 11

 

Water was and remains the most unusual substance on Earth. Until very recently, the structure and abnormal properties of water have caused heated discussions among both domestic and foreign scientists of different generations. This is primarily due to the complexity of the object of study, the ability of water, even with minor external influences, to easily transition from one metastable state to another. Of course, the state of water at the triple point in the phase diagram is of particular interest. In this regard, the paper considers the features in the pressure-temperature coordinates of some substances in the liquid aggregate state. The authors hypothesized that all substances in the liquid aggregate state should have common features, despite their original individuality. It seems to us that a universal feature that unites all possible aggregate states of water is the ability of the systems under consideration to smoothly transition from a homogeneous to a heterogeneous state, from a single-phase to a two- or more-phase system, characterized by the appearance of a phase interface under certain conditions, that is, the formation of a dispersed system. It is emphasized in the work that until now when analyzing the transitions of water from one aggregate state to another, the time factor of the existence of a phase in equilibrium or metastable states, as well as the time of existence of the dispersed system itself, has not been taken into account. The rapid development of water sciences has led to the discovery of unique properties of water in extreme conditions, for example, the ability of water not to freeze even with ultra-deep cooling, much lower than the freezing point of liquid nitrogen, or the experimentally proven fact that at -68°C water acts as a mixture of two liquids of different densities and others. Further advances in the study of the properties and conditions of water are inevitably associated with the convergence of natural sciences.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Ju. S. Sarkisov

Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Tomsk, 634003, Russia.

N.P. Gorlenko

Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Tomsk, 634003, Russia.

O.A. Zubkova

Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Tomsk, 634003, Russia.

D. Ju. Sarkisov

Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Tomsk, 634003, Russia.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v11/1752

 

Mechanistic and Kinetic Study of Allyl Alcohol Oxidation Using Quinaldinium Chlorochromate in Acetic Acid Medium | Chapter 3 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 10

Quinaldinium chlorochromate is one of the mild oxidants of chromium (VI) compound. This oxidant is used to oxidize the allyl alcohol in aqueous acetic acid medium. The reaction shows first order with respect to quinaldinium chlorochromate and hydrogen ion concentration. It was found to be fractional with respect to allyl alcohol. The reaction rate decreases as the dielectric constant of the medium decreases. The rate of the reaction has a negligible effect on the increase of ionic strength. The reaction does not induce the polymerization of acrylonitrile. The thermodynamic and activation parameters have been calculated using Eyring’s equation. On the basis of experimental facts, a plausible mechanism has been proposed and a suitable rate law is derived.

 

Author (s) Details

 K. G. Sekar
Department of Chemistry, National College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli - 620 001, India.

 

V. Palanive
Department of Chemistry, Periyar EVR College, (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli - 620 023, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v10/3626 

Modern Trends and Problems Related to Design of Catalysts for Biofuels Transformation into Syngas and Hydrogen | Chapter 4 | Current Perspective to Physical Science Research Vol. 8

 Production of syngas by methods alternative to steam reforming of methane now becomes more popular due to both environmental and commercial reasons. Transformation of oxygenates obtained from biomass and dry reforming of natural gas appears to be the most effective. This review considers problems related to the design of efficient structured catalysts for natural gas and biofuels transformation into syngas. Their active components are comprised of fluorite, perovskite, and spinel oxides or their nanocomposites (both bulk and supported on high surface area Mg-doped alumina or MgAl2O4) promoted by platinum group metals, nickel and their alloys. The mechanism of the main reactions was studied by using such methods as SSITKA, kinetic transients and pulse techniques. A complex of modern structural, spectroscopic and kinetic methods was applied to elucidate atomic-scale factors controlling their performance and stability to coking, such as dispersion of metals/alloys, strong metal-support interaction and oxygen mobility/reactivity as dependent upon their composition and synthesis procedures. Monolithic catalysts comprised of optimized active components loaded on structured substrates with a high thermal conductivity demonstrated high activity and stability to coking in processes of natural gas and biofuels reforming into syngas. A pilot-scale axial reactor equipped with the internal heat exchanger and such catalysts allowed to efficiently convert into syngas the mixture of natural gas, air and liquid biofuels in the autothermal reforming mode at low (~50 – 100°C) inlet temperatures and GHSV up to 40 000 h-1. This study reviews the fundamental bases for the production technology of highly efficient and stable coking structured catalysts with nanocomposite active components for natural gas and biofuel transformation into syngas. Design of reactors for these catalysts with efficient control of the heat and mass transfer in these processes provides bases for their industrial production, thus solving the problems of green energy development.

Author(s) Details:

Vladislav A. Sadykov,
Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.

Mikhail N. Simonov,
Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.

Nikita F. Eremeev,
Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.

Natalia V. Mezentseva,
Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPPSR-V8/article/view/13973

Study Highlights about the Converter System on the Contemporary Accordion Performance in the Second Half of the XX Century | Chapter 7 | Recent Trends in Arts and Social Studies Vol. 7

 The item pretends to research the evolution way of a singular musical means, its fundamental past aspects and friendly impact in the society. Throughout the body of the item, some remarks are included to the main brands, composers and pedagogues, in addition to to the basic techniques that include the mechanism in the act.In the second half of the XX century the stomach Steinway experienced significant changes that would change the mechanism's destiny, allure practice, sound range and potential. One of these changes was the creation of a preacher system that opened doors to acting on this instrument, to a degree: hands independence, musical accordance realization, new compositions, mechanics and artistic growth of the performers skills. Just like the Boehm scheme for the flute fictitious by Theobald Boehm between 1831 and 1847, Vittorio Mancini fictitious in 1959 a system for the left help mechanism that managed to the appearance of the groanbox in large concert halls, in big auditoriums with symphony, in chamber music and in the summary of higher schools and universities. This item seeks to study the impact of the preacher system on the development of an instrument with established and popular ancestries that has been more asserting itself as an instrument accompanying transversal wherewithal to interpret some genre of music from common to contemporary.

Author(s) Details:

Gonçalo Pescada,
Évora University, Portugal.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RTASS-V7/article/view/11775

On Some Peculiarities of Interaction between Cement and Water| Chapter 10 | Current Overview on Science and Technology Research Vol. 8

 The paper argues the most complex and poorly intentional aspects of interplay of cement with water. Particular consideration is paid to the earliest and last stages of hydration and structure establishment of binding system. It is proved that the induction periods of hydration and thickening are a multistage process including a pre-inference period and an inference period as such. Its part is decisive in the rainmaking technique of new phase beginning and the transfer of signs of the future structure from the supersaturated adhesive to the cement stone. At the definitive stage of hardening, a blood vessel porous carcass is formed in the cement-water system. It is proved that the hardening process endure be regarded as a characteristic phase transposition: water being a dispersion medium in the blood vessel-porous building of the cement stone in the beginning, becomes a dispersed time. Particle dispersion and atom size allocation and pore size dispersion are of particular importance. It has existed shown that many facets of interaction of cement with water have prevalent nature accompanying the processes taking place in terrestrial and biological objects of unaffected systems. It form possible to grant the mentioned processes in the soul of convergence and divergence of sciences.

Author(s) Details:

Ju S. Sarkisov,
Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Tomsk, 634003, Russia.

N. P. Gorlenko,
Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Tomsk, 634003, Russia.

O. A. Zubkova,
Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Tomsk, 634003, Russia.

N. N. Debelova,
Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Tomsk, 634003, Russia.

T. S. Shepelenko,
Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Tomsk, 634003, Russia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/COSTR-V8/article/view/8667

Tinnitus: A Brief Review of Causes, Mechanism, and Treatments | Chapter 6 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 1

 Tinnitus is the sensation of hearing sound without an external source, which is often described as a "buzzing" or "ringing" in the ears. The purpose of this research is to examine the causes, mechanisms, and treatment options for tinnitus. Tinnitus is caused by hearing loss, somatosensory system malfunction, and lesions of the auditory brain. Serious underlying diseases are uncommon in most situations. Hearing loss is the most common reason. Tinnitus does not always accompany hearing loss, and hearing loss does not always accompany tinnitus. The first is addressed by the "inhibitory gating mechanism," while the latter is explained by the assumption that all tinnitus sufferers have some degree of hearing impairment that is not often discovered by regular audiological testing. Pharmacotherapy, education, counselling, cognitive behavioural therapy, and sound therapy are among recent popular treatments. Counseling should include information on the link between tinnitus and hearing loss, as well as lifestyle factors that might affect tinnitus management in both positive and negative ways. Symptomatic alleviation or the management of associated distress should be the therapeutic aims.

Author(S) Details

Byung In Han
Do Neurology Clinic, Daegu, South Korea.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V1/article/view/5044

Tinnitus: A Brief Review of Causes, Mechanism, and Treatments | Chapter 6 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 13

 Tinnitus is the sensation of hearing sound without an external source, which is often described as a "buzzing" or "ringing" in the ears. The purpose of this research is to examine the causes, mechanisms, and treatment options for tinnitus. Tinnitus is caused by hearing loss, somatosensory system malfunction, and lesions of the auditory brain. Serious underlying diseases are uncommon in most situations. Hearing loss is the most common reason. Tinnitus does not always accompany hearing loss, and hearing loss does not always accompany tinnitus. The first is addressed by the "inhibitory gating mechanism," while the latter is explained by the assumption that all tinnitus sufferers have some degree of hearing impairment that is not often discovered by regular audiological testing. Pharmacotherapy, education, counselling, cognitive behavioural therapy, and sound therapy are among recent popular treatments. Counseling should include information on the link between tinnitus and hearing loss, as well as lifestyle factors that might affect tinnitus management in both positive and negative ways. Symptomatic alleviation or the management of associated distress should be the therapeutic aims.

Author(S) Details

Byung In Han
Do Neurology Clinic, Daegu, South Korea.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V1/article/view/5044

Chemistry of Organic Compounds in the Beer Production: Second Edition | Chapter 10 | Emerging Challenges in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 1

 Beer can be thought of as a diluted ethanol solution containing a variety of organic compounds. These organic molecules are subjected to a range of chemical reactions that occur during fermentation, storage, and finally determine the beer's unique ageing as well as its quality.

Author (S) Details

Topwe Milongwe Mwene-Mbeja
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Hydro-Quebec Institute for Environment, Development and Society at Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/ECAFS-V1/article/view/3103

Recent Advancement on Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies on the Selective Oxidation of Primary Aliphatic Alcohols under Phase Transfer Catalysis | Chapter 14 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 3

 In polar media, chromate and permanganate ions in different forms are used as strong oxidising agents in organic and inorganic oxidations. Kinetic experiments have been carried out on the oxidation of primary aliphatic alcohols, such as 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, 1-nonanol and 1-decanol, using benzene monochromate phase transfer. As a phase transfer catalyst, tetrabutylammonium bromide and tetrabutylphosphonium bromide are used. The reaction demonstrated dependency on both [alcohol] and [monochromate ion] in the first order. Oxidation allows the resulting aldehyde to form and no traces of carboxylic acid have been found. The reaction mixture failed to cause added acrylonitrile polymerization, which excludes the involvement of radical intermediates in the reaction. Various thermodynamic parameters have been tested, such as activation energy, activation enthalpy, activation entropy and Gibb's free energy. As per the experimental findings obtained, a suitable mechanism has been suggested. The selective oxidation of primary aliphatic alcohols includes the formation of chromate ester that supplies the substance with decomposition. Without using PT catalysts, it is not possible to carry out the reaction in organic media. This technique involving PT catalysts can therefore be used for the selective oxidation of primary alcohols in non-polar solvents, so it is simple to study kinetics and mechanisms.

Author(s) Details

K. Bijudas
Department of Chemistry, N. S. S. College, Manjeri - 676122 Kerala, India.

P. Bashpa

Department of Chemistry, N. S. S. College, Manjeri - 676122 Kerala, India.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/318

Recent Research on Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Ethyl Diethylene Glycol by Ce(IV) Catalyzed by Ir(III) in Aqueous Sulphuric Acid Media | Chapter 13 | Current Research and Development in Chemistry Vol. 4

 Kinetic research on oxidation by cerium(IV) of various types of organic compounds are well known. Ruthenium(III) and iridium(III) have been found to catalyse even at trace amounts among the distinct metal ion catalysis. In sulphuric acid media, the kinetics of iridium(III) catalysed oxidation of ethyl diethylene glycol by ceric sulphate were studied. The outcome suggests kinetics of zero order with respect to cerium(IV) ion and kinetics of first order with regard to ethyl diethylene glycol and iridium(III) chloride. The medium's dielectric constant shows a positive influence on the rate of reaction. The ionic strength of potassium sulphate has an insignificant effect on the reaction rate, suggesting that the interaction is an ion-dipole form and not an ion form in the rate-determining stage. Temperature elevation boosts the reaction rate. Various parameters for activation were measured and registered. A suitable mechanism has been developed in conformity with the above observation Suggested.

Author (s) Details

Kamini Singh
Chemical Kinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Tilakdhari Postgraduate College, Jaunpur-222 002, India.

Ashish Kumar Singh
Chemical Kinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Tilakdhari Postgraduate College, Jaunpur-222 002, India.

Jaya Jaiswal
Chemical Kinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Tilakdhari Postgraduate College, Jaunpur-222 002, India.

Dr. R. A. Singh
Chemical Kinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Tilakdhari Postgraduate College, Jaunpur-222 002, India.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/282