Age-Associated Variations in Vitamin D Levels among Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Men | Chapter 3 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 8

Background: The required quantities of exposure to sunlight differ from other seasons, as the majority of people suffer from reduced levels of vitamin D, especially during the winter season. The periods of exposure differ according to the seasons of the year, the place, terms of the skin exposed to the sun and the type of skin as well as the type of clothes, in the summer the best time For exposure is the middle of the morning or In the afternoon outside the peak of UV rays, while in the winter there are longer periods of exposure to the sun with the preference of the near time from the afternoon, it is important to establish a balance between the need for sunlight in order to produce what is appropriate for vitamin D and avoid the risk of a skin lesion with excessive exposure for the sun at the same time.

Where it is estimated that the appropriate time to exposure is about 5 to 10 minutes on most of the summer days, and 30 minutes as a maximum during the winter days, and it is preferable that the arms, legs and face are the areas exposed to sunlight, and the period of exposure to the sun may vary depending on the type of skin, and it is useful to know that there is Light than UV rays through Regular transparent windows.

Vitamin D is synthesized from precursors present at the surface of the epidermis and then undergo biotransformation which is achieved at the hepatocytes and finally by hydroxylation enzymes in the nephrons. Sunrays play a crucial role in the beginning of D vitamin formation processes, parathyroid hormone is an essential hormone secreted by parathyroid glands and plays a key role in the activation of D vitamin by renal alfa hydroxylase. Food sources of Vitamin D are also important for supplementation of the human body with some requirements.

Aim: This study aimed to compare the concentration of vitamin D in diabetic patients, and non-diabetic men and its association with age.

Patients and Methods: The current study started at the beginning of June 2018 and continued until the end of March 2019, at the outpatient unit in a special private hospital in Tikrit City - Iraq. Eighty men have been enrolled in the present study.

Results: Eighty men participated in the present study, distributed as 40 non-diabetic subjects as controls and 40 diabetic patients. The mean and standard deviation of D vit. levels of non-insulin-dependent diabetes and normal physically fit men show there is a significant reduction of D vit. Measurements of the diabetic men patients suffering from T2DM, (13.58 ± 5.29) as compared with control subjects, (19.95 ±6.5). There is a significant decrease in vit. D measurements of T2DM young patients. In T2DM patients less than 18 years old have a significant reduction in vitamin D concentration, (13.41 ± 5.1), as compared with T2DM patients aged 18-40 years, (17.23 ± 7.3). Measurements of vit. D. During heat season and compared to cold months. The evaluation of Vit. D. During hot months shows a significant rise (26.4 ± 7.1) in comparison with winter status (13.65 ± 4.2).

Conclusions: The present study concludes that, Vit. D levels show a highly important increment in hot months as compared with the winter season and there are significant reductions in the concentration of vitamin D in young age type 2 diabetic patients.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Abdulhadi Mohamed Jumaa
Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Tikrit University, Iraq.

 

Meqdam Atiyah Khalaf
Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Tikrit University, Iraq.

 

Hassan Yashar Hassan
Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Tikrit University, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v8/4623

On Some Peculiarities of Interaction between Cement and Water| Chapter 10 | Current Overview on Science and Technology Research Vol. 8

 The paper argues the most complex and poorly intentional aspects of interplay of cement with water. Particular consideration is paid to the earliest and last stages of hydration and structure establishment of binding system. It is proved that the induction periods of hydration and thickening are a multistage process including a pre-inference period and an inference period as such. Its part is decisive in the rainmaking technique of new phase beginning and the transfer of signs of the future structure from the supersaturated adhesive to the cement stone. At the definitive stage of hardening, a blood vessel porous carcass is formed in the cement-water system. It is proved that the hardening process endure be regarded as a characteristic phase transposition: water being a dispersion medium in the blood vessel-porous building of the cement stone in the beginning, becomes a dispersed time. Particle dispersion and atom size allocation and pore size dispersion are of particular importance. It has existed shown that many facets of interaction of cement with water have prevalent nature accompanying the processes taking place in terrestrial and biological objects of unaffected systems. It form possible to grant the mentioned processes in the soul of convergence and divergence of sciences.

Author(s) Details:

Ju S. Sarkisov,
Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Tomsk, 634003, Russia.

N. P. Gorlenko,
Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Tomsk, 634003, Russia.

O. A. Zubkova,
Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Tomsk, 634003, Russia.

N. N. Debelova,
Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Tomsk, 634003, Russia.

T. S. Shepelenko,
Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Tomsk, 634003, Russia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/COSTR-V8/article/view/8667

Deposition of Triterpenoids and Steroids in Cuticular Waxes of Representative Fruits of Rosaceae Family during Their Development and Maturation | Chapter 9 | New Innovations in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 5

 Many chemical changes occur during fruit ripening, not only in the mesocarp but also in the epicarp, such as changes in triterpenoid and steroid content of fruit cuticular waxes, which can alter pathogen susceptibility and mechanical qualities of the fruit surface. However, research into the links between fruit cuticular composition, ripening-related changes, and the consequent fruit attributes, such as post-harvest quality, is still in its early stages. Meanwhile, cuticular composition and developmental patterns may have a significant impact on cultivation and post-harvest methods, such as pesticide reduction and the use of artificial fruit coatings. The Rosaceae family is a large angiosperm family that includes several economically important fruit crops. The goal of this study was to determine the ripening-related variations in triterpenoid and steroid content of fruit cuticular waxes of three Rosaceae plant species: rugosa rose (Rosa rugosa), black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa var. "Galicjanka"), and apple (Malus domestica var. "Antonovka"). A GC-MS/FID method was used to assess the triterpenoid and steroid content in chloroform-soluble cuticular waxes at four different phenological stages. In chosen fruit samples with triterpenoids of ursane-, oleanane-, and lupane-type carbon skeletons, the prevalence of ursolic acid, and the composition of steroids, the profile of discovered chemicals was quite comparable. There was a steady enrichment of the content of triterpenoids and steroids in fruit cuticular wax, as well as an increasing accumulation of these chemicals. Modifications in metabolic pathways, particularly hydroxylation and esterification, resulted in alterations in triterpenoid concentration, which can modify interactions with complementary functional groups of aliphatic constituents and lead to significant changes in fruit surface quality.

Author(S) Details

Soyol Dashbaldan
Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland and Mongolian University of Science and Technology, School of Industrial Technology, 8nd khoroo, Baga Toiruu 34, Sukhbaatar District, Ulaanbaatar 14191, Mongolia.

Cezary Paczkowski
Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.

Anna Szakiel
Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NICB-V5/article/view/5150