Removal of Cadmium (II) from Aqueous Solution through Adsorption using Wood Biochar: Kinetics and Isotherms Studies | Chapter 7 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 8

Removal of cadmium ions through adsorption has been investigated by locally available wood biochar. The motivations of the present study were to investigate the application of this wood biochar in the field of environmental problems, so that wood biochar would be more valuable for the community. Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, Redlich-Peterson, Sips, Flory-Huggins, Fowler-Guggenheim, and Harkin-Jura isotherms were used to elucidate the adsorption mechanism. Similarly, pseudo-first-order, Pseudo-second order, Intra-particle diffusion, and liquid film diffusion models were used to study the kinetics of adsorption. The sorption process is favorable with a monolayer formation and predominantly physical adsorption when the equilibrium is attained. The negative value of Gibbs free energy (ΔGo) indicates that the adsorption process is thermodynamically spontaneous and feasible. The presence of repulsion between the adsorbed molecules was also confirmed. The maximum adsorption capacity (q_max) was 28.57 mg/g. The kinetics of the adsorption process follows Pseudo-second order and is also controlled by diffusion through the liquid film. It also confirms the existence of boundary layer influence by Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion. From these studies, the wood biochar could be used as an adsorbent for the efficient treatment of Cd (II) from an aqueous solution.

 

Author (s) Details

 

H. Lalhruaitluanga
Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India.

 

Lalremruata Hauhnar
Department of Zoology, Government Champhai College, Champhai, Mizoram, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v8/2944

Mechanistic and Kinetic Study of Allyl Alcohol Oxidation Using Quinaldinium Chlorochromate in Acetic Acid Medium | Chapter 3 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 10

Quinaldinium chlorochromate is one of the mild oxidants of chromium (VI) compound. This oxidant is used to oxidize the allyl alcohol in aqueous acetic acid medium. The reaction shows first order with respect to quinaldinium chlorochromate and hydrogen ion concentration. It was found to be fractional with respect to allyl alcohol. The reaction rate decreases as the dielectric constant of the medium decreases. The rate of the reaction has a negligible effect on the increase of ionic strength. The reaction does not induce the polymerization of acrylonitrile. The thermodynamic and activation parameters have been calculated using Eyring’s equation. On the basis of experimental facts, a plausible mechanism has been proposed and a suitable rate law is derived.

 

Author (s) Details

 K. G. Sekar
Department of Chemistry, National College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli - 620 001, India.

 

V. Palanive
Department of Chemistry, Periyar EVR College, (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli - 620 023, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v10/3626 

Kinetics and Oxidation of Di-Oxo-Bridged Manganese (III, IV) Complex of (2,2’ Bipyridine) by Thiocyanate Ion in Aqueous Acidic Medium | Chapter 10 | Current Innovations in Chemical and Materials Sciences Vol. 6

The kinetics and oxidation of di-oxo-bridged manganese (III, IV) complex of (2,2’ bipyridine by thiocyanate ion (SCN-) has been studied in aqueous acidic medium. The stoichiometric determination expresses a mole ratio of 1:3. Kinetics study was carried out under pseudo - first order condition and showed that the rate of reaction was first-order with respect to [(bipy)2MnIIIO2MnIV(bipy)2]3+ and [SCN-] respectively. The rate of the reaction was acid dependent as the rate of reaction increased with increase in acid concentration. It was found to decrease with increase in ionic strength, suggesting a negative salt effect. This implies that two opposite charges were in operation during the redox reaction. The addition of added cations and anions (Mg2+, Ni2+, CH3COO- and NO3-) increased the rate of reaction and Michaelis-Menten’s plot showed a zero intercept. Based on the results of  the spectroscopic studies which indicated no shift from the maximum absorbance of 683 nm, kinetic evidence from Michaelis– Menten’s plot with zero intercept and interaction with added cations and anions, an outer–sphere mechanism has been proposed for the oxidation of di-oxo-bridged manganese (III, IV) complex of (2,2’ bipyridine) by SCN-.

Author(s) Details:

Patricia Ese Umoru,
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CICMS-V6/article/view/13605

Composite Wave Sheets from Basalt Fiber for Pitched Roofing | Chapter 2 | Research and Developments in Engineering Research Vol. 3

 This item describes scientific research on the invention of highly adept asbestos-free composite sheet cover materials established basalt fibers using nanotechnology and creative developments, established local conditions. Since in modern environments the problems of environmentally intimate and durable materials are severe, the authors propose an creative method of replacing resistant to burning and chrysotile fibers in the production of gestured roofing sheets. New ideas and results of exploratory developments, concerning details regulations and practical experiments in this place are proposed. The Mega Invest Industrial joint venture is a complicated basalt fiber builder in Central Asia and the second largest builder in the CIS, which produces a wide range of extreme-strong volcano matter fibers. The authors made an attempt to realize the plan of using local volcano matter fiber for the production of gesturing roofing sheets.

Author(s) Details:

N. F. Bakhriev,
Department of Construction Materials, Samarkand State Architectural and Civil Engineering Institute (SSACEI), Uzbekistan.

N. R. Qurolova,
Department of Construction Materials, Samarkand State Architectural and Civil Engineering Institute (SSACEI), Uzbekistan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RADER-V3/article/view/10506

Second-Order Derivative Spectrophotometric Estimation of Magnesium and Titanium Using 3-Aminopyridine-2-Carbaxal Dehydethiosemicarbazone | Chapter 3 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 6

The aim of the study deals with the exploratory and theoretical facets of Derivative UV-Spectrophotometry. The method gains meaning using the first and second derivative of the broadcast spectra concerning wavelength. Generated ocular derivatives are distinguished to the known mathematical derivatives. Using the second-order derivative spectrophotometric pattern, the determination of magnesium [Mg (II)] and titanium [Ti (IV)] using 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (triapine) has existed examined. Triapine, when accompanying Mg(II) and Ti(IV), yields a light green hue in a elementary solution (at pH 8). The famous peak was between 370 and 380 nm for Mg(II) and Ti(IV) compounds. Molar incorporation and Sandell's sensitivity principles of the coloured complexes namely., Mg(II) and Ti(IV)-triapine complexes were 9.269 x 106 L mol-1 cm-1, 7.96 x 103 L mol -1 cm -1, and 0.0001 g/cm2, 0.125 g/cm2, individually. Linearity is observed in the aggregation range 0.121-1.318 μg/mL for Mg (II) and 0.012-0.122 μg/mL for Ti(IV). The concentration effect of Mg(II) and Ti(IV) ions on size are also intentional. The limit of detection (LOD) and surplus of quantification (LOQ) of Mg(II) and Ti(IV) are 0.00495 μg/mL, 0.015 μg/mL and 0.007 μg/mL, 0.0022 μg/mL individually. The stability determined of the Mg(II) and Ti(IV)-triapine complex is determined by the Jobs arrangement to be 4.260 x 104 and 3.236 x 105, individually. Derivative spectrophotometry as a technique that allows to non-obtrusive extraction of dossier included in elementary spectrum appears expected a very valuable tool in physico-synthetic studies. It permits to investigate the response equilibria or kinetics outside disturbing their run. Here in this place chapter, a multicomponent reasoning of Mg-Ti alloy samples using tripin as a chelating power and derived second-order spectrophotometry was grown. Magnesium-Titanium Alloys have been labeled in normal alloy brace, mineral, drug, and food samples utilizing the suggested procedure. The findings of the current study samples are in good arrangement with those of the cuisine analysis in nuclear absorption spectroscopy (F-AAS) and inductively connected plasma nuclear emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).

Author(s) Details:

S. Nazimunnisa,
Department of Chemistry, AMC Engineering College, Bangalore -560083, Karnataka, India.

V. Veeranna,
Department of Chemistry, AMC Engineering College, Bangalore -560083, Karnataka, India.

V. Venkatalakshmi,
Department of Chemistry, AMC Engineering College, Bangalore -560083, Karnataka, India.

S. Yallappa,
Department of Chemistry, AMC Engineering College, Bangalore -560083, Karnataka, India and Department of Physical Science and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University,4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka 020-8551, Japan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V6/article/view/11715

Preparation of Photocurable Porous Polyacrylates with Hydrocarbon Absorbing Properties | Chapter 5 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 4

 Acrylate-located High Internal Phase Emulsions (HIPEs) were photopolymerized to yield porous fabrics aimed to use them as hydrocarbon spellbinding materials. Di and triacrylates were used to develop the photocurable formulations and their reactivity was persistent using Real-Time FTIR spectroscopy to optimize the type, and capacity of the monomers and of the photoinitiators. Thermal analysis methods including characteristic scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterise the produce monoliths. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis and flipping through electron microscopy (SEM) were used to check the morphology and surface area. It was evaluated how capably the materials engrossed hydrocarbons such hexane, diesel, toluene, and anesthetic as well as their condensation and absorption characteristics. The findings show that the acrylate-HIPEs displayed extreme reactivity photopolymerizing in 20 brief time period. The glass transition hotness of the materials was in the range of 2 to 83°C, contingent upon the ratio of acrylates in the photocurable expression, displaying the characteristic morphology accompanying voids and interconnecting bays. A cost-effective process to make porous polyacrylate materials accompanying properties of basic solvents assimilation, was developed. The polyHIPEs were obtained by way of a photopolymerization technique, irradiating formulations of the tinted covering monomers T, E and I, for 20 minutes at 60 mW/cm2 utilizing 1 mol % of both photoinitiators BAPO and DMPA. The polyHIPEs exhibited superior possessions of absorption of the intentional hydrocarbons. The order of capability of incorporation was chloroform > toluene > hexane > diesel. The best absorbing material was that accompanying trimethylolpropane triacrylate, ethylhexyl acrylate and isobornyl acrylate in a 1:0.9:2.1 percentage, which absorbed 778% of anesthetic, 378% of toluene, 306 % of hexane and 236% of diesel.

Author(s) Details:

Ricardo Acosta Ortiz,

Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo-25297, Coahuila, México.

Jefferson Reinosa Dávila,

Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo-25297, Coahuila, México.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V4/article/view/11256

Chemical Kinetic and Mechanistic Approach of Cinacalcet Hydrochloride by Sodium N-Chloro Benzene Sulfonamide in Acid Medium | Chapter 3 | Progress in Chemical Science Research Vol. 9

 Cinacalcet Hydrochloride is a United States of Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) certified Drug, marketed under the brand name Mimpara, used for the situation of secondary hyperparathyroidism. The aim of the current search was Kinetic and mechanistic study of Cinacalcet Hydrochloride by sodium-N-chloro-benzene sulfonamide or chloramine-B (CAB) in HCl medium was intentional at 308 K. The reaction understands first order reliance on [CAT]0 and [substrate]0, fractional order reliance on [HCl] ion. Variation of ionic substance and addition of benzene medicine have no significant effect on the rate. The backlash was studied at five various temperatures; still, the thermodynamic parameters have happened assessed from the Arrhenius plots. The stoichiometry of the backlash has been settled expected 1:2 and oxidation crop Imine was predicted by Chromatographic and Spectroscopic study. The observed results were situated probable machine and the related rate society has been understood.

Author(s) Details:

N. Kallesha,
Department of Chemistry and Research Center, Vidya Vikas Institute of Engineering & Technology (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi), Mysuru – 570028, Karnataka, India.

Ningegowda Prasad,
Department of Chemistry, Government Engineering College (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi), Chamarajanagara - 571313, Karnataka, India.

N. Shivakumara,
Department of Chemistry, Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore-560054, India.

K. H. Narasimhamurthy,
Department of Studies in Organic Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570 006, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PCSR-V9/article/view/10697

Oxidation Studies of Perfumery Phenols Found in Indian Spices| Chapter 8 | Recent Progress in Chemical Science Research Vol. 6

 The determinable aspects of the disintegration of phenols to the corresponding quinones have happened studied and reported in biography but there are few reports of the energetic, thermodynamic and mechanistic studies of the oxidation of phenols.This division deals with the decay of some perfumery phenols found in Indian spices by a difference of inorganic and natural oxidants using energetic methods.The burning of the perfumery isomeric phenols, Eugenol (4-Allyl-2-methoxy phenol) and Isoeugenol (2-Methoxy-4(prop-1-en-1-yl) phenol) has been carried out utilizing 1) inorganic oxidants,KBrO3,KIO3 and K2S2O8 in sour medium and 2)N-Bromosuccinimide and Sodium chloro(4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonyl)azanide (Chloramine T) in alkaline medium.These phenols are in the direction of the Indian spices,clove (Syzygium aromaticum), fruit (Myristicafragrans), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and Basil (Tulsi) (Ocimum basilium) and are used in the manufacture of perfumes,fragrances and flavouring powers.The oxidation was intentional under first order kinetic environments with respect to the oxidant ie.[oxidant]<<[phenol].For two together the phenols studied,the oxidation rate raised with phenol aggregation but decreased accompanying oxidant concentration.The sequences of decay rates of the phenols for the different oxidants has been told on the basis of their steric determinants,isomeric and structural appearance. From the variation of disintegration rate with temperature, the strength of activation and additional thermodynamic activation limits were evaluated and elucidated in terms of the microscopic dynamics of the oxidation process.Suitable backlash mechanisms have happened suggested for the burning of the phenols under study.

Author(s) Details:

Damodar V. Prabhu,
Department of Chemistry, Wilson College, Mumbai-400007, India.

Chetana N. Rana,
Department of Chemistry, N B Mehta Science College, Bordi, Dahanu, Palghar District, Maharashtra, India.

Harichandra A. Parbat,
Department of Chemistry, Wilson College, Mumbai-400007, India.

Muzaffar A. Tandel,
Department of Chemistry, Wilson College, Mumbai-400007, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPCSR-V6/article/view/9255

Kinetic Study of the Oxidation of Stabilized and the Chemically Activated Secondary Ethyl Radical of Methyl Ethyl Sulfide (CH3SCH•CH3)| Chapter 3 | Progress in Chemical Science Research Vol. 4

 The reaction between activated CH3S CH•CH3 and molecular oxygen is investigated using the quantum Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel (QRRK) theory to account for future reactions, collisions, and deactivation. Hydroxyl radicals initiate the oxidation of methyl ethyl sulphide (CH3SCH2CH3) and MES during combustion (methylthioethane). Finding stable and unstable byproducts of the oxidation of the activated secondary radical of methyl ethyl sulphide is the goal.

Using the CBS-QB3 and G3MP2B3 composite and M062X/6-311+G(2d, p) DFT techniques, the thermochemical properties of reactants, products, and transition states were examined. The calculations for kinetic and thermochemical parameters use these thermochemical properties. The thermochemical characteristics of products, reactants, and transition states that were determined using the CBS-QB3 calculation method are used to determine kinetic parameters. It has been discovered that the reaction of CH3SCH•CH3 and O2 produces an energised peroxy adduct, CH3SCH(OO•)CH3, with a calculated well depth of 30.2 kcal/mol at the CBS-QB3 level of theory. Under conditions of high pressure and low temperature, isomerization and stabilisation of the CH3SCH(OO•)CH3 adduct are significant, whereas under conditions of atmospheric pressure and temperatures between above 600 and 800 K, Temperatures below 500 K are found to be crucial for the stabilisation of the CH3SCH(OO•)CH3 adduct, while temperatures between 500 and 900 K are ideal for the intramolecular hydrogen shift and isomerization of the CH3SCH(OO•)CH3 adduct, and temperatures above 800 K are crucial for all subsequent reaction pathways. It is recommended that the temperature should be between 600 and 800 K for this oxidation reaction to occur under pressures of 1-4 atm. A novel mechanism for the CH3SCH(OO•)CH3 adduct is seen, with the peroxyl oxygen radical binding to sulphur causing the creation of oxygen-sulfur and oxygen-carbon double bonds.

Author(s) Details:

Guanghui Song,
Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ-07102, USA.

Joseph W. Bozzelli,
Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ-07102, USA.

Hebah Abdel-Wahab,
Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ-07102, USA.

Tamara Gund,
Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ-07102, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PCSR-V4/article/view/8182

Study on Catalytic Depolymerization of Polyurethane Using Zinc and Lead| Chapter 8 | Progress in Chemical Science Research Vol.3

 In the current work, Polyurethane (PU) squander was depolymerized by impartial hydrolytic process in presence of zinc acetic acid derivation and lead acetic acid derivation as impetuses. Degree of depolymerization of polyurathene was concentrated by estimating the amine worth of the item. The best amount of impetuses, including zinc acetic acid derivation and lead acetic acid derivation, was found to be 1g. For the depolymerization of PU froth response, zinc acetic acid derivation was a more strong impetus than lead acetic acid derivation. In light of the amine worth and lingering weight of the depolymerized item, the speed consistent was gotten and viewed as arranged by 10-3 min-1; and the response was viewed as first request. The energy of initiation and not entirely settled by Arrhenius plot were 36.86 kJ mole - 1 and 1.349 x 102 min-1 individually. The enthalpy of initiation at 1500C, 1800C, 2000C, and 2400C was recorded as 43.89, 44.39, 44.72 and 45.37 kJmole-1 individually. The entropy of initiation at the particular temperatures was recorded as 10.37 x 10-2, 9.79 x 10-2, 9.45 x 10-2 and 8.84 x 10-2 kJ mole-1.

Author(s) Details:

Vishvanath S. Zope,
Department of Chemistry, KCE Soceity’s Post Graduate College of Science, Technology and Research, Jalgaon, (MS), India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PCSR-V3/article/view/7967

Impact of Transition Metal Ions on the Oxidation of Perfumery Alcohols| Chapter 3 | Current Topics on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 4

  This investigation's goal is to use kinetic techniques to examine the catalytic effects of transition metal ions on the oxidation of a number of perfumery and aroma alcohols by Ce (IV) in an acidic medium.

There are few reports of the kinetic and thermodynamic investigations of the oxidation of alcohols in the literature compared to the quantitative features of the conversion of alcohols to aldehydes and ketone.

Alcohol oxidation has frequently been catalysed by the metal ions Cr (VI), Os (VIII), and Ru, which are all toxic to the environment.

With Ce(IV) acting as the oxidant in an acidic media, we looked at how perfumery and scent alcohols oxidise.
In an effort to reduce environmental impact, primary acyclic alcohols Geraniol, Nerol, and Citronellol, secondary cyclic alcohols Borneol and Isoborneol, and primary unsaturated alcohol Cinnamyl alcohol have all been successfully catalysed by the use of less harmful and expensive transition metal ions.

The oxidation rates of alcohols with respect to the inorganic oxidant were calculated using kinetic techniques under first order kinetic circumstances.

The oxidation rate for each alcohol rose with [alc.] but fell with Ce(IV) concentration.

The energy of activation and thermodynamic activation parameters were assessed from the fluctuation of oxidation rate with temperature and interpreted in terms of the molecular dynamics of the oxidation process.

 For each perfumery alcohol, the sequence of the transition metal ions' catalytic efficiency was measured, and it was compared to the anticipated sequence predicted based on the stability order of the metal complexes generated as unstable intermediates during the oxidation reaction. With a transition metal's concentration, alcohol oxidation rates rise. The oxidation of aromatic alcohols has been studied both with and without the use of transition metal ion catalysts, and suitable reaction pathways have been proposed.

Author(s) Details:

Damodar V. Prabhu,
Department of Chemistry, Wilson College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Mumbai 400007, India.

Harichandra A. Parbat,
Department of Chemistry, Wilson College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Mumbai 400007, India.

Chetana N. Rana,
Department of Chemistry, Wilson College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Mumbai 400007, India.

Himanshu Gupta,
Department of Chemistry, Wilson College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Mumbai 400007, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTCB-V4/article/view/7806  

Kinetic Studies in the Oxidation of 2-aryl-3-Hydroxychromenones Using Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) as an Oxidant | Chapter 07 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 8

 

It has been reported that sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) was used to oxidise 3-hydroxy flavone (3-HF) and 3-hydroxy-2-(thiophene-2-yl)-4H-chromen-4-one (THC). IR, 1H-NMR, and ESI-MS spectroscopic techniques were used to identify 3-hydroxy-2,3-dimethoxy-2-phenylchroman-4-one (1a) as the product of 3-HF in methanol (MeOH) as the solvent. There are no adverse effects in the production of this product. The yield of this product is close to 100%, as determined by isolating the product's absorption spectra from that of the reaction mixture in situ. THC, on the other hand, produces a dimeric compound after a comparable oxidation (2a). It has been proposed a process for the creation of 1a.

Author(S) Details

Kulvir Kaur
Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala, Pin Code- 147002, India.

Gurmeet Kaur
Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala, Pin Code- 147002, India.

Mandeep Kaur
Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala, Pin Code- 147002, India.

Amandeep Kaur
Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala, Pin Code- 147002, India.

Manisha Bansal
Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala, Pin Code- 147002, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACS-V8/article/view/5631

Kinetic and Mechanistic Study of Oxidation of Chalcones by Morpholinium Chlorochromate with Oxalic Acid as Catalyst | Chapter 06 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 8

 In a 55 percent acetic acid-water (v/v) media, the kinetics of chalcone oxidation by morpholinium chlorochromate (MCC) were investigated. The reactions were carried out under pseudo-first-order conditions, with the substrate concentration constantly above MCC. The reaction had unit order dependence for the oxidant and catalyst, as well as fractional order reliance for the substrate and H+ ion. The reaction rate is unaffected by increased ionic strength. The order of substitution in substituted chalcones with regard to substrate varies depending on the type of the substituent present in the ring. In general, electron removing substituents slow down the process, whereas electron releasing substituents speed up the reaction. The activation parameters have been estimated using the kinetic data, and a suitable mechanism has been proposed.

Author(S) Details

K. Rajalakshmi
Department of Chemistry, Shrimati Indira Gandhi College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli 620 002, Tamilnadu, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACS-V8/article/view/5630

Diclofenac Diethylamine Sprays without Propellant | Chapter 09 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 3

 The goal of this study was to create a non-pressurized topical spray formulation to improve diclofenac diethylamine penetration by obstructing the lipoidal membrane. A prototype formulation and thirty other formulations were created (using various concentrations of permeation enhancer, cooling, buffering, film forming agent, plasticizer, and lecithin), and their characterization and optimization were carried out (FTIR spectroscopy, drug release, skin irritation, and kinetics study using the Higuchi/Korsmeyer Peppa's plot). As a dispensing system, a screw neck HDPE bottle with metered spray (200 mcl) pump and actuator was chosen. The spray pump is powered by the mechanical energy produced by the actuator's depression. The improved formulation (F30) was found to have a drug release of 93.3 percent 3.1 gcm-2, and an in-vitro research exhibited significant plus immediate topical drug penetration. F30 displayed super case (II) transport, erosion release mechanism, and no skin-irritation score, according to the ton>value. The study's goal is to lower the expense of the formulation while also making it more environmentally friendly.

Author(S) Details

Neelam Pawar
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani, Haryana, 127021, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPRD-V3/article/view/4444  

Kinetics and Isotherm Studies for Methylene Blue Dye Removal Using Carbon Derived from Bulb of Zephyranthes citrina | Chapter 10 | New Innovations in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 4

 The primary goal of this study is to use kinetics and isotherm investigations to remove the methylene blue dye from wastewater samples using carbon generated from the Zephyranthes citrina (ZC) bulb. The current research takes a novel method by looking at porous, efficient raw carbon from ZC, which was used as an adsorbent. At a temperature of 900°C, the well-dried and finely powdered ZC bulb was carbonised. FT-IR, UV-visible, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction techniques were used to analyse the carbonised crude ZC sample, as well as their adsorption capacity to remove the basic methylene blue (MB) dye from an aqueous sample. Both adsorption isotherm and kinetic approaches are used in adsorption investigations. In the batch mode operation, different adsorbate concentrations and adsorbent amounts were used at different time intervals. The kinetics and adsorption process were evaluated using Lagergren first order, pseudo second order, and intra particle diffusion kinetic models. The findings revealed that the adsorption process follows Lagergren's first-order kinetic model. Based on the results, the highest dye removal (81%) was reached for methylene blue in a solution containing 50 mg of the 50 ml dye after 3 hours. The results showed that the ZC carbon bulb is an effective adsorption material that can also be utilised as a low-cost alternative to absorb dye from an aqueous solution without activation.

Author (S) Details

S. Vedanayaki
Department of Chemistry, Kandaswami Kandar’s College, Velur, Namakkal – 638 182, India.

J. Prakash
Department of Chemistry, Kandaswami Kandar’s College, Velur, Namakkal – 638 182, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NICB-V4/article/view/4329

Determination of Adsorption of Acidic Dye from Aqueous Solutions onto Blue Green Algal Biomass: An Approach to Kinetic, Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies | Chapter 3 | New Innovations in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 4

 In a batch mode, the adsorption of an acidic dye, Methyl Orange (MO), onto non-viable blue green algal biomass, Oscillatoria sp., was studied in aqueous solutions with respect to operational parameters such as contact duration, adsorbent dose, pH, and temperature. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterise the algal biomass (SEM). Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were used to examine equilibrium isotherms, and the Langmuir isotherm was determined to be the best fit, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 98.03 mg/g. To characterise the kinetic data, the pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, and intraparticle diffusion models were used to analyse the rate constants at various concentrations. The pseudo-second order rate equation was discovered to govern adsorption kinetics. Thermodynamic factors such as enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy demonstrated that adsorption is endothermic, unpredictable, and spontaneous at high temperatures. The findings suggested that Oscillatoria sp. could be used as an adsorbent material for removing MO dye from effluents.

Author (S) Details

Surabhi Sagar

Chemistry Department, K.L.D.A.V. (P.G) College, Roorkee, 247 667, India.

Arshi Rastogi

Chemistry Department, K.L.D.A.V. (P.G) College, Roorkee, 247 667, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NICB-V4/article/view/4322

 

Study on the Efficiency of Metal Modified Bio–Nanocomposite Bead for Removal via Retention of Some Anthraquinone Dye | Chapter 6 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 3

 Batch adsorption tests were done with iron(III) loaded cellulose nanocomposite bead and alizarin red S, of various concentrations, from an aqueous environment in order to examine the efficacy of metal modified bio–nanocomposite bead for removal via retention of anionic dye. The bead's spectral and surface characteristics were studied. Using response surface methods and a full factorial and central composite design, the process was optimised for variables (pH, contact time, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, and temperature). At an ideal pH of 3.0, a dose of 2.0 gdm-3, and a shaking period of 45 minutes, equivalent to a dye concentration of 100 mgdm-3 at 303 K, the maximum adsorption of 97 percent was recorded. In a second order polynomial equation, the influence of the relevant variables was associated with the extent of dye adsorption. In the design space, 3D response surfaces and 2D contour plots depicted the significant variables' reciprocal interactions. The Langmuir isotherm and pseudo second order kinetics provided a better description of the adsorption. The reaction was endothermic (H°, 71.62 kJmol-1), spontaneous (-G°, 48.19 kJmol-1), and viable (S°, 0.284 Jmol-1K-1). For at least five operations, the adsorbent can be regenerated using NaOH (10.0.10-2 M) and recycled for reuse.

Author (S) Details

Mitali Sarkar
Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India.

Dhiman Santra
Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India.

Shanku Denrah
Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India.

Swagatam Sarkar
Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India.

Pankaj Sarkar
Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACS-V3/article/view/2952

Design of Bitterless Atenolol Prodrugs for the Use in Aqueous Formulations for Pediatrics and Geriatrics

 A number of atenolol prodrugs were created using DFT, MP2, and hybrid GGA: MPW1k calculations for an acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of nine Kirby's N-alkylmaleamic acids. A linear association between the estimated and experimental rate values for the nine Kirby's N-alkylmaleamic acids has provided a solid foundation for developing atenolol prodrugs that are bitterless, stable in neutral aqueous solutions, and capable of releasing the parent drug in a sustained manner. The projected t1/2 values for atenolol prodrugs ProD 1-ProD 2 at pH 2 were 65.3 hours and 11.8 minutes, respectively, based on the computed B3LYP/6-31 G (d,p) rates. The t1/2 of the atenolol prodrug ProD 1 was found to be heavily influenced by the pH of the medium in an in vitro kinetic investigation. In 1N HCl, buffer pH 2, and buffer pH 5, the determined t1/2 values were 2.53, 3.82, and 133 hours, respectively.

Author (s) Details

Rafik Karaman
Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, P.O.Box 20002, Jerusalem, Palestine.

Rafik Karaman
Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, P.O.Box 20002, Jerusalem, Palestine.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V4/article/view/1494

An Experimental Study on Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Water and Organic Solvent Mixed Media by Adsorption Using Weak Base Anion Exchanger Tulsion A-2X (MP) | Chapter 7 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 7

The removal of the most common toxic, environmental pollutant and carcinogenic chromium (VI) was studied under various conditions such as interaction time, pH, effect of organic solvents and temperature by batch technique for the adsorption and ion exchange process from water and organic solvent mixed media. The maximum chromium (VI) adsorption rate for Tulsion A-2X (MP) was within the optimum pH range of 5.0-5.5. Temperature changes have limited the adsorption of chromium (VI). Interaction time suggested that chromium(VI) removal of about 70% was within 15 minutes. Based on first order kinetics and isotherms of adsorption, chromium (IV) adsorption was presented. Kinetics and adsorption models provided the best chromium(VI) feasibility data and were well interpreted by the RL separation factor between 0 and 1. It is therefore concluded that in extracting chromium(VI) from water and organic solvent mixed media, the ion-exchange resin Tulsion A-2X (MP) could be used.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Prasanna S. Koujalagi
Department of Chemistry, KLS Gogte Institute of Technology (Autonomous), Belagavi-590 008, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CPCS-V7/issue/view/5

Recent Advancement on Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies on the Selective Oxidation of Primary Aliphatic Alcohols under Phase Transfer Catalysis | Chapter 14 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 3

 In polar media, chromate and permanganate ions in different forms are used as strong oxidising agents in organic and inorganic oxidations. Kinetic experiments have been carried out on the oxidation of primary aliphatic alcohols, such as 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, 1-nonanol and 1-decanol, using benzene monochromate phase transfer. As a phase transfer catalyst, tetrabutylammonium bromide and tetrabutylphosphonium bromide are used. The reaction demonstrated dependency on both [alcohol] and [monochromate ion] in the first order. Oxidation allows the resulting aldehyde to form and no traces of carboxylic acid have been found. The reaction mixture failed to cause added acrylonitrile polymerization, which excludes the involvement of radical intermediates in the reaction. Various thermodynamic parameters have been tested, such as activation energy, activation enthalpy, activation entropy and Gibb's free energy. As per the experimental findings obtained, a suitable mechanism has been suggested. The selective oxidation of primary aliphatic alcohols includes the formation of chromate ester that supplies the substance with decomposition. Without using PT catalysts, it is not possible to carry out the reaction in organic media. This technique involving PT catalysts can therefore be used for the selective oxidation of primary alcohols in non-polar solvents, so it is simple to study kinetics and mechanisms.

Author(s) Details

K. Bijudas
Department of Chemistry, N. S. S. College, Manjeri - 676122 Kerala, India.

P. Bashpa

Department of Chemistry, N. S. S. College, Manjeri - 676122 Kerala, India.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/318