Hydrothermal Extraction and Gasification Process for Low Rank Coal Conversion| Chapter 2| Chemical and Materials Sciences - Developments and Innovations Vol. 3

 

The present study primarily focuses on hydrothermal Extraction and Gasification of Low-Rank Coal with Catalyst Al2O3 and Pd/Al2O3. Increasing the efficiency of the conversion of the coal gasification process can be done by adding a catalyst. Potassium carbonate (K2CO3) is a catalyst capable of increasing the rate of reaction in the coal gasification process. This research attempts to increase the quality of low-rank coal using a hydrothermal process with hot compressed water (HCW) at 200ºC and 3 MPa. The products from this process were solid residue and liquid filtrate with organic components. Synthetic gas was the byproduct of the filtrate's gasification. The outcome shows that a higher water flow rate may cause the filtrate's organic component to increase. Using a catalyst sped up the extraction process and increased the amount of organic matter in the filtrate while decreasing its content in the residue. FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) research showed that Pd/Al2O3 catalyst enhanced the efficacy of HCW coal extraction. Increasing the process temperature will increase the amounts of CO and H2 gas. In this research, the highest net heating value at 800oC using K2CO3 solution and Pd/Al2O3 catalyst was 17,774.36 kJ/kg. The highest cold gas efficiency was 91.29% and the best carbon conversion was 34.78%. The addition of the catalyst can increase the rate of the degradation processes of the organic compounds. Hydroxyl groups of the solid product were found to be reduced based on the FTIR results, with absorbance unit decrease from 45% to 25%.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Fachruzzaki

Department of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Jember University, Jl. Kalimantan, Jember, 68121, East Java, Indonesia.

Rina Lestari

Department of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Jember University, Jl. Kalimantan, Jember, 68121, East Java, Indonesia.

Ismi Handayani

Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia.

Anggoro Tri Mursito

Research Centre for Geotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Bandung, Jl. Sangkuriang Campus LIPI Bandung, 40135, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v3/645

 

A Comprehensive Overview of Cyclodextrins Catalyzed Diels-Alder Reactions | Chapter 3 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 2

Diels-Alder (DA) reactions typically yield heterocyclic six-membered ring compounds via a [4π+2π] cycloaddition of a diene (such as furan or cyclopentadiene) and a dienophile. The choice of solvent and catalyst is critical in affecting the yield and stereoselectivity of the reaction. Cyclodextrins, particularly beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and its derivatives, are commonly used as catalysts in aqueous medium due to their ability to form a favorable ternary complex with both the diene and dienophile. As a result, this paper summarizes several experimental studies on the catalytic effects of CDs on DA reactions, with an emphasis on yields, reaction durations, quantities, and selectivity. The first phase, reported by Ronald Breslow and colleagues in 1980, looked at the effect of inner cavity size on catalytic and inhibitory effects on DA processes. The following phase investigated the effect of cyclodextrin catalysts on endo- and stereoselectivity. Numerous studies have examined the potential of β-CD's interior size, derivatives, amounts, organic and aqueous media, and compatibility with the two reagents. In contrast, some research has concentrated on employing cyclodextrins as catalysts in Diels-Alder processes to generate large yields of bioactive chemicals and polymer synthesis under mild conditions, generally in aqueous solutions.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Amine Ez-zoubi
Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Route d’Imouzzer, Fez, Morocco.

 

Soukaina Benkirane
Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Route d’Imouzzer, Fez, Morocco.

 

Ayoub El-Mrabet
Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Route d’Imouzzer, Fez, Morocco.

 

Mouad Mouhsin
Laboratory of Engineering in Chemistry and Physics of Matter, Faculty of Science and Technologies, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 523, Beni Mellal, Morocco.

 

Riham Sghyar
Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Route d’Imouzzer, Fez, Morocco and Equipe de Chimie Organique Appliquée à la valorisation des Ressources Naturelles et Protection de l’Environnement, Laboratoire de Chimie et Microbiologie Appliquées et Biotechnologies, FS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University Tetouan, Morocco.

 

Abdellatif Alami
Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Route d’Imouzzer, Fez, Morocco.

 

Chandrakant Sarode
Department of Chemistry, Bhusawal Arts, Science and P.O. Nahata Commerce College, Bhusawal, affiliated to KBC North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, 425001, India.

 

Gaurav Gupta
Department of Chemistry, NTVS’s G.T.P. Arts, Commerce and Science College, Nandurbar, affiliated to KBC-North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, 425001, India.

 

Abdellah Farah
Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Route d’Imouzzer, Fez, Morocco.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v2/4904

Artificial Intelligence: Catalyst for a Sust A I nable Future | Chapter 6 | Advancements in Science and Technology: Paving the Way to a Sustainable Future

Artificial Intelligence (A I) is transforming the approach to global challenges, offering innovative solutions for environmental, societal, and financial sust A I nability. This chapter explores how  A I  and Sust A I nability are connected and highlights how  A I  serves as a powerful catalyst in combating climate change, optimizing resource use, conserving biodiversity, improving healthcare access, fostering social equity, agriculture, urban infrastructure, circular economy, and equitable growth. Additionally, this chapter looks at how  A I  addresses critical challenges, such as high energy consumption, ethical considerations around data privacy, and economic disruptions.  This chapter examines how  A I -driven sust A I nability can be designed to benefit all communities equitably while distinguishing itself from conventional discussions on  A I  and sust A I nability. Unlike traditional approaches, it highlights  A I ’s role in driving scalable, predictive, and transformative change across multiple sectors, offering a fresh perspective on its potential to reshape sust A I nable development, which makes this chapter slightly different from other discussions av A I lable. This chapter would be of great benefit for policymakers, researchers, academicians, industry, leaders, and environmental advocates seeking to understand how  A I  can drive sust A I nable development. By using  A I  responsibly and working together globally we can unlock its full potential to create a greener, f A I rer, and more resilient future for everyone. This chapter takes a multidisciplinary approach to fostering collaboration and innovation, striving to achieve a seamless balance between scientific advancement and ecological sust A I nability.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Dr. Deepmala Kamboj
Department of Mathematics, Mukand Lal National College, Yamunanagar, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49473-39-3/CH6

Hydrothermal Extraction and Gasification Process for Low Rank Coal Conversion | Chapter 2 | Chemical and Materials Sciences - Developments and Innovations Vol. 3

The present study primarily focuses on hydrothermal Extraction and Gasification of Low-Rank Coal with Catalyst Al2O3 and Pd/Al2O3. Increasing the efficiency of the conversion of the coal gasification process can be done by adding a catalyst. Potassium carbonate (K2CO3) is a catalyst capable of increasing the rate of reaction in the coal gasification process. This research attempts to increase the quality of low-rank coal using a hydrothermal process with hot compressed water (HCW) at 200ºC and 3 MPa. The products from this process were solid residue and liquid filtrate with organic components. Synthetic gas was the byproduct of the filtrate's gasification. The outcome shows that a higher water flow rate may cause the filtrate's organic component to increase. Using a catalyst sped up the extraction process and increased the amount of organic matter in the filtrate while decreasing its content in the residue. FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) research showed that Pd/Al2O3 catalyst enhanced the efficacy of HCW coal extraction. Increasing the process temperature will increase the amounts of CO and H2 gas. In this research, the highest net heating value at 800oC using K2CO3 solution and Pd/Al2O3 catalyst was 17,774.36 kJ/kg. The highest cold gas efficiency was 91.29% and the best carbon conversion was 34.78%. The addition of the catalyst can increase the rate of the degradation processes of the organic compounds. Hydroxyl groups of the solid product were found to be reduced based on the FTIR results, with absorbance unit decrease from 45% to 25%.

 

Author (s) Details

Fachruzzaki,
Department of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Jember University, Jl. Kalimantan, Jember, 68121, East Java, Indonesia.

 

Rina Lestari,
Department of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Jember University, Jl. Kalimantan, Jember, 68121, East Java, Indonesia.

 

Ismi Handayani,
Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia.

 

Anggoro Tri Mursito,
Research Centre for Geotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Bandung, Jl. Sangkuriang Campus LIPI Bandung, 40135, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v3/645

An Overview of Biological Activities of Heterocyclic Compounds Synthesized by Green Methodologies | Chapter 11 | Recent Developments in Science and Technology for Sustainable Future

In the process of developing new drugs, N-heterocyclic scaffolds are a preferred architecture. It is widely found in both natural and manufactured drugs, whether they are well-established or developing into promising therapeutic prospects. Moreover, a growing number of new N-heterocyclic analogues with significant physiological relevance and broad pharmacological applications are emerging. Because of this, the traditional synthetic processes must be modified to meet contemporary needs for effective and environmentally responsible methods. Many techniques and technologies in the past have been developed to promote the green and sustainable manufacturing of numerous N-heterocyclic molecules that are significant to medicine and pharmacology. The current chapter highlights the biological activities of compounds synthesized by green methods such as biocatalysis, microwave-assisted reactions, solvent-free synthesis, heterogeneous catalysis and ultrasound reactions

Author(s) Details:

Nitya Kaushik,
Department of Chemistry, M.L.N. College, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India.

Rajni Mohil,
Department of Chemistry, Govt. College Nalwa, Hisar, Haryana, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDSTSF/article/view/13393

Cr-Ti Mixed Oxides Catalyst for Transesterification of Cooking Palm Oil to Produce Fatty Acid Methyl Ester | Chapter 11 | Progress in Chemical Science Research Vol. 7

 Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) or biodiesel is a inexhaustible and environmentally friendly fuel that is to say alternative to diesel fuel. In this study, mixed oxides impetuses of Cr-Ti were synthesized by way of sol-gel pattern and utilized in the transesterification of boiling palm lubricate (CPO) in a batch process to produce FAME. The objectives search out study the effects of Cr:Ti hardware ratio and fermenting time during incentive preparation. The ore ratio Cr:Ti of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 0:1 and 1:0 and aging opportunity between 1 era and 5 days contributed belongings on the FAME density obtained from the response. The various ore ratios and aging occasion during incentive synthesis had an affect the catalyst's characteristics, containing surface area, pore proportion, pore volume, and warm stability. The results indicate that a Cr-Ti stimulant prepared at a 2:1 mineral ratio and aged for 5 days has a FAME mass of 854 kg/m3, which is inside the range of biodiesel fuel property principles. The catalyst has a surface area of 45.88 m2/g, pore proportion of 190.52 Å, and pore volume of 0.1984 cm3/g, that is sufficient to promote adept heterogeneous catalytic venture while also being thermally fixed. As a result, Cr-Ti mixed oxides have the potential to act as a assorted catalyst in the result of FAME from the transesterification of CPO.

Author(s) Details:

Nasywa Yazid,
Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus, 13500 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

Wan Zuraida Wan Kamis,
Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus, 13500 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

Muhammad Salman Samin,
Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus, 13500 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

Nur Alwani Ali Bashah,
Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus, 13500 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

Muhammad Zahiruddin Ramli,
Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus, 13500 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PCSR-V7/article/view/10053

Catalytic Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate to Produce Fatty Acid Methyl Ester| Chapter 8 | New Trends in Physical Science Research Vol.4

The esterification process produces biodiesel, commonly known as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), a form of industrial and transportation fuel. In this work, a chromium-titanium mixed oxides catalyst generated by the sol-gel technique was used to catalyse the esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) to yield FAME. A batch reactor was used to carry out the esterification procedure. The researchers wanted to see how reaction temperature, methanol to PFAD molar ratio, reaction duration, and catalyst reusability affected PFAD esterification. With a reaction temperature of 160°C, a methanol to PFAD molar ratio of 3:1, and a reaction period of 3 hours, the highest FAME content of 89 percent was produced. In the intervals between the first and third runs, With a 20% performance drop, the catalyst can be reused three times. The findings showed that Cr-Ti mixed oxides might be employed as a heterogeneous catalyst in the esterification of PFAD feedstock with a high acid value.

Author(s) Details:

W. Z. Wan Kamis,
Centre for Chemical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus, 13500 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

W. N. Azuwar,
Centre for Chemical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus, 13500 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

N. A. Ali Bashah,
Centre for Chemical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus, 13500 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

N. Isa,
Centre for Chemical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus, 13500 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

S. S. A. Syed-Hassan,
School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NTPSR-V4/article/view/6935

Kinetic and Mechanistic Study of Oxidation of Chalcones by Morpholinium Chlorochromate with Oxalic Acid as Catalyst | Chapter 06 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 8

 In a 55 percent acetic acid-water (v/v) media, the kinetics of chalcone oxidation by morpholinium chlorochromate (MCC) were investigated. The reactions were carried out under pseudo-first-order conditions, with the substrate concentration constantly above MCC. The reaction had unit order dependence for the oxidant and catalyst, as well as fractional order reliance for the substrate and H+ ion. The reaction rate is unaffected by increased ionic strength. The order of substitution in substituted chalcones with regard to substrate varies depending on the type of the substituent present in the ring. In general, electron removing substituents slow down the process, whereas electron releasing substituents speed up the reaction. The activation parameters have been estimated using the kinetic data, and a suitable mechanism has been proposed.

Author(S) Details

K. Rajalakshmi
Department of Chemistry, Shrimati Indira Gandhi College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli 620 002, Tamilnadu, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACS-V8/article/view/5630