Microwave-Assisted Chemistry: A Brief Overview | Chapter 9 | Advancements in Science and Technology: Paving the Way to a Sustainable Future

The method for carrying out chemical reactions has changed as a result of advanced developments in microwave chemistry. This cutting-edge field uses microwave radiation to improve chemical reactions, leading to shorter reaction times, higher product yields, and more economical energy use. The use of microwaves in chemistry has gained popularity over the last few decades because of their many advantages over conventional heating methods. This Chapter explores the foundational ideas of microwave chemistry, the underlying mechanisms, real-world applications, benefits, and possible future advancements.

 

Author (s) Details

Rajni Mohil
Department of Chemistry, Govt. College for Women, Shahzadpur, Ambala, Haryana, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49473-39-3/CH9

Determination of N-atom Density in High Ar- 𝐍𝟐 Gas Pressure Microwave Afterglow | Chapter 18 | Plasmas Afterglows with N2 for Surface Treatments synthesis 2024

100 to 760 Torr (atmospheric gas pressure). The determination of N -atoms density in high-pressure Ar − N2 microwave afterglow is revisited. First, it is observed that pure pink afterglows are mainly obtained at high pressures up to atmospheric gas pressure, which is an aN+N factor of N + N recombination near 0. Second, there is an uncertainty in the range k = 10⁻¹¹ −10⁻¹² cm³ s⁻¹ on the k-rate coefficient of the reaction 𝑁₂,𝑣 > 13+𝑁₂(𝐴) → 𝑁₂(𝐵,𝑣′)+𝑁₂ which dominates the pink afterglow An enhancement of the 𝑁₂(𝐵,𝑣′ = 8)/𝑁2(𝐵,11) density ratio is observed up to the atmospheric gas pressure. It was interpreted by a reduction of the quenching of the 𝑁₂(𝐵,𝑣′ = 8) by Ar. Values of the 𝑁 +𝑁 recombination rates were determined when 𝑎𝑁+𝑁 > 0.1. It was found a large uncertainty depending on the N₂( B,v′ = 11) quenching rates found in the literature. It is estimated a decrease in the N + N recombination rates by 0.6 in the Ar− 2% N₂ in comparison to pure N2 afterglow. The determination of N-atoms density in high-pressure Ar- xN₂ microwave afterglow is revisited. First, it is confirmed that pure pink afterglows are mainly observed at high

 

Author (s) Details

André Ricard
LAPLACE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France.

 

Jayr Amorim
Department Fisica, Inst. Tec. Aeronautica 12228-900, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49473-93-5/CH18

β-Amino Ketones – Synthesis and Biological Significance | Chapter 9 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 9

 β -Amino ketones serve as fundamental building blocks for numerous drugs, natural products, and bioactive molecules, playing an essential role in heterocyclic compound synthesis. Several synthetic methods and biological & synthetic significance of β-amino ketones have been reported in the literature. The main objective of this book chapter is to summarize the various synthetic strategies, biological significance and the chemistry of compounds reported with a β-amino ketone core. These ketones are essential precursors for the synthesis of different heterocycles and serve as an intermediate in the construction of natural products.

Author(s) Details:

Karan Singh,
Department of Chemistry, Indira Gandhi University, Meerpur, Rewari-123401, Haryana, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V9/article/view/13260

An Overview of Biological Activities of Heterocyclic Compounds Synthesized by Green Methodologies | Chapter 11 | Recent Developments in Science and Technology for Sustainable Future

In the process of developing new drugs, N-heterocyclic scaffolds are a preferred architecture. It is widely found in both natural and manufactured drugs, whether they are well-established or developing into promising therapeutic prospects. Moreover, a growing number of new N-heterocyclic analogues with significant physiological relevance and broad pharmacological applications are emerging. Because of this, the traditional synthetic processes must be modified to meet contemporary needs for effective and environmentally responsible methods. Many techniques and technologies in the past have been developed to promote the green and sustainable manufacturing of numerous N-heterocyclic molecules that are significant to medicine and pharmacology. The current chapter highlights the biological activities of compounds synthesized by green methods such as biocatalysis, microwave-assisted reactions, solvent-free synthesis, heterogeneous catalysis and ultrasound reactions

Author(s) Details:

Nitya Kaushik,
Department of Chemistry, M.L.N. College, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India.

Rajni Mohil,
Department of Chemistry, Govt. College Nalwa, Hisar, Haryana, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDSTSF/article/view/13393

Design and Simulation of an Electromagnetic Penta-Perfect Metamaterial Absorber for Microwave Application | Chapter 4 | Advances and Challenges in Science and Technology Vol. 3

 Utilizing a multiband metamaterial protection has diverse requests across various fields on account of its singular electromagnetic properties. Some key applications involve: Radar Cross-Section (RCS) Reduction, Stealth Technology, Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC), Antenna Design, Medical Imaging, Energy Harvesting, Aerospace Engineering, Material Testing. This chapter presents a simple simulation of a multi-band metamaterial protection intended for cook frequencies. The projected unit container is composed of two policeman rings placed at different sweeps on an FR4 substrate with a density of 2.5 mm, enabling the production of multiple incorporation bands. While the conventional uneven ring structure frequently responds to electromagnetic (EM) wave polarization, the creative Penta-Perfect Metamaterial Absorber (PPMMA) structure introduced in this place study showcases the capacity to efficiently absorb EM waves across a broad range of occurrence angles. According to CST simulation effects, the PPMMA structure exhibits five different absorption bands, realizing complete metamaterial absorption for usually incident electromagnetic waves at frequencies of 12.25 GHz (absorbance of 91.3%), 12.9 GHz (absorbance of 99.3%), 16.15 GHz (absorbance of 93.7%), 16.78 GHz (absorbance of 98.2%), and 18.44 GHz (absorbance of 97.4%).

Author(s) Details:

Raed Ashraf Kamil Albadri,
Department of Physics, University of Samarra, Samarra, Iraq.

Khalid Saeed Lateef Al-Badri,
Department of Physics, University of Samarra, Samarra, Iraq.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACST-V3/article/view/12016

Description of a Microstrip Metamaterial Split Ring Resonator| Chapter 9 | Techniques and Innovation in Engineering Research Vol. 8

 This study presents design and imitation of a new planar microstrip oval-shaped split-ring resonator (ESRR) exhibiting negative index of refraction at multiple bands while no golden strip or rod secondhand for electrical resonance. These types of planar microstrip forms are excellent for use in requests where equipment room is limited. Despite being established a Split-Ring Resonator (SRR), the structure does not include an supplementary metallic bar for electrical reverberation, as is the case with established SRRs. Coaxial dual augmenting that is offset in chapter has been secondhand, and the rings are elliptical organized. Simulations of the elliptical split ring resonator (ESRR) have been completed activity in microwave reign. S-parameter simulation results of the resonator show metamaterial characteristic at multiple commonness bands.

Author(s) Details:

Vipul Sharma,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar-249404, India.

S. S. Pattnaik,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, NITTTR, Sector-26, Chandigarh-160019, India.

Tanuj Garg,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar-249404, India.

Swapna Devi,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, NITTTR, Sector-26, Chandigarh-160019, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAIER-V8/article/view/9448

Assessment of Microwave Pretreatment and Enzymolysis Optimization of the Lotus (Nelumbo Nucifera, Gaertn) Seed Protein | Chapter 9 | Research Aspects in Biological Science Vol. 9

 Before enzymolysis under high-power microwave irradiation, a heat-pretreatment was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of heat on the Degree of Hydrolysis (DH) of the Lotus Seed Protein (LSP). Additionally, the Response Surface Methodology was used to optimise the enzymatic hydrolysis parameters substrate concentration, pH, temperature, papain concentration, and enzymolysis time (RSM). The findings demonstrated that high-power microwave irradiation causes protein sub bonds to break, leading to secondary structure unfolding and disaggregation, specifically a decrease in the intermolecular aggregate structure and an increase in the random coil structure, making the protein bonds vulnerable to papain during enzymatic digestion. According to RSM's analysis of the optimization results, the ideal enzymolysis conditions involved a protein substrate concentration of 15 g/L, a pH of 5.5, an enzymolysis temperature of 57°C, an amount of papain of 0.5 g/L, and an enzymolysis time of 45 min. For these conditions, the DH was predicted to be 35.64%. The findings of this study demonstrated that microwaves have important potential uses in the area of food enzymolysis as well.

Author(s) Details:

Bi Foua Claude Alain Gohi,
Biology and Chemical Engineering School (Agricultural School), Panzhihua University, Panzhihua - 617000, Sichuan, China.

Jian Li,
Biology and Chemical Engineering School (Agricultural School), Panzhihua University, Panzhihua - 617000, Sichuan, China.

Lihua Zhao,
Biology and Chemical Engineering School (Agricultural School), Panzhihua University, Panzhihua - 617000, Sichuan, China.

Yi Diao,
Biology and Chemical Engineering School (Agricultural School), Panzhihua University, Panzhihua - 617000, Sichuan, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RABS-V9/article/view/8354

Improvement in Plasmid Stability of JM109 Host System | Chapter 2 | Research Aspects in Biological Science Vol. 9

 This paper describes the growth and plasmid stability of the E. coli JM109 host system. Plasmids are crucial tools for biotechnology, and for better industrial applications, a solid grasp of their biology is essential. The host system was exposed to a variety of pharmaceutical and chemical concentrations, as well as radiation frequencies, to verify the colony forming units, the concentration, and the stability of plasmids. The chemical acridine orange had the biggest effect on DH5a's growth, whereas the drug dantron had the biggest effect on the organism's development. Microwave radiation at 2GHz and low intensity was found to have the biggest inhibitory effects. However, there was no discernible effect of UV exposure on growth. According to the results of the current study, plasmid concentration and stability are significantly impacted by medications, chemicals, radio frequency, and microwave radiation in addition to organism growth.

Author(s) Details:

Praveen Kumar Vemuri,
Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Shaik Mohammad Anjum,
Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Krishna Keerthika Oruganti,
Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Sarvani Gadiraju,
Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Yeswanth Sai Kumar Thota,
Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RABS-V9/article/view/8342

Plasmas Afterglows with N2 for Surface Treatments- Edition 2| Book Publisher International

 This book reports new outcomes following the first Book of the 2021 version. References to sections of the 2021 version are given in the current release with the advancement of new outcomes.

A few plasmas and glimmers are portrayed: DC positive section, RF and microwave releases at decreased gas tension and Corona, DBD releases at air gas pressure.

N2 is the prevailing involved gas where the development of N-molecules in the concentrated on plasmas permits to decide their outright thickness by the NO titration strategy and afterward to conclude the densities of various energized species by the line power proportion technique.

The detailed sections of this second version are additionally dedicated to different aftereffects of central cycles with respect to the ArM metastable excitation and annihilation by electron crashes, gas temperature estimations by optical spectroscopy, time shifting releases and spatial goal in the release tube. A few applications are depicted as the Ti nitriding by magnetron plasmas and HF streaming glimmers.

Author(s) Details:

André Ricard,
LAPLACE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PAWNST-E2/article/view/7870

Uranyl Nitrate Hexa Hydrate Catalyzed Synthesis of pyrimidine Carboxamide Derivatives and their Biological Studies | Chapter 11| Current Topics on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 4

 

 Microwave-interceded responses have aroused the curiosity of natural physicists throughout recent a long time because of their more limited response times and exceptional returns of items with high selectivity. The blend of pyrimidine carboxamide subordinates using UO2 (NO3)2.6H2O impetus under customary and microwave light. The utilization of uranyl nitrate in the union of dihydropyrimidine offered different benefits, including usability, more limited response lengths, and better returns utilizing acetonitrile as a dissolvable. FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass ghostly information were done to approve the designs of the pre-arranged compounds. Every one of the blended mixtures were tried for in vitro cancer prevention agent and antibacterial exercises and the outcomes were accounted for.

Author(s) Details:
 
K. Venkatesan,
Department of Humanities and Sciences, CVR College of Engineering, Hyderabad, Telangana –501510, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTCB-V4/article/view/7818

Study about Metamaterials Inspired Miniaturized Phi-shaped Antenna | Chapter 15 | New Trends in Physical Science Research Vol. 1

 The metamaterial split ring resonator structure is used to design a novel low-cost, resilient tiny microstrip antenna (SRR). The usage of metamaterials has resulted in a significant reduction in size. The total antenna construction is phi shaped, which is equivalent to two SRRs placed back to back. Using the EM solver Ansoft HFSS, the scattering matrix characteristics of this phi shaped antenna (PSA) were examined. In terms of size and radiation pattern, the device performs admirably. These antennas are particularly effective in applications where equipment space is limited. The antenna's radiation pattern is doughnut-shaped and almost omni-directional. Sensors for ground penetration radar, sensors for detecting malignant tissues in skin cancer patients, and other handheld portable wireless instruments all benefit from this sort of antenna.

Author(S) Details

Vipul Sharma
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar, India.

S. S. Pattnaik
Department of ETV, NITTTR, Chandigarh, India.

. Nitin
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, UIT, Dehradun, India.

Tanuj Garg
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar, India.

S. Devi
Department of ETV, NITTTR, Chandigarh, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NTPSR-V1/article/view/6483

Study on Enhancement of Microwave Absorption Properties on Modified Kapton Film by Ion Implantation Process | Chapter 3 | Research Trends and Challenges in Physical Science Vol.3

 The goal of this study is to use ions like iron (Fe) or Gadolinium (Gd) to change Kapton-polyimide films and evaluate the relationship between phase existence, magnetic characteristics, and microwave absorption. Ion implantation of Fe and Gd ions at a dose of 1 1017 ions/cm2 and energy ions of 30 keV were used to modify Kapton-polyimide sheets. The existence of phases such as iron oxide, or Gd-oxide, and graphitic Carbon was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The films have a paramagnetic characteristic when measured with a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). The parameters of microwave absorption (MWA) in the X band spectrum were measured using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) (8-12GHz). The MWA of modified Kapton film by Fe and Gd ions was increased from -22dB for Kapton original film to -35dB for S11 vector direction and up to -40dB for S22 vector direction, according to VNA measurements. It may be deduced that the nanostructure of implanted Fe-oxide or Gd-oxide nanoparticles on the Kapton film's near-surface has a role in determining the film's MWA capabilities.

Author(S) Details

S. Purwanto
Centre for Science and Technology of Advance Materials-BATAN, Puspiptek, Serpong 15314, Tangerang Selatan, Banten Province, Indonesia.

A. A. Wisnu
Centre for Science and Technology of Advance Materials-BATAN, Puspiptek, Serpong 15314, Tangerang Selatan, Banten Province, Indonesia.

Yana Taryana
Research Center for Electronics and Telecomunication –LIPI, Bandung Indonesia.

E. Sukirman
Centre for Science and Technology of Advance Materials-BATAN, Puspiptek, Serpong 15314, Tangerang Selatan, Banten Province, Indonesia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RTCPS-V3/article/view/4499